Name of the World War 2 campaign to fight enemies abroad (Axis powers) and domestically (racism)
Double V Campaign
Name of black US pilot who flew 149 missions during the last year of World War 2
Woodrow Crockett
How many planes from black squadrons were shot down during World War 2?
0
In the South, how much was spent on creating factories to supply the army in World War 2?
$4.5b
Name of trade unionist who threatened to lead a march on DC since black workers were unable to get jobs
A. Philip Randolph
Name and date of organisation established by an Executive Order of Roosevelt, which forced war industries not to discriminate in hiring based on ‘race, creed, colour, or natural origin’
FEPC (Fair Employment Practices Commission); 1941
What percentage of US black population lived in the North in 1940 compared to in 1950?
25% v. 33%
What areas experienced the majority of black migration during the 1940s?
Northern industrial cities
By 1945, what percentage of US black population lived in urban areas?
48%
By 1945, how many Northern states had between 5% and 13% black population (giving them the balance of power in elections if voting in a block)?
16
Which black politician was elected to Congress in 1943?
William L. Dawson
Which black politician was elected to Congress in 1945?
Adam Clayton Powell Jr.
Which black lawyer was made Federal judge in 1949?
William H. Hastie
What percentage of the Southern black population was registered to vote before the war compared to in 1945?
2% v. 15%
What was the increase in black college students in the North after World War 2?
Threefold
What percentage of white men were unemployed in New York after the war, compared to black men?
6% v. 10%
How many black Americans migrated to the North during World War 2?
500k
How many black people were unemployed in USA in 1940 compared to in 1945?
937k v. 151k
Name and date of the wartime riots, which took place in response to racial discrimination in housing, jobs, and police brutality
Detroit Race Riots; 1943
In the centre of Washington DC, which 3 types of public buildings were black people banned from in 1945?
- Cinemas
- Hotels
- Restaurants
What percentage of white housing was deemed substandard in Washington DC, compared to black housing?
12% v. 40%
Who was the first President since Lincoln to commit to a civil rights agenda?
Truman
Which black diplomat was made US ambassador to the UN by Truman?
Ralph Bunche
Name of A. Philip Randolph’s campaign which encouraged black men to refuse to join the army while it was segregated
Black draft resistance movement
Name of the order passed in 1948 to ensure fair employment practices in the civil service
Executive Order 9980
Name of the order passed in 1948 to desegregate the national armed forces
Executive Order 9981
Name of the order passed in 1951 to establish the CGCC (Committee on Government Contract Compliance), which would ensure that government defence contracts didn’t go to companies which discriminated based on race
Executive Order 10308
Date of Executive Order 9980 (ensuring fair employment practices in the Civil Service)
1948
Date of Executive Order 9981 (desegregating the national armed forces)
1948
Date of Executive Order 10308 (establishing the CGCC)
1951
Name of the organisation (est. in 1951) which ensured that Federal defence contracts went to companies which didn’t discriminate on racial grounds
CGCC (Committee on Government Contract Compliance)
Name of programme which committed the government to building houses in deprived urban areas (but which in practice demolished more houses than it built)
Fair Deal programme
Date of Truman’s (desegregated) inauguration ceremony
1949
Date of the restaurant in Dulles Airport (DC) being desegregated
1950
Name of the committee which produced the To Secure These Rights report
The President’s Committee on Civil Rights
Date of the establishment of the President’s Committee on Civil Rights
1946
Name of report, published in 1947, which examined the experiences of racial minorities in USA
To Secure These Rights
Date of publication of To Secure These Rights
1947
Problems highlighted by the To Secure These Rights report (7 points)
- Lynching
- Police brutality
- Voting rights
- Discrimination in the armed forces
- Employment
- Education
- Health
How many lynchings were there in 5 Southern states between 1882 and 1945?
> 300
What percentage of the Southern black population could vote in the 1944 Presidential election?
18%
List two legal methods used to block black voter registration in the South
- The Grandfather clause
2. Literacy tests
In the army after the war, what ratio of white soldiers became officers compared to black soldiers?
1 in 7 v. 1 in 70
In the navy after the war, what ratio of white sailors became officers compared to black sailors?
1 in 7 v. 2 in 10k
After the war, what percentage of white working men working in low wage farming compared to working black men?
28% v. 68%
After the war, what was the average hourly pay for a white worker compared to a black worker?
65¢ v. 47¢
After the war, what was the average annual pay for a white school graduate compared to a black school graduate?
$1454 v. $775
In 1940, what was the the ratio of white doctor to patients compared to black doctor to patients?
1 for 750 v. 1 for 3377
Recommendations of To Secure These Rights regarding the Federal Government (5 points)
- Reorganise the Civil Rights section of the Department of Justice at local level
- Increase government funding to the Civil Rights section of the Department of Justice
- Establish a Presidential committee
- Establish a Congressional committee
- Don’t fund discriminatory organisations
Recommendations of To Secure These Rights regarding state governments (5 points)
- Establish Civil Rights committees
- Compulsory police training on race issues
- Desegregation in education
- Desegregation in health
- End to laws prohibiting black voting
Recommendation of To Secure These Rights regarding lynching (2 points)
- Force police to protect victims
2. Enable prosecution of entire lynch mobs
Recommendation of To Secure These Rights regarding job discrimination
Make the FEPC permanent
Recommendation of To Secure These Rights regarding police brutality
Outlaw police brutality
Name of civil rights organisation (est. in 1909) which focussed on legal cases in conjunction with peaceful protest
NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People)
Threefold strategy of the NAACP
- Take problem to court
- Pressure politicians
- Collaborate with other groups to organise popular resistance
How much did NAACP membership grow from 1939 to 1942?
50k-450k
Which 2 amendments did the NAAP use to challenge Jim Crow laws in court?
- 14th Amendment (everyone born in USA is a citizen)
2. 15th Amendment (every citizen can vote)
Name of the most famous NAACP lawyer
Thurgood Marshall
Name and date of Supreme Court case which ruled that all-white primaries were illegal under the 15th Amendment
Smith v. Allrwight; 1944
Name and date of Supreme Court case which ruled that segregation on interstate bus transport was illegal
Morgan v. Virginia; 1946
Date of the establishment of the NAACP lynching investigation squad
1946
Date of activists picketing New Orleans’ 4 biggest department stores, which refused to let black customers try on hats
1947
Date of activists picketing the black school in Alexandra, which closed during the cotton harvest so children could work
1951
Date of activists boycotting new black school in Lafayette, which had inferior facilities to the local white school
1953
Date of the UDL’s (United Defence League) week-long bus boycott in Baton Rouge
1953
Dates of CNO’s (Committee on Negro Organisation) voter registration campaign in Arkansas
1940 - 1957
Name and date of CORE’s (Congress of Racial Equality) campaign of riding on interstate transport to challenge the Morgan v. Virginia ruling
Journey of Reconciliation; 1947
Out of 16 activists in CORE’s Journey of Reconciliation, how many were arrested?
12
Name and date of the legal ruling which established legal segregation as long as it was “separate but equal”
Plessy v. Ferguson; 1896
In 1949, how much did South Carolina spend per year to educate each white child compared to each black child?
$179 v. $43
List the reasons why the NAACP chose to target segregation in education (2 points)
- It was easy to show how education was separate but not equal
- Improving one’s education is the first step to improving one’s economic situation
Name and date of the Supreme Court case which desegregated Texas Law School, as the black equivalent had inferior facilities
Sweatt v. Painter; 1950
Name and date of Supreme Court case which ruled segregation illegal in US schools
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka; 1954
Name and date of Supreme Court case which ruled that desegregation of schools should happen “with all deliberate speed”
Brown II; 1955
In 1953, which pro-Civil Rights judge was made a Chief Judge in the Supreme Court?
Earl Warren
Name of the organisation established in 1954, which both helped schools turn private to avoid desegregating, and supported pro-segregation politicians
White Citizens’ Council
How many members did the White Citizens’ Council have by 1956?
> 250k
Date that the White Citizens’ Council was established
1954
Name of the 14 year old black boy killed in a racially-induced murder in Mississippi in 1955
Emmett Till
In what state was NAACP activity banned following the Brown ruling?
Alabama
In what state were 48 of the 50 NAACP branches forced to shut down due to persecution by the police?
Louisiana
Name and date of the document signed by 101 Southern politicians to “resist desegregation by all lawful means”
Southern Manifesto; 1956
What percentage of Southern politicians signed the 1956 Southern Manifesto?
20%
In the South, what percentage of black children were in segregated schools in 1958 compared to in 1968?
97% v. 58%
List the reasons why progress towards racial equality was so slow between 1945 and 1955 (5 points)
- Eisenhower didn’t want to force change
- Congressmen resisted
- Local authorities resisted
- Racist members of the public resisted
- Civil Rights groups hadn’t perfected their methods
Date of the Montgomery Bus Boycott
1955 - 1956
Name of organisation founded under Martin Luther King to organise the bus boycott
Montgomery Improvement Association
Original aim of the Montgomery Bus Boycott, until negotiations with local authorities failed
More humane segregation of buses
Final aim of the Montgomery Bus Boycott, after negotiations with local authorities failed
Desegregation of buses
What percentage of Montgomery’s black population boycotted the buses during the 1955 - 1956 boycott?
85%
What percentage of their revenue did the local bus company lose as a result of the Montgomery Bus Boycott?
65%
Name of Supreme Court case running parallel to the Montgomery Bus Boycott, which ruled bus segregation illegal, and date of ruling
Browder v. Gayle; 1956
3 Civil Rights groups in the Montgomery Bus Boycott
- NAACP
- Women’s Political Council
- MIA
Civil Rights group established as a result of the Montgomery Bus Boycott, and date of establishment
SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership Conference); 1957
Number of black students admitted to Little Rock High School, Arkansas, in 1957
9
Civil Rights group involved in Little Rock campaign
NAACP
2 aims of the Little Rock campaign
- Speed up desegregation of schools
2. Test Brown ruling
Governor Faubus’ reaction to the “Little Rock 9” trying to enrol
Sending in the National Guard
2 groups which greeted the “Little Rock 9” the first time they tried to enrol
- National Guard
2. Mob
2 powers which ordered Governor Faubus to withdraw the National Guard
- President Eisenhower
2. Department of Justice court justice
Eisenhower’s response to a mob blocking the “Little Rock 9” from enrolling, even after Governor Faubus had withdrawn the National Guard
Bringing the National Guard under Presidential control and ordering it to protect the “Little Rock 9”
Faubus’ response to the Little Rock campaign after he lost control of the National Guard
Passing a local law to close the school
Name of Supreme Court case in response to the Little Rock campaign, which ruled that it was illegal to prevent desegregation, and date of ruling
Cooper v. Aaron; 1958
Date of the Greensboro sit-ins
1960
Aim of the Greensboro sit-ins
Desegregate public places
2 Civil Rights groups involved in the Greensboro sit-ins
- SCLC
2. SNCC
Name of Civil Rights group established during the Greensboro sit-ins
SNCC (Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee)
Starting point of the Greensboro sit-ins
Woolworth’s counter in Greensboro, North Carolina
Number of protesters involved in Greensboro sit-ins by its 4th day
300
Number of North Carolina towns involved in protests by the end of the 1st week of the Greensboro sit-ins
6
Numbers of states involved in protests by end of 4th week of the Greensboro sit-ins
6
Number of protesters involved in sit-ins by the beginning of 1961
> 70k
What percentage of its profits did Woolworth’s lose during the Greensboro sit-ins?
33%
Number of towns which had desegregated public places by the end of 1961, in response to the Greensboro sit-ins
810
Date of the Freedom Rides on interstate transport
1961
3 Civil Rights groups involved in the 1961 Freedom Rides
- CORE
- SNCC
- SCLC
2 aims of the 1961 Freedom Rides
- Desegregate interstate transport
2. Test Morgan v. Virginia and Boynton v. Virginia
Name of Supreme Court case which forbade segregation on interstate transport, and date of ruling
Boynton v. Virginia; 1960
Route of the 1961 Freedom Rides
Washington DC to New Orleans
Number of white and black activists participating in the 1961 Freedom Rides
6 white and 7 black activists
In what town did the local police and the KKK allow a mob to firebomb the Freedom Rides bus?
Anniston, Alabama
In what town did Police Chief Connor give most of the police the day off when the Freedom Rides bus drove through the town?
Birmingham, Alabama
In what town did the police let a mob attack the Freedom Rides bus?
Montgomery, Alabama
Which prominent Civil Rights figure gave a speech in favour of the 1961 Freedom Rides after the mob attacks experienced, who had previously refused to be involved with the campaign?
Martin Luther King
Which government figure enforced the desegregation of interstate bus transport in response to the 1961 Freedom Rides?
Attorney General Robert Kennedy
Name of first black student to attend Mississippi University, and date of enrolment
James Meredith; 1962
Name of Mississippi Governor who refused Meredith entry to university
Governor Barnett
2 powers which told Governor Barnett to allow Meredith to attend university
- President Kennedy
2. Supreme Court
Once forced to allow Meredith to attend university, what did Governor Barnett refuse to provide?
Protection
What did President Kennedy send to Mississippi University to allow Meredith to enrol?
Federal troops
How many people were killed in a riot over James Meredith attending Mississippi University?
2
Date of the Albany Movement, which aimed (in vague terms) to end segregation
1961 - 1962
2 Civil Rights groups involved in the Albany Movement
- SNCC
2. SCLC
Aim of Police Chief Laurie Pritchett in response to the Albany Movement
Avoid media attention
3 tactics of Police Chief Pritchett in response to the Albany Movement
- Ordered police to treat protestors respectfully in public
- Released Martin Luther King from arrest
- Made general promises for improvement
During which campaign did SNCC radicals begin to consider violence?
Albany Movement
In what sense was the Albany Movement a success?
Showed tactical changes were needed
Date of Birmingham campaign, which aimed to end segregation in major public areas and end discrimination employment
1963
2 reasons why Birmingham was chosen for the 1963 campaign
- Police Chief Connor had reacted violently to Freedom Rides
- One of the worst examples of segregation
2 aims of the 1963 Birmingham campaign
- Desegregate major public
2. End racial discrimination in employment
Civil Rights group involved in 1963 Birmingham campaign
- SCLC
Activist who recruited student protesters for the 1963 Birmingham campaign
James Bevel
During the 1963 Birmingham campaign, what was ruled illegal by court injunction in some precincts?
Marches
Name of the open letter written by Martin Luther King while in jail during the 1963 Birmingham campaign, which defended civil disobedience
Letter from Birmingham Jail
Group used as protestors during the 1963 Birmingham campaign, as wage earners couldn’t afford to remain off work
Students
Number of children protestors jailed on 3 May 1963 during the Birmingham campaign
1.3k
What was Kennedy’s comment about the 1963 Birmingham campaign?
He was “sickened” by police violence
Who did President Kennedy send to mediate negotiations during the 1963 Birmingham campaign?
Attorney General Kennedy
What percentage of radio time did USSR devote to covering the 1963 Birmingham protest, to use as propaganda against USA?
20%
What did President Kennedy announce his support for in 1963, in response to the Birmingham campaign?
A bill to end segregation
Name of the Birmingham location (previously used as headquarters for the 1963 campaign) bombed by the KKK, and date of the bombing
16th Street Baptist Church; September 1963
3 terms of the negotiations, mediated by Attorney General Kennedy, following the 1963 Birmingham campaign
- Protesters released without charge
- Large shops desegregated
- End to discrimination in employment
Date of the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, which aimed to pressure President Kennedy to pass a Civil Rights bill
August 1963
Aim of the March on Washington
Pressure President Kennedy to pass a Civil Rights bill
Number of marchers involved in the March on Washington
250k
What percentage of the marchers involved in the 1963 March on Washington were white?
20%
4 Civil Rights groups involved in the 1963 March on Washington
- SCLC
- SNCC
- CORE
- NAACP
What was the 1963 March on Washington described as by a Ghanaian newspaper?
“One of the greatest revolutions in the annals of human history”
Date of the Mississippi Freedom Summer, a voter registration campaign
1964
Aim of 1964 Mississippi Freedom Summer
Register black voters
Civil Rights group established during the 1964 Mississippi Freedom Summer
MFDP (Mississippi Democratic Freedom Party)
3 Civil Rights groups involved in the 1964 Mississippi Freedom Summer
- SNCC
- CORE
- NAACP
Number of volunteers who came from the North to participate in the 1964 Mississippi Freedom Summer
800
Reason why Mississippi was chosen for the 1964 Freedom Summer voter registration campaign
It had the lowest level of black voter registration in the country
What percentage of black adults were registered to vote in Mississippi in 1962?
6.2%
2 methods used to register black voters during the 1964 Mississippi Freedom Summer
- Escorting black voters to registration offices
2. Establishing Freedom Schools
Number of Freedom Schools established in Mississippi during the 1964 Freedom Summer voter registration campaign
30
Number of citizens who tried to register to vote during the 1964 Mississippi Freedom Summer, compared to the number who successfully registered
17k v. 1.6k
Problem with the 1964 Democratic Primary in Mississippi
It was lily-white
MFDP response to 1964 lily-white Democratic Primary in Mississippi
Held own Primary
President Johnson’s suggestion in response to the 1964 lily-white Democratic Primary in Mississippi
MFDP could be honoured non-voting guests
Date of the Selma campaign, a voter registration campaign
1965
2 reasons why Selma was chosen for the 1965 voter registration campaign
- Low rate of voter registration
2. Sheriff Clark would respond violently
What percentage of black adults were registered to vote in Selma before the 1965 campaign?
1%
3 Civil Rights groups involved in 1965 Selma voter registration campaign
- SCLC
- SNCC
- CORE
Weapon used by police on protesters during the 1965 Selma campaign
Electric cattle prod
Name of 26 year old black man killed by police during the 1965 Selma campaign while protecting his mother and grandmother
Jimmie Lee Jackson
Length of march planned for the 1965 Selma campaign, and end location
50 miles; Montgomery
During the 1965 Selma campaign, who stopped the first attempt at a 50 mile march to Montgomery, and what date was it planned for?
Police; 7 March 1965
During the 1965 Selma campaign, who stopped the second attempt at a 50 mile march to Montgomery, and what date was it planned for?
President Johnson; 9 March 1965
Dates of the 50 mile march to Montgomery during the 1965 Selma campaign
21 March 1965 - 26 March 1965
Number of protesters at the start of the 50 mile march to Montgomery during the 1965 Selma campaign, compared to the number at the end
8k v. 25k
What act did the 1965 Selma campaign lead to, and in what year did it become law?
Voting Rights Act; 1965
Date of the Moynihan Report (a.k.a. The Negro Family: The case for national action)
1965
What was the 1965 Moynihan Report a study of?
The economic position of black Americans
Who commissioned the 1965 Moynihan Report
President Johnson
3 findings of the 1965 Moynihan Report about black Americans
- High levels of crime
- Poor living conditions
- Ghettoisation in the North
President Johnson’s aim for the 1965 Moynihan Report
Promote economic equality
What did the 1965 Moynihan Report suggest which horrified Civil Rights leaders?
Black people were responsible for their economic problems
Date of the Chicago Freedom Movement, which aimed to challenge de facto segregation in housing, employment, and education
1966
3 areas of de facto segregation which the 1966 Chicago Freedom Movement aimed to challenge
- Housing
- Employment
- Education
Date of the first (failed) rally during the 1966 Chicago Freedom Movement
10 June 1966
Area marched through by protesters during the 1966 Chicago Freedom Movement
White residential areas
Area where a mob stoned Martin Luther King during the 1966 Chicago Freedom Movement
Gage Park
What did Police Chief Ogilvie warn any future marches during 1966 Chicago Freedom Movement would do?
“Make Gage Park look like a tea party”
What sparked a big riot in a black ghetto during 1966 Chicago Freedom Movement?
Mayor Daley cutting off access to a fire hydrant during a heat wave
What did Mayor Daley obtain to prevent further marches during the 1966 Chicago Freedom movement?
A court injunction
What body promised to respect the city’s fair housing laws in order to subdue the 1966 Chicago Freedom Movement, yet failed to keep these promises?
Chicago Real Estate Board
Which campaign caused widespread criticism of Martin Luther King?
Chicago Freedom Movement
Which sort of group didn’t support 1966 Chicago Freedom Movement?
White labour unions
Which area of influence, which Martin Luther King could rely upon to gather support in Southern campaigns, did he lack in the North?
Church communities
How many time bigger was Chicago that Birmingham?
10x
How many times bigger was Chicago that Selma?
100x
How long did Martin Luther King believe urban regeneration in the North would take?
10 years
2 Civil Rights groups involved in 1966 Chicago Freedom Movement
- SCLC
2. CCCO
Full name of CCCO
Coordinating Council of Community Organisations
Name of activist who planned marches in racist areas during 1966 Chicago Freedom Movement
Jesse Jackson
Date of the Poor People’s Campaign, which aimed to tackle social and economic issues for people from all disadvantaged backgrounds
1968
2 aims of 1968 Poor People’s Campaign
- Better overall living standards
2. End to ghettoes
Radical method planned for the 1968 Poor People’s Campaign
Nationwide Civil Disobedience
3 demands of the 1968 Poor People’s Campaign
- $30b a year Federal budget to combat poverty
- Government commitment to full employment
- Government initiatives to build 500k houses a year
Civil Rights group involved in 1968 Poor People’s Campaign
SCLC
Date of Memphis Sanitation Workers’ Strike, aiming to improve standard for Memphis sanitation workers
1968
How long did the peaceful march last for during the 1968 Memphis Sanitation Workers’ Strike before descending into violence?
<1 hour
Equipment used by the police on protesters during the 1968 Memphis Sanitation Workers’ Strike
Tear gas
Date of the assassination of Martin Luther King
4 April 1968
In how many states were there protests following Martin Luther King’s assassination?
29
In how many cities were there protests following Martin Luther King’s assassination?
130
Motto of the Nation of Islam
“Clean yourself up, stand up, and do something for yourself”
Founder of the Nation of Islam, and date of foundation
Wallace Fard Muhammed; 1930
2 tenets of the Nation of Islam
- Black supremacism
2. Staying pure from vice
Date when Wallace Fard Muhammed disappeared, and the Nation of Islam was taken over by Elijah Muhammed
1934
Which group did the Nation of Islam particularly appeal to?
Young black working class Northern men
What percentage of Temple No. 7 members had criminal records, despite the fact that practically none reoffended?
90%
How many of Malcolm X’s uncles were killed by white attackers?
3
Name of white supremacist group which torched the home of Malcolm X’s father, and which may have killed him
Black Legion
What did Malcolm X’s teacher say about his ambition to become a lawyer?
“It’s no realistic goal for a nigger”
Date that Malcolm X was sentenced to 10 years in prison
1946
What did Malcolm X say about Martin Luther King?
He was a “20th century Uncle Tom”
What did Malcolm X say about integration?
It was “the new form of slavery”
2 beliefs of Malcolm X
- Black nationalism
2. Self-defence
What did Malcolm X believe peaceful protest reinforced?
The stereotype of black people as weak
Date that Malcolm X broke with the Nation of Islam
March 1964
How did Malcolm X describe President Kennedy’s assassination?
As “the chickens coming home to roost”
2 reasons for Malcolm X’s break with the Nation of Islam
- He embarrassed the Nation of Islam with controversial statements
- Elijah Muhammed envied Malcolm X’s media attention
Name of the organisation formed by Malcolm X after his break with the Nation of Islam, and date of its establishment
OAAU (Organisation of Afro-American Unity); 1964
5 types of campaigns organised by OAAU
- Voter registration campaigns
- School boycotts
- Rent strikes
- Programmes to help drug addicts
- Re-education
Name and date of Malcolm X’s speech in favour of an integrated political system, but where black people would vote for black politicians
The Ballot or the Bullet; 1964
Date that Malcolm X’s houses was firebombed in an attempted assassination attempt
1964
Date that Malcolm X was shot dead
1965
Which organisation were Malcolm X’s 3 killers members of?
Nation of Islam
Which organisation received reports that the Nation of Islam wanted Malcolm X dead?
FBI
Date of the establishment of the BPP (Black Panther Party)
1966
2 founders of the BPP
Huey Newton and Bobby Searle
Who was the BPP dedicated to?
Malcolm X
2 ways I’m which BPP was radical?
- All-black membership
2. Prepared to use violence
2 aims of BPP
- Self-defence
2. Economic improvement
BPP believed that the police and US justice system couldn’t be trusted. What did they establish to counter this?
A militia
Name of document which summarised the changes that BPP believed were needed for black liberation
10 Point Programme
What philosophy did BPP aim to follow?
Marxism
Name of BPP programme which aimed to survey the police and protect black people from police violence
Patrol the Pigs
3 California cities which BPP’s Patrol the Pigs programme reached
- Oakland
- Richmond
- Berkeley
What BPP initiative did the Californian government try (unsuccessfully) to ban?
Patrol the Pigs
By 1967, how many groups did BPP have, in how many states?
35 groups in 15 states
What caused the change in BPP focus from violence to welfare?
Effects of the Free Huey campaign
Date that BPP’s Survival Programmes were planned
1968
3 BPP Survival Programmes
- Free Breakfast for School Children
- Free health clinics
- Liberation schools
By 1969, how many did the BPP’s Free Breakfast for Schoolchildren programme feed a day?
10k
3 medical services provided by BPP free health clinics
- Tests for sickle cell anaemia
- Emergency care
- Contraceptive advice
By 1974, how many free health clinics did BPP run?
> 200
By 1974, how many patients did BPP free health clinics treat a year?
> 200k
Although BPP’s liberation schools expanded to teach kids needing academic support, their original goal was what?
Teach black history and culture
By 1968, how many members did BPP have?
5k
By 1968, what was the circulation of BPP’s paper?
250k
By 1968, what was the estimated readership of BPP’s paper?
1m
By the end of 1960s, what percentage approval did BPP have with black GIs in Vietnam?
70%
Who launched a ‘dirty tricks’ campaign against BPP?
FBI
What diverted BPP campaigns away from welfare campaigns to legal fees?
Arrest of members
3 tactics used by FBI in their ‘dirty tricks’ campaign against BPP
- Phone tapping
- Office bugging
- Forged letters
Internal divisions within BPP arose over members thinking party’s focus should be on what?
Self defence v. Welfare