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Flashcards in AS: Civil Rights Deck (270)
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1
Q

Name of the World War 2 campaign to fight enemies abroad (Axis powers) and domestically (racism)

A

Double V Campaign

2
Q

Name of black US pilot who flew 149 missions during the last year of World War 2

A

Woodrow Crockett

3
Q

How many planes from black squadrons were shot down during World War 2?

A

0

4
Q

In the South, how much was spent on creating factories to supply the army in World War 2?

A

$4.5b

5
Q

Name of trade unionist who threatened to lead a march on DC since black workers were unable to get jobs

A

A. Philip Randolph

6
Q

Name and date of organisation established by an Executive Order of Roosevelt, which forced war industries not to discriminate in hiring based on ‘race, creed, colour, or natural origin’

A

FEPC (Fair Employment Practices Commission); 1941

7
Q

What percentage of US black population lived in the North in 1940 compared to in 1950?

A

25% v. 33%

8
Q

What areas experienced the majority of black migration during the 1940s?

A

Northern industrial cities

9
Q

By 1945, what percentage of US black population lived in urban areas?

A

48%

10
Q

By 1945, how many Northern states had between 5% and 13% black population (giving them the balance of power in elections if voting in a block)?

A

16

11
Q

Which black politician was elected to Congress in 1943?

A

William L. Dawson

12
Q

Which black politician was elected to Congress in 1945?

A

Adam Clayton Powell Jr.

13
Q

Which black lawyer was made Federal judge in 1949?

A

William H. Hastie

14
Q

What percentage of the Southern black population was registered to vote before the war compared to in 1945?

A

2% v. 15%

15
Q

What was the increase in black college students in the North after World War 2?

A

Threefold

16
Q

What percentage of white men were unemployed in New York after the war, compared to black men?

A

6% v. 10%

17
Q

How many black Americans migrated to the North during World War 2?

A

500k

18
Q

How many black people were unemployed in USA in 1940 compared to in 1945?

A

937k v. 151k

19
Q

Name and date of the wartime riots, which took place in response to racial discrimination in housing, jobs, and police brutality

A

Detroit Race Riots; 1943

20
Q

In the centre of Washington DC, which 3 types of public buildings were black people banned from in 1945?

A
  1. Cinemas
  2. Hotels
  3. Restaurants
21
Q

What percentage of white housing was deemed substandard in Washington DC, compared to black housing?

A

12% v. 40%

22
Q

Who was the first President since Lincoln to commit to a civil rights agenda?

A

Truman

23
Q

Which black diplomat was made US ambassador to the UN by Truman?

A

Ralph Bunche

24
Q

Name of A. Philip Randolph’s campaign which encouraged black men to refuse to join the army while it was segregated

A

Black draft resistance movement

25
Q

Name of the order passed in 1948 to ensure fair employment practices in the civil service

A

Executive Order 9980

26
Q

Name of the order passed in 1948 to desegregate the national armed forces

A

Executive Order 9981

27
Q

Name of the order passed in 1951 to establish the CGCC (Committee on Government Contract Compliance), which would ensure that government defence contracts didn’t go to companies which discriminated based on race

A

Executive Order 10308

28
Q

Date of Executive Order 9980 (ensuring fair employment practices in the Civil Service)

A

1948

29
Q

Date of Executive Order 9981 (desegregating the national armed forces)

A

1948

30
Q

Date of Executive Order 10308 (establishing the CGCC)

A

1951

31
Q

Name of the organisation (est. in 1951) which ensured that Federal defence contracts went to companies which didn’t discriminate on racial grounds

A

CGCC (Committee on Government Contract Compliance)

32
Q

Name of programme which committed the government to building houses in deprived urban areas (but which in practice demolished more houses than it built)

A

Fair Deal programme

33
Q

Date of Truman’s (desegregated) inauguration ceremony

A

1949

34
Q

Date of the restaurant in Dulles Airport (DC) being desegregated

A

1950

35
Q

Name of the committee which produced the To Secure These Rights report

A

The President’s Committee on Civil Rights

36
Q

Date of the establishment of the President’s Committee on Civil Rights

A

1946

37
Q

Name of report, published in 1947, which examined the experiences of racial minorities in USA

A

To Secure These Rights

38
Q

Date of publication of To Secure These Rights

A

1947

39
Q

Problems highlighted by the To Secure These Rights report (7 points)

A
  1. Lynching
  2. Police brutality
  3. Voting rights
  4. Discrimination in the armed forces
  5. Employment
  6. Education
  7. Health
40
Q

How many lynchings were there in 5 Southern states between 1882 and 1945?

A

> 300

41
Q

What percentage of the Southern black population could vote in the 1944 Presidential election?

A

18%

42
Q

List two legal methods used to block black voter registration in the South

A
  1. The Grandfather clause

2. Literacy tests

43
Q

In the army after the war, what ratio of white soldiers became officers compared to black soldiers?

A

1 in 7 v. 1 in 70

44
Q

In the navy after the war, what ratio of white sailors became officers compared to black sailors?

A

1 in 7 v. 2 in 10k

45
Q

After the war, what percentage of white working men working in low wage farming compared to working black men?

A

28% v. 68%

46
Q

After the war, what was the average hourly pay for a white worker compared to a black worker?

A

65¢ v. 47¢

47
Q

After the war, what was the average annual pay for a white school graduate compared to a black school graduate?

A

$1454 v. $775

48
Q

In 1940, what was the the ratio of white doctor to patients compared to black doctor to patients?

A

1 for 750 v. 1 for 3377

49
Q

Recommendations of To Secure These Rights regarding the Federal Government (5 points)

A
  1. Reorganise the Civil Rights section of the Department of Justice at local level
  2. Increase government funding to the Civil Rights section of the Department of Justice
  3. Establish a Presidential committee
  4. Establish a Congressional committee
  5. Don’t fund discriminatory organisations
50
Q

Recommendations of To Secure These Rights regarding state governments (5 points)

A
  1. Establish Civil Rights committees
  2. Compulsory police training on race issues
  3. Desegregation in education
  4. Desegregation in health
  5. End to laws prohibiting black voting
51
Q

Recommendation of To Secure These Rights regarding lynching (2 points)

A
  1. Force police to protect victims

2. Enable prosecution of entire lynch mobs

52
Q

Recommendation of To Secure These Rights regarding job discrimination

A

Make the FEPC permanent

53
Q

Recommendation of To Secure These Rights regarding police brutality

A

Outlaw police brutality

54
Q

Name of civil rights organisation (est. in 1909) which focussed on legal cases in conjunction with peaceful protest

A

NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People)

55
Q

Threefold strategy of the NAACP

A
  1. Take problem to court
  2. Pressure politicians
  3. Collaborate with other groups to organise popular resistance
56
Q

How much did NAACP membership grow from 1939 to 1942?

A

50k-450k

57
Q

Which 2 amendments did the NAAP use to challenge Jim Crow laws in court?

A
  1. 14th Amendment (everyone born in USA is a citizen)

2. 15th Amendment (every citizen can vote)

58
Q

Name of the most famous NAACP lawyer

A

Thurgood Marshall

59
Q

Name and date of Supreme Court case which ruled that all-white primaries were illegal under the 15th Amendment

A

Smith v. Allrwight; 1944

60
Q

Name and date of Supreme Court case which ruled that segregation on interstate bus transport was illegal

A

Morgan v. Virginia; 1946

61
Q

Date of the establishment of the NAACP lynching investigation squad

A

1946

62
Q

Date of activists picketing New Orleans’ 4 biggest department stores, which refused to let black customers try on hats

A

1947

63
Q

Date of activists picketing the black school in Alexandra, which closed during the cotton harvest so children could work

A

1951

64
Q

Date of activists boycotting new black school in Lafayette, which had inferior facilities to the local white school

A

1953

65
Q

Date of the UDL’s (United Defence League) week-long bus boycott in Baton Rouge

A

1953

66
Q

Dates of CNO’s (Committee on Negro Organisation) voter registration campaign in Arkansas

A

1940 - 1957

67
Q

Name and date of CORE’s (Congress of Racial Equality) campaign of riding on interstate transport to challenge the Morgan v. Virginia ruling

A

Journey of Reconciliation; 1947

68
Q

Out of 16 activists in CORE’s Journey of Reconciliation, how many were arrested?

A

12

69
Q

Name and date of the legal ruling which established legal segregation as long as it was “separate but equal”

A

Plessy v. Ferguson; 1896

70
Q

In 1949, how much did South Carolina spend per year to educate each white child compared to each black child?

A

$179 v. $43

71
Q

List the reasons why the NAACP chose to target segregation in education (2 points)

A
  1. It was easy to show how education was separate but not equal
  2. Improving one’s education is the first step to improving one’s economic situation
72
Q

Name and date of the Supreme Court case which desegregated Texas Law School, as the black equivalent had inferior facilities

A

Sweatt v. Painter; 1950

73
Q

Name and date of Supreme Court case which ruled segregation illegal in US schools

A

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka; 1954

74
Q

Name and date of Supreme Court case which ruled that desegregation of schools should happen “with all deliberate speed”

A

Brown II; 1955

75
Q

In 1953, which pro-Civil Rights judge was made a Chief Judge in the Supreme Court?

A

Earl Warren

76
Q

Name of the organisation established in 1954, which both helped schools turn private to avoid desegregating, and supported pro-segregation politicians

A

White Citizens’ Council

77
Q

How many members did the White Citizens’ Council have by 1956?

A

> 250k

78
Q

Date that the White Citizens’ Council was established

A

1954

79
Q

Name of the 14 year old black boy killed in a racially-induced murder in Mississippi in 1955

A

Emmett Till

80
Q

In what state was NAACP activity banned following the Brown ruling?

A

Alabama

81
Q

In what state were 48 of the 50 NAACP branches forced to shut down due to persecution by the police?

A

Louisiana

82
Q

Name and date of the document signed by 101 Southern politicians to “resist desegregation by all lawful means”

A

Southern Manifesto; 1956

83
Q

What percentage of Southern politicians signed the 1956 Southern Manifesto?

A

20%

84
Q

In the South, what percentage of black children were in segregated schools in 1958 compared to in 1968?

A

97% v. 58%

85
Q

List the reasons why progress towards racial equality was so slow between 1945 and 1955 (5 points)

A
  1. Eisenhower didn’t want to force change
  2. Congressmen resisted
  3. Local authorities resisted
  4. Racist members of the public resisted
  5. Civil Rights groups hadn’t perfected their methods
86
Q

Date of the Montgomery Bus Boycott

A

1955 - 1956

87
Q

Name of organisation founded under Martin Luther King to organise the bus boycott

A

Montgomery Improvement Association

88
Q

Original aim of the Montgomery Bus Boycott, until negotiations with local authorities failed

A

More humane segregation of buses

89
Q

Final aim of the Montgomery Bus Boycott, after negotiations with local authorities failed

A

Desegregation of buses

90
Q

What percentage of Montgomery’s black population boycotted the buses during the 1955 - 1956 boycott?

A

85%

91
Q

What percentage of their revenue did the local bus company lose as a result of the Montgomery Bus Boycott?

A

65%

92
Q

Name of Supreme Court case running parallel to the Montgomery Bus Boycott, which ruled bus segregation illegal, and date of ruling

A

Browder v. Gayle; 1956

93
Q

3 Civil Rights groups in the Montgomery Bus Boycott

A
  1. NAACP
  2. Women’s Political Council
  3. MIA
94
Q

Civil Rights group established as a result of the Montgomery Bus Boycott, and date of establishment

A

SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership Conference); 1957

95
Q

Number of black students admitted to Little Rock High School, Arkansas, in 1957

A

9

96
Q

Civil Rights group involved in Little Rock campaign

A

NAACP

97
Q

2 aims of the Little Rock campaign

A
  1. Speed up desegregation of schools

2. Test Brown ruling

98
Q

Governor Faubus’ reaction to the “Little Rock 9” trying to enrol

A

Sending in the National Guard

99
Q

2 groups which greeted the “Little Rock 9” the first time they tried to enrol

A
  1. National Guard

2. Mob

100
Q

2 powers which ordered Governor Faubus to withdraw the National Guard

A
  1. President Eisenhower

2. Department of Justice court justice

101
Q

Eisenhower’s response to a mob blocking the “Little Rock 9” from enrolling, even after Governor Faubus had withdrawn the National Guard

A

Bringing the National Guard under Presidential control and ordering it to protect the “Little Rock 9”

102
Q

Faubus’ response to the Little Rock campaign after he lost control of the National Guard

A

Passing a local law to close the school

103
Q

Name of Supreme Court case in response to the Little Rock campaign, which ruled that it was illegal to prevent desegregation, and date of ruling

A

Cooper v. Aaron; 1958

104
Q

Date of the Greensboro sit-ins

A

1960

105
Q

Aim of the Greensboro sit-ins

A

Desegregate public places

106
Q

2 Civil Rights groups involved in the Greensboro sit-ins

A
  1. SCLC

2. SNCC

107
Q

Name of Civil Rights group established during the Greensboro sit-ins

A

SNCC (Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee)

108
Q

Starting point of the Greensboro sit-ins

A

Woolworth’s counter in Greensboro, North Carolina

109
Q

Number of protesters involved in Greensboro sit-ins by its 4th day

A

300

110
Q

Number of North Carolina towns involved in protests by the end of the 1st week of the Greensboro sit-ins

A

6

111
Q

Numbers of states involved in protests by end of 4th week of the Greensboro sit-ins

A

6

112
Q

Number of protesters involved in sit-ins by the beginning of 1961

A

> 70k

113
Q

What percentage of its profits did Woolworth’s lose during the Greensboro sit-ins?

A

33%

114
Q

Number of towns which had desegregated public places by the end of 1961, in response to the Greensboro sit-ins

A

810

115
Q

Date of the Freedom Rides on interstate transport

A

1961

116
Q

3 Civil Rights groups involved in the 1961 Freedom Rides

A
  1. CORE
  2. SNCC
  3. SCLC
117
Q

2 aims of the 1961 Freedom Rides

A
  1. Desegregate interstate transport

2. Test Morgan v. Virginia and Boynton v. Virginia

118
Q

Name of Supreme Court case which forbade segregation on interstate transport, and date of ruling

A

Boynton v. Virginia; 1960

119
Q

Route of the 1961 Freedom Rides

A

Washington DC to New Orleans

120
Q

Number of white and black activists participating in the 1961 Freedom Rides

A

6 white and 7 black activists

121
Q

In what town did the local police and the KKK allow a mob to firebomb the Freedom Rides bus?

A

Anniston, Alabama

122
Q

In what town did Police Chief Connor give most of the police the day off when the Freedom Rides bus drove through the town?

A

Birmingham, Alabama

123
Q

In what town did the police let a mob attack the Freedom Rides bus?

A

Montgomery, Alabama

124
Q

Which prominent Civil Rights figure gave a speech in favour of the 1961 Freedom Rides after the mob attacks experienced, who had previously refused to be involved with the campaign?

A

Martin Luther King

125
Q

Which government figure enforced the desegregation of interstate bus transport in response to the 1961 Freedom Rides?

A

Attorney General Robert Kennedy

126
Q

Name of first black student to attend Mississippi University, and date of enrolment

A

James Meredith; 1962

127
Q

Name of Mississippi Governor who refused Meredith entry to university

A

Governor Barnett

128
Q

2 powers which told Governor Barnett to allow Meredith to attend university

A
  1. President Kennedy

2. Supreme Court

129
Q

Once forced to allow Meredith to attend university, what did Governor Barnett refuse to provide?

A

Protection

130
Q

What did President Kennedy send to Mississippi University to allow Meredith to enrol?

A

Federal troops

131
Q

How many people were killed in a riot over James Meredith attending Mississippi University?

A

2

132
Q

Date of the Albany Movement, which aimed (in vague terms) to end segregation

A

1961 - 1962

133
Q

2 Civil Rights groups involved in the Albany Movement

A
  1. SNCC

2. SCLC

134
Q

Aim of Police Chief Laurie Pritchett in response to the Albany Movement

A

Avoid media attention

135
Q

3 tactics of Police Chief Pritchett in response to the Albany Movement

A
  1. Ordered police to treat protestors respectfully in public
  2. Released Martin Luther King from arrest
  3. Made general promises for improvement
136
Q

During which campaign did SNCC radicals begin to consider violence?

A

Albany Movement

137
Q

In what sense was the Albany Movement a success?

A

Showed tactical changes were needed

138
Q

Date of Birmingham campaign, which aimed to end segregation in major public areas and end discrimination employment

A

1963

139
Q

2 reasons why Birmingham was chosen for the 1963 campaign

A
  1. Police Chief Connor had reacted violently to Freedom Rides
  2. One of the worst examples of segregation
140
Q

2 aims of the 1963 Birmingham campaign

A
  1. Desegregate major public

2. End racial discrimination in employment

141
Q

Civil Rights group involved in 1963 Birmingham campaign

A
  1. SCLC
142
Q

Activist who recruited student protesters for the 1963 Birmingham campaign

A

James Bevel

143
Q

During the 1963 Birmingham campaign, what was ruled illegal by court injunction in some precincts?

A

Marches

144
Q

Name of the open letter written by Martin Luther King while in jail during the 1963 Birmingham campaign, which defended civil disobedience

A

Letter from Birmingham Jail

145
Q

Group used as protestors during the 1963 Birmingham campaign, as wage earners couldn’t afford to remain off work

A

Students

146
Q

Number of children protestors jailed on 3 May 1963 during the Birmingham campaign

A

1.3k

147
Q

What was Kennedy’s comment about the 1963 Birmingham campaign?

A

He was “sickened” by police violence

148
Q

Who did President Kennedy send to mediate negotiations during the 1963 Birmingham campaign?

A

Attorney General Kennedy

149
Q

What percentage of radio time did USSR devote to covering the 1963 Birmingham protest, to use as propaganda against USA?

A

20%

150
Q

What did President Kennedy announce his support for in 1963, in response to the Birmingham campaign?

A

A bill to end segregation

151
Q

Name of the Birmingham location (previously used as headquarters for the 1963 campaign) bombed by the KKK, and date of the bombing

A

16th Street Baptist Church; September 1963

152
Q

3 terms of the negotiations, mediated by Attorney General Kennedy, following the 1963 Birmingham campaign

A
  1. Protesters released without charge
  2. Large shops desegregated
  3. End to discrimination in employment
153
Q

Date of the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, which aimed to pressure President Kennedy to pass a Civil Rights bill

A

August 1963

154
Q

Aim of the March on Washington

A

Pressure President Kennedy to pass a Civil Rights bill

155
Q

Number of marchers involved in the March on Washington

A

250k

156
Q

What percentage of the marchers involved in the 1963 March on Washington were white?

A

20%

157
Q

4 Civil Rights groups involved in the 1963 March on Washington

A
  1. SCLC
  2. SNCC
  3. CORE
  4. NAACP
158
Q

What was the 1963 March on Washington described as by a Ghanaian newspaper?

A

“One of the greatest revolutions in the annals of human history”

159
Q

Date of the Mississippi Freedom Summer, a voter registration campaign

A

1964

160
Q

Aim of 1964 Mississippi Freedom Summer

A

Register black voters

161
Q

Civil Rights group established during the 1964 Mississippi Freedom Summer

A

MFDP (Mississippi Democratic Freedom Party)

162
Q

3 Civil Rights groups involved in the 1964 Mississippi Freedom Summer

A
  1. SNCC
  2. CORE
  3. NAACP
163
Q

Number of volunteers who came from the North to participate in the 1964 Mississippi Freedom Summer

A

800

164
Q

Reason why Mississippi was chosen for the 1964 Freedom Summer voter registration campaign

A

It had the lowest level of black voter registration in the country

165
Q

What percentage of black adults were registered to vote in Mississippi in 1962?

A

6.2%

166
Q

2 methods used to register black voters during the 1964 Mississippi Freedom Summer

A
  1. Escorting black voters to registration offices

2. Establishing Freedom Schools

167
Q

Number of Freedom Schools established in Mississippi during the 1964 Freedom Summer voter registration campaign

A

30

168
Q

Number of citizens who tried to register to vote during the 1964 Mississippi Freedom Summer, compared to the number who successfully registered

A

17k v. 1.6k

169
Q

Problem with the 1964 Democratic Primary in Mississippi

A

It was lily-white

170
Q

MFDP response to 1964 lily-white Democratic Primary in Mississippi

A

Held own Primary

171
Q

President Johnson’s suggestion in response to the 1964 lily-white Democratic Primary in Mississippi

A

MFDP could be honoured non-voting guests

172
Q

Date of the Selma campaign, a voter registration campaign

A

1965

173
Q

2 reasons why Selma was chosen for the 1965 voter registration campaign

A
  1. Low rate of voter registration

2. Sheriff Clark would respond violently

174
Q

What percentage of black adults were registered to vote in Selma before the 1965 campaign?

A

1%

175
Q

3 Civil Rights groups involved in 1965 Selma voter registration campaign

A
  1. SCLC
  2. SNCC
  3. CORE
176
Q

Weapon used by police on protesters during the 1965 Selma campaign

A

Electric cattle prod

177
Q

Name of 26 year old black man killed by police during the 1965 Selma campaign while protecting his mother and grandmother

A

Jimmie Lee Jackson

178
Q

Length of march planned for the 1965 Selma campaign, and end location

A

50 miles; Montgomery

179
Q

During the 1965 Selma campaign, who stopped the first attempt at a 50 mile march to Montgomery, and what date was it planned for?

A

Police; 7 March 1965

180
Q

During the 1965 Selma campaign, who stopped the second attempt at a 50 mile march to Montgomery, and what date was it planned for?

A

President Johnson; 9 March 1965

181
Q

Dates of the 50 mile march to Montgomery during the 1965 Selma campaign

A

21 March 1965 - 26 March 1965

182
Q

Number of protesters at the start of the 50 mile march to Montgomery during the 1965 Selma campaign, compared to the number at the end

A

8k v. 25k

183
Q

What act did the 1965 Selma campaign lead to, and in what year did it become law?

A

Voting Rights Act; 1965

184
Q

Date of the Moynihan Report (a.k.a. The Negro Family: The case for national action)

A

1965

185
Q

What was the 1965 Moynihan Report a study of?

A

The economic position of black Americans

186
Q

Who commissioned the 1965 Moynihan Report

A

President Johnson

187
Q

3 findings of the 1965 Moynihan Report about black Americans

A
  1. High levels of crime
  2. Poor living conditions
  3. Ghettoisation in the North
188
Q

President Johnson’s aim for the 1965 Moynihan Report

A

Promote economic equality

189
Q

What did the 1965 Moynihan Report suggest which horrified Civil Rights leaders?

A

Black people were responsible for their economic problems

190
Q

Date of the Chicago Freedom Movement, which aimed to challenge de facto segregation in housing, employment, and education

A

1966

191
Q

3 areas of de facto segregation which the 1966 Chicago Freedom Movement aimed to challenge

A
  1. Housing
  2. Employment
  3. Education
192
Q

Date of the first (failed) rally during the 1966 Chicago Freedom Movement

A

10 June 1966

193
Q

Area marched through by protesters during the 1966 Chicago Freedom Movement

A

White residential areas

194
Q

Area where a mob stoned Martin Luther King during the 1966 Chicago Freedom Movement

A

Gage Park

195
Q

What did Police Chief Ogilvie warn any future marches during 1966 Chicago Freedom Movement would do?

A

“Make Gage Park look like a tea party”

196
Q

What sparked a big riot in a black ghetto during 1966 Chicago Freedom Movement?

A

Mayor Daley cutting off access to a fire hydrant during a heat wave

197
Q

What did Mayor Daley obtain to prevent further marches during the 1966 Chicago Freedom movement?

A

A court injunction

198
Q

What body promised to respect the city’s fair housing laws in order to subdue the 1966 Chicago Freedom Movement, yet failed to keep these promises?

A

Chicago Real Estate Board

199
Q

Which campaign caused widespread criticism of Martin Luther King?

A

Chicago Freedom Movement

200
Q

Which sort of group didn’t support 1966 Chicago Freedom Movement?

A

White labour unions

201
Q

Which area of influence, which Martin Luther King could rely upon to gather support in Southern campaigns, did he lack in the North?

A

Church communities

202
Q

How many time bigger was Chicago that Birmingham?

A

10x

203
Q

How many times bigger was Chicago that Selma?

A

100x

204
Q

How long did Martin Luther King believe urban regeneration in the North would take?

A

10 years

205
Q

2 Civil Rights groups involved in 1966 Chicago Freedom Movement

A
  1. SCLC

2. CCCO

206
Q

Full name of CCCO

A

Coordinating Council of Community Organisations

207
Q

Name of activist who planned marches in racist areas during 1966 Chicago Freedom Movement

A

Jesse Jackson

208
Q

Date of the Poor People’s Campaign, which aimed to tackle social and economic issues for people from all disadvantaged backgrounds

A

1968

209
Q

2 aims of 1968 Poor People’s Campaign

A
  1. Better overall living standards

2. End to ghettoes

210
Q

Radical method planned for the 1968 Poor People’s Campaign

A

Nationwide Civil Disobedience

211
Q

3 demands of the 1968 Poor People’s Campaign

A
  1. $30b a year Federal budget to combat poverty
  2. Government commitment to full employment
  3. Government initiatives to build 500k houses a year
212
Q

Civil Rights group involved in 1968 Poor People’s Campaign

A

SCLC

213
Q

Date of Memphis Sanitation Workers’ Strike, aiming to improve standard for Memphis sanitation workers

A

1968

214
Q

How long did the peaceful march last for during the 1968 Memphis Sanitation Workers’ Strike before descending into violence?

A

<1 hour

215
Q

Equipment used by the police on protesters during the 1968 Memphis Sanitation Workers’ Strike

A

Tear gas

216
Q

Date of the assassination of Martin Luther King

A

4 April 1968

217
Q

In how many states were there protests following Martin Luther King’s assassination?

A

29

218
Q

In how many cities were there protests following Martin Luther King’s assassination?

A

130

219
Q

Motto of the Nation of Islam

A

“Clean yourself up, stand up, and do something for yourself”

220
Q

Founder of the Nation of Islam, and date of foundation

A

Wallace Fard Muhammed; 1930

221
Q

2 tenets of the Nation of Islam

A
  1. Black supremacism

2. Staying pure from vice

222
Q

Date when Wallace Fard Muhammed disappeared, and the Nation of Islam was taken over by Elijah Muhammed

A

1934

223
Q

Which group did the Nation of Islam particularly appeal to?

A

Young black working class Northern men

224
Q

What percentage of Temple No. 7 members had criminal records, despite the fact that practically none reoffended?

A

90%

225
Q

How many of Malcolm X’s uncles were killed by white attackers?

A

3

226
Q

Name of white supremacist group which torched the home of Malcolm X’s father, and which may have killed him

A

Black Legion

227
Q

What did Malcolm X’s teacher say about his ambition to become a lawyer?

A

“It’s no realistic goal for a nigger”

228
Q

Date that Malcolm X was sentenced to 10 years in prison

A

1946

229
Q

What did Malcolm X say about Martin Luther King?

A

He was a “20th century Uncle Tom”

230
Q

What did Malcolm X say about integration?

A

It was “the new form of slavery”

231
Q

2 beliefs of Malcolm X

A
  1. Black nationalism

2. Self-defence

232
Q

What did Malcolm X believe peaceful protest reinforced?

A

The stereotype of black people as weak

233
Q

Date that Malcolm X broke with the Nation of Islam

A

March 1964

234
Q

How did Malcolm X describe President Kennedy’s assassination?

A

As “the chickens coming home to roost”

235
Q

2 reasons for Malcolm X’s break with the Nation of Islam

A
  1. He embarrassed the Nation of Islam with controversial statements
  2. Elijah Muhammed envied Malcolm X’s media attention
236
Q

Name of the organisation formed by Malcolm X after his break with the Nation of Islam, and date of its establishment

A

OAAU (Organisation of Afro-American Unity); 1964

237
Q

5 types of campaigns organised by OAAU

A
  1. Voter registration campaigns
  2. School boycotts
  3. Rent strikes
  4. Programmes to help drug addicts
  5. Re-education
238
Q

Name and date of Malcolm X’s speech in favour of an integrated political system, but where black people would vote for black politicians

A

The Ballot or the Bullet; 1964

239
Q

Date that Malcolm X’s houses was firebombed in an attempted assassination attempt

A

1964

240
Q

Date that Malcolm X was shot dead

A

1965

241
Q

Which organisation were Malcolm X’s 3 killers members of?

A

Nation of Islam

242
Q

Which organisation received reports that the Nation of Islam wanted Malcolm X dead?

A

FBI

243
Q

Date of the establishment of the BPP (Black Panther Party)

A

1966

244
Q

2 founders of the BPP

A

Huey Newton and Bobby Searle

245
Q

Who was the BPP dedicated to?

A

Malcolm X

246
Q

2 ways I’m which BPP was radical?

A
  1. All-black membership

2. Prepared to use violence

247
Q

2 aims of BPP

A
  1. Self-defence

2. Economic improvement

248
Q

BPP believed that the police and US justice system couldn’t be trusted. What did they establish to counter this?

A

A militia

249
Q

Name of document which summarised the changes that BPP believed were needed for black liberation

A

10 Point Programme

250
Q

What philosophy did BPP aim to follow?

A

Marxism

251
Q

Name of BPP programme which aimed to survey the police and protect black people from police violence

A

Patrol the Pigs

252
Q

3 California cities which BPP’s Patrol the Pigs programme reached

A
  1. Oakland
  2. Richmond
  3. Berkeley
253
Q

What BPP initiative did the Californian government try (unsuccessfully) to ban?

A

Patrol the Pigs

254
Q

By 1967, how many groups did BPP have, in how many states?

A

35 groups in 15 states

255
Q

What caused the change in BPP focus from violence to welfare?

A

Effects of the Free Huey campaign

256
Q

Date that BPP’s Survival Programmes were planned

A

1968

257
Q

3 BPP Survival Programmes

A
  1. Free Breakfast for School Children
  2. Free health clinics
  3. Liberation schools
258
Q

By 1969, how many did the BPP’s Free Breakfast for Schoolchildren programme feed a day?

A

10k

259
Q

3 medical services provided by BPP free health clinics

A
  1. Tests for sickle cell anaemia
  2. Emergency care
  3. Contraceptive advice
260
Q

By 1974, how many free health clinics did BPP run?

A

> 200

261
Q

By 1974, how many patients did BPP free health clinics treat a year?

A

> 200k

262
Q

Although BPP’s liberation schools expanded to teach kids needing academic support, their original goal was what?

A

Teach black history and culture

263
Q

By 1968, how many members did BPP have?

A

5k

264
Q

By 1968, what was the circulation of BPP’s paper?

A

250k

265
Q

By 1968, what was the estimated readership of BPP’s paper?

A

1m

266
Q

By the end of 1960s, what percentage approval did BPP have with black GIs in Vietnam?

A

70%

267
Q

Who launched a ‘dirty tricks’ campaign against BPP?

A

FBI

268
Q

What diverted BPP campaigns away from welfare campaigns to legal fees?

A

Arrest of members

269
Q

3 tactics used by FBI in their ‘dirty tricks’ campaign against BPP

A
  1. Phone tapping
  2. Office bugging
  3. Forged letters
270
Q

Internal divisions within BPP arose over members thinking party’s focus should be on what?

A

Self defence v. Welfare