AS: Protest Culture Flashcards
Revise for AS exam (203 cards)
1
Q
What was US GNP in 1950, compared to in 1960?
A
$300m v. $500m
2
Q
Levels of which two things remained low in 1950s, leading to continual economic growth?
A
- Inflation
2. Unemployment
3
Q
By 1956, what percentage of Americans worked in white collar (non-manual, professional) occupations?
A
60%
4
Q
What percentage of US homes were owner occupied in 1940, compare to in 1960?
A
43.6% v. 61.9%
5
Q
Largely due to the negotiations of labour unions on their behalf, by what percentage did the wages for production workers rise between 1950 and 1970?
A
70%
6
Q
What percentage of Americans owned a car in 1940, compared to in 1970?
A
20% v. 50%
7
Q
Term, coined by commentators to describe the American lifestyle in the 1950s and 1960s, meaning a lifestyle where everyone could afford to live in some measure of luxury
A
Populuxe
8
Q
Which 1930s event increased the suspicion of many white Americans towards black citizens, as they feared for their own economic security, a factor which no longer remained relevant during the period of populuxe, encouraging the civil rights statement?
A
The Great Depression
9
Q
Name of the generation born after the great depression, who had never experienced poverty or economic depression. This generation was better educated, supposedly less materialistic, and more interested in political issues as a result of being born in period of populuxe
A
Baby boomers
10
Q
Slogan of President Kennedy, which appealed to the ambition and optimism of young people in America
A
“Ask not what your country can do for you - ask what you can do for your country.”
11
Q
Date that President Kennedy established the Peace Corps, an organisation which sent volunteers to work in the developing world, which largely appealed to the younger generation’s ideals of self-sacrifice and ambition, and as such was successful
A
1961
12
Q
Name of the President who committed the government to a multi million dollar space programme which aimed to land man on the moon by the end of the 1960s. This appealed to the country’s new-found ideals of self-sacrifice and ambition, and the programme was ultimately successful
A
President Kennedy
13
Q
Number of volunteers working overseas as part of the Peace Corps by 1966
A
15k
14
Q
Date on which the Apollo Programme successfully landed two men on the Moon
A
1969
15
Q
Two areas which President Kennedy aimed to improve domestically as part of the ‘New Frontier’, which proved largely unsuccessful due to the lack of support from Congress, dominated at the time by Republicans and conservative southern Democrats
A
- Healthcare
2. Education
16
Q
Example of a bill, proposed by Kennedy, which was blocked by (the largely Republican and southern Democratic) Congress
A
The Medical Health Bill
17
Q
Name of President Johnson’s policy in which the government would use some of America’s newfound wealth to improve the lives of the poor
A
The Great Society
18
Q
Number of bills passed under President Johnson and Congress which committed $1.5 billion to improve schools and $2.9 billion to regenerate America’s inner cities
A
435
19
Q
Amount of money committed by the government under Johnson to improve schools
A
$1.5 billion
20
Q
Amount of money committed by the government under Johnson to regenerate America’s inner cities
A
$2.9 billion
21
Q
Name of the act passed by Johnson which guaranteed free health care to all people aged 65 and over
A
1965 Social Security Act
22
Q
Although Kennedy spoke of a fairer society, what caused criticism of his behaviour in this area?
A
He was slow to act on civil rights
23
Q
Although Johnson spoke of a fairer society, and have more success than Kennedy with civil rights, what caused criticism of his behaviour in this area?
A
The Vietnam War
24
Q
Number of televisions in American homes in 1951: compared to in 1956
A
10.3m v. 34.9m
25
By 1960, what percentage of Americans owned a television
90%
26
Name of Bernard Rosenberg and David Manning White's 1957 book which argued that modern mass culture deliberately filled the minds of Americans with worthless ideas in order to distract them from real issues
Mass culture: the Popular Arts in America
27
What percentage of the country's manufacture were US top 100 companies responsible for in 1940, compared to in 1945?
30% v. 70%
28
Traditionally, American culture has stressed independence and individualism, whereas under the new corporate culture, … and ... was valued. This proved unattractive to the majority of American youth, encouraging the new counterculture
Loyalty and conformity
29
2 facets of mainstream mass culture which was shunned by a good portion of American youth
1. Media culture
| 2. Corporate culture
30
Name of Michael Harrington's 1962 book which presented an analysis of American society showing the limits of populuxe. Harrington demonstrated this property was still present in America as certain groups (including black people people and the elderly) were largely excluded from the consumer boom
The Other America
31
By 1970, what percentage of America's National wealth did the poorest fifth of its population receive, compared to the richest fifth?
5% v. 40%
32
4 distinct groups which constituted part of the counterculture movement
1. Hippies
2. Black Panthers
3. Feminists
4. Peaceniks
33
Different groups within the counter culture movement believed in, and focussed on, actually different ideas. However, they generally agreed on two things; what were they?
1. America was corrupt
| 2. Traditional political institutions couldn't deliver radical change
34
In what did the American counter culture of 1960s have its roots?
Youth culture of the 1940s and 1950s
35
New social group which emerged after the Second World War
Teenagers
36
Which social group were targeted by television stations and film companies, including Disney, which supported many countercultural values?
Teenagers
37
Example of the Disney show, which ran from 1955 to 1959, featuring rock'n' roll music every week
The Mickey Mouse Club
38
Example of a Disney film, from 1944, featuring an extended scene with Donald Duck in a Hispanic Street party
The Three Caballeros
39
Name of the Disney film, from 1940, which supposedly inspired Dr Timothy Leary to experiment with drugs, particularly the magic mushrooms scene
Fantasia
40
Example of a Disney film, from 1952, in which the hero stood up to a corrupt government by stealing from the rich to give to the poor. Walt Disney himself describes the hero as "an inspiration to all who love freedom"
The Story of Robin Hood and his Merry Men
41
4 countercultural themes promoted in Disney
1. Rock music
2. Carnival dancing
3. Trippy psychedelia
4. Young rebel heroes
42
How much was it estimated that US teenagers spent a year by the end of the 1950s, encouraging advertising companies increasingly to target the age group?
$10b
43
3 types of music which Elvis Presley and similar rock n' roll musicians mixed
1. Black gospel
2. Blues
3. White-southern country
44
How did conservatives describe Elvis Presley's performances?
Sexhibitionist
45
By 1958, what percentage of records sold were bought by teenagers?
70%
46
Name of the band which dominated the American music scene in 1960s, and was called "more worrying than Elvis" because of the influence of hallucinogenic drugs
The Beatles
47
Example of a film, from 1955, starring James Dean as a teenager who rejected the authority of his parents and teachers. This sort of glamorous outsider figure was an important part of 1960s youth culture
Rebel Without a Cause
48
Name of William S. Burroughs' 1959 book which described the journey of a drug addict across America; a lifestyle embraced by the beatniks
Naked Lunch
49
Name of the group which questioned traditional American morality, and rejected both the square American work ethic and the material 'populuxe' lifestyle and focussing on non-material things, such as hallucinogenic experiences, sex, philosophy, and poetry. Members usually came from a middle class background
Beatniks
50
Name of the group which rejected the artificial mass-produced mainstream culture in favour of a more natural culture. Members usually came from a middle class background
Hippies
51
Type of community established by hippies, in which goods were freely shared and the idea of ownership was rejected
Commune
52
Name of hippie anarchist commune, which lasted in San Francisco from 1966 to 1968, in which money was replaced by trading in goods and services (or simply giving away things for free!), as well as drugs and 'liberated' sexual relationships taking place
The Diggers
53
4 services established by the Diggers hippie commune by 1967
1. Free food store
2. Free transport network
3. Free healthcare
4. Free rock concerts
54
Name of the underground chemist at the Diggers hippie commune, who produced large quantities of free LSD
Owsley Stanley
55
Name of the biggest hippie festival of the 1960s, for which not a single cheque bounced, showing that the hippie attendees weren't short of cash
Woodstock
56
Whereas hippies and beatniks were cultural movements, the New Left was a...
political movement
57
Name of the political group, popular amongst young people and university students, who campaigned for equal wealth distribution in America, but wanted to distance themselves from the 'Old Left' Communist Party of America
New Left
58
First prominent New Left group, formed at the University of Michigan in 1960 (with many members having been part of radical civil rights groups like SNCC)
SDS (Students for a Democratic Society)
59
Document in which SDS set out its aims: to fight for a genuinely democratic society in which each "individual shares in those decisions which determine the quality and direction of his life", and to fight for economic equality, providing a good life for all people instead of a select few making a profit. Give the name and date of publication of this document
Port Huron Statement; 1962
60
Name, and date of establishment, of the New Left student group based at the University of California, Berkeley. Although originally established to protest the University's decision to ban handing out political leaflets, the group stretched much further, to be critical of American society as a whole
FSM (Free Speech Movement); 1964
61
What percentage of University of California students had taken part in civil rights protests between 1960 and 1964, contributing to the establishment of FSM?
10%
62
Date that the University of California banned handing out political leaflets on campus, leading to the establishment of FSM
1 October 1964
63
Leader of FSM, who argued that American society was a machine that trapped Americans, and that the time had come to destroy the machine
Mario Savio
64
New Left groups had little support prior to what date?
1965
65
What backgrounds did New Left activists tend to come from?
Wealthy
66
By October 1963, how many American universities had SDS groups?
6
67
By October 1963, what was the total SDS membership?
610
68
What caused a rise in popularity for the New Left?
The Vietnam War
69
Number of troops initially sent to Vietnam by President Johnson in 1965, compared to the number of troops in 1968
186k v. 550k
70
Number of US casualties in Vietnam in 1967, causing domestic uproar
11k
71
Number of US casualties in Vietnam in 1968, causing domestic uproar
16.5k
72
What percentage of soldiers called up to the draft in Vietnam were from poor and working-class families (seeing as wealthy young men could easily avoid the draft by enrolling in university)?
80%
73
What percentage of new soldiers being sent to Vietnam went absent without leave during the initial training (indicating the general unpopularity of the war)?
20%
74
What percentage of US soldiers in Vietnam used hard drugs, such as heroin (indicating low morale among the troops)?
25%
75
Date of the first heavy air force bombing raids ordered by President Johnson in Vietnam, which was domestically unpopular
February 1965
76
6 reasons why the Vietnam War was so unpopular with the US public
1. Casualties
2. The Draft
3. Inequality of the draft
4. Low morale
5. A racist war to conquer an Asian country
6. Brutal tactics
77
What did SDS radicals believe the Vietnam War was a clear sign of?
US government corruption
78
Why was the Vietnam War a very personal issue for university students?
Their age group was being drafted
79
Date for which SDS organised the first mass anti-war rally in Washington DC
April 1965
80
Number who attended SDS's first mass anti-war rally in Washington DC, in April 1965
20k
81
5 locations where, in 1965, SDS organised 'teach-ins', events where lectures were suspended at universities, in favour of students and teachers meeting to debate the Vietnam War. Many prominent academics participated in the 'teach-ins', giving the anti-war movement some respectability
1. University of Michigan
2. University of Chicago
3. University of Pennsylvania
4. University of Buffalo
5. University of Columbia
82
Name of the group which brought together various anti-war groups to organise further protests following the success of the 'teach-ins'
VDC (Vietnam Day Committee)
83
Date that VDC organised a march from the White House to the Lincoln Memorial to demand an end to the Vietnam War, gathering 40 000 protesters
November 1965
84
Number who attended the November 1965 anti-war march in Washington DC, organised by VDC
40k
85
Number who attended the 1965 protest, organised by the Diggers, known as the 'human be-in', a joint protest against the Vietnam War and the banning of LSD
30k
86
Civil Rights group involved in the 1965 'teach-ins'
SNCC
87
Number of protesters who marched with Martin Luther King through Chicago in 1967, protesting against the Vietnam War
5k
88
Name of Nation of Islam member who refused to fight in the Vietnam War, and famously told reporters: "I ain't got no quarrel with them Viet Cong ... They never called me nigger"
Muhammad Ali
89
Between 1964 and 1968, how many 18-25 year old men were drafted to Vietnam a year?
300k
90
By 1968, what percentage of 20 year old men had been drafted to Vietnam?
20%
91
Name of the 1968 Supreme Court case regarding the introduction of a law against burning draft cards; anti-war activists argued that this infringed their right to free speech, but the Supreme Court ruled that, as burning a draft card doesn't involve speaking, this defence didn't hold water
United States v. O'Brien
92
The Draft served to radicalise many young men. As a result of this, what was SDS's membership in 1965, compared to by 1967?
1.5k v. 30k
93
Name of an anti-war group which combined counterculture and political activism. They reflected the rejection of leadership, having no leader or hierarchy, and the green cannabis leaf on their flag appealed to many in the counterculture movement
Yippies (Youth International Party)
94
Date of anti-war march on the Pentagon, which the Yippie contributed to organising
1967
95
Who (or rather what) did the Yippies put forward as a candidate for the 1968 Presidential election?
A pig
96
5 forms of protest used by the anti-war movement to oppose the war in Vietnam
1. Teach-ins
2. Human be-ins
3. Marches
4. Burning draft cards
5. Court cases
97
In 1968, what percentage of Americans described themselves as 'hawks' with regards to the Vietnam War, compared to those who described themselves as 'doves' (showing that the anti-war movement had a limited effect on the public at large)?
56% v. 28%
98
What did many 'hawks' believe the anti-war protesters to be?
Unpatriotic
99
The media were generally opposed to anti-war protesters: networks generally supported the war effort, refused to broadcast upsetting footage, and criticised protesters as radical hippies. Illustrating this, between 1965 and 1970, what ratio of televised news programmes featured footage of dead or wounded soldiers in Vietnam?
76 in 2300
100
Although counterculture flourished in the 1960s, by when was it dying out?
1970s
101
Term for feminism addressing women's political issues (which ended in 1920 in USA)
First wave feminism
102
Term for feminism addressing economic issues (a.k.a. liberal feminism)
Second wave feminism
103
Term for feminism addressing issues such as female identity and domestic and sexual relationships (a.k.a. radical feminism)
Third wave feminism
104
3 main economic concerns for liberal feminists in the 1960s
1. Employment opportunities
2. Income
3. Unpaid work
105
Number of women in the workforce in 1940, compared to in 1960
18m v. 23m
106
What percentage of women over 16 were in work in 1960?
40%
107
What percentage of married mothers were in work in 1960?
30%
108
Throughout the 1960s, what were women paid for every $1 earned by men in the same job?
57¢
109
Average annual income for men in 1961, compared to for women
$27k v. $15k
110
What percentage of America's unpaid work were women responsible for during the 1960s?
79%
111
Term used by feminists to describe working women who were also expected to do unpaid work in their own homes
Double shift
112
Solution for economic problems facing women, proposed by liberal feminists to outlaw sexual discrimination in terms of hiring and pay
Equal Rights Act
113
Black Power groups argued that black people had been stripped of their identity through slavery, whereas radical feminists argued that women had been defined in their identity by...
men
114
Name of Betty Friedan's 1963 book which argued that women's lives and identities had become focussed on their husband and children. Friedan proposed further education and greater involvement in work for women, to forge an identity independent of their families
The Feminine Mystique
115
Name of Ti-Grace Atkinson's 1968 essay which argued that gender inequality is rooted in heterosexual relationships, which she called patriarchal: This is because sex leads to women having children and thus diverting their attention, but also because the act of sex is exploitative, violent, and coercive. Atkinson believed that love is a psychological trap to force women into submission, so advocated lesbianism and/or celibacy
The Institution of Sexual Intercourse
116
Commission established by President Kennedy, in response to feminists lobbying the government for action (a.k.a. the Kennedy Commission)
The Presidential Commission on the Status of Women
117
Name of Democratic Congressmen who proposed an amendment to the 1964 Civil Rights Act to outlaw sexual, as well as racial, discrimination (this came about in Title VII, but wasn't enforced)
Howard W. Smith
118
Name of clause in 1964 Civil Rights Act which explicitly outlawed sexual discrimination in employment, but was not (at first) enforced
Title VII
119
Name of the group founded in 1966 by some of the original Kennedy Commission members, who felt radical action was needed to stop government inaction
NOW (National Organisation for Women)
120
3 reasons why feminist movements grew in USA in the late 1960s
1. Excluded white SNCC and CORE members turned to other causes
2. Black civil rights campaigners such as Jo Ann Robinson and Fannie Lou Hamer encouraged women to become politically active
3. Women turned from the male-dominated New Left and anti-war movement to other causes
121
Name of the document, written by founder Betty Friedan and Rev Pauli Murray, which set out NOW's aims: "to bring women into full participation in the mainstream of American society...in a truly equal partnership with men:
NOW Statement of Purpose
122
What made matters easier for NOW members in lobbying President Johnson's government about female employment?
Members' involvement in the Kennedy Commission
123
Name and date of order, signed by President Johnson, which outlawed sexual discrimination in any company that worked for the government
Executive Order 11375; May 1967
124
Name of organisation which, in 1967, held a test case to show that it was now wiling to enforce Title VII
EEOC (Equal Employment Opportunities Commission)
125
Number of women that President Johnson promised to appoint to top government posts in 1967, for which he asked NOW to help him select candidates
50
126
Name of 1967 court case, where Lorena Weeks had taken the Southern Bell Telephone Company to court for promoting a man despite her superior qualifications and experience. NOW's chief Louisiana lawyer (Sylvia Roberts) took her case on appeal, and despite enormous obstacles, the court ruled that the company had violated Title VII. Weeks was awarded the job and $31 000 in back pay. More importantly, this set a precedent for challenging sexist employment practices in the work place
Weeks v. Southern Bell
127
Name of Pennsylvania law which stipulated that women receive longer sentences than men for the same crime. This law was stuck down in 1966 thanks to Jane Daniel's NOW lawyers, who argued that the law contravened Title VII
Muncy Act
128
Date of Jane Daniel's trial for robbery, for which she received a longer sentence than her male counterpart, on the basis of Pennsylvania's Muncy Act (which was subsequently struck down thanks to her lawyers)
1966
129
Name of woman who left NOW because of their unwillingness to campaign for lesbian rights
Kate Millet
130
Name of group, formed by Ti-Grace Atkinson, as a more radical offshoot of NOW. It refused men and married women membership, and campaigned against marriage and pornography, in favour of abortion on demand
The Feminists
131
Name of group involved in an anti-marriage campaign, which involved storming the New York City registry office with leaflets advocating female separatism
The Feminists
132
Name of third wave feminist group which organised women's 'speak outs' (such as public event for speaking out about abortions)
NYRW (New York Radical Women)
133
Name of third wave feminist group which organised a protest against the Miss World beauty pageant (on the grounds that it turned women into sex objects) and date of protest
NYRW; 1968
134
Date that the New York State tightened its abortion laws, in spite of radical feminist campaigns in favour of on-demand abortion
1970
135
Name and date of Supreme Court case which relaxed America's abortion laws, through a traditional legal campaign rather than third wave feminist methods
Roe v. Wade; 1973
136
Why was female separatism impossible to achieve?
It didn't appeal to the majority of women
137
Date that the NCAI (National Congress of American Indians) established
1944
138
Date that Cesar Chavez joined the CSO (Community Service Organisation)
1952
139
Date of Congressional Resolution 108, beginning the legal policy of termination
1953
140
Date that NIYC (National Indian Youth Council) established
1960
141
Date that Mexican American Political Association founded
1960
142
Date that Cesar Chavez left CSO to form the NFWA (National Farm Workers Association)
1962
143
Date that Edward Roybal elected to the House of Representatives
1962
144
Date of the beginning of La Huelga, the Delano grape strike
1965
145
Date of Peregrinacion, the pilgrimage of protest
1966
146
Date that the government officially ended the policy of termination
1966
147
Date of the Indian Resources Development Act
1967
148
Date that YCCA (Young Chicanos for Community Action) established
1967
149
Date that the Table Grape Boycott began
1968
150
Date of the Chicano blowouts
1969
151
Date that both the Delano grape strike and the Table Grape Boycott ended
1970
152
Date that California Agricultural Labour Relations Act passed
1975
153
By 1965, how much was Calfornia's agribusiness (which employed a large number of Hispanic Americans) worth?
$4b
154
By 1965, what percentage of America's fruit and vegetables did California's agribusiness (which employed large number of Hispanic Americans) produce?
43%
155
Chicano workers were generally employed seasonally, during harvests, and migrated across California, harvesting one crop after another. What was the average number of working days a year for a Chicano worker in California?
134
156
Because of only part-time employment and low wages, many Chicano workers lived in poverty. What was the average annual income for Chicanos in California?
$1378
157
Chicano workers generally lived in low quality rented accommodation or rented farm camps with only basic facilities. What percentage of Californian welfare cases were from Chicano families?
80%
158
Name of leading campaigner for Chicano rights, who was national director of CSO in 1962 and founder of NFWA
Cesar Chavez
159
Why did Chavez resign from CSO, despite being its national director?
It wasn't willing to organise Chicano workers into a labour union
160
2 parts of Chavez's strategy for NFWA's union
1. Provide welfare support
| 2. Gain greater economic rights
161
3 services provided by NFWA to its members, as banks wouldn't deal with people below the poverty line, and authorities tended to treat Chicano families unfairly
1. Credit union
2. Insurance scheme
3. Advisors for dealing with local authorities
162
NFWA's membership in 1962, compared to in 1965
200 v. 1200
163
Name of the organisation which led Filipino farm workers at the beginning of the Delano grape strike, on 8 September 1965
AWOC (Agricultural Workers Organising Committee)
164
Which organisation voted to support the Delano grape strike initiated by AWOC, starting a 5 year strike known as La Huelga?
NFWA
165
Number of farm workers involved in La Huelga
10k
166
Instead of negotiating with strikers, which 2 methods did agricultural firms use to end the strike?
1. Evicting farm workers from their camps
| 2. Recruiting strike breakers
167
Name of organisation created when AWOC and NFWA merged, to help organise La Huelga
UFW (United Farm Workers)
168
What tactic did Chavez use in his campaigns, copying from the earlier civil rights movement?
Gaining media attention
169
Name of the 340-mile march, organised by Chavez, from the striking vineyards to the offices of the Governor of California
Peregrinacion
170
Date of Chavez's 25-day fast, aimed to gain media attention
February - March 1968
171
Politician, campaigning to become American President, who met with Chavez during his fast and publicly supported the UFW struggle
Robert Kennedy
172
At its height, how many Americans stopped buying Californian grapes due to the Table Grape Boycott?
17m
173
Date that Schenley Vineyards negotiated a fair contract with its farm workers; the first success for UFW
1966
174
By 1970, what had UFW's activism forced the Delano grape producers to raise their workers' wages to?
The national minimum wage
175
Name of the 1975 act which gave agricultural unions legal rights, and required agricultural firms to negotiate with them by law
California Agricultural Labour Relations Act
176
Name of the organisation, founded in 1960, which encouraged Mexican Americans to register to vote and support fellow Mexican Americans running for office
MAPA (Mexican American Political Association)
177
Name of MAPA President elected to the House of Representatives in 1962
Edward Roybal
178
Name of organisation, founded in the latex 1960s, which campaigned for better education and employment practices for Chicanos in LA. This group were heavily influenced by the Black Panthers, and were involved in the 1968 Chicano Blowouts
YCCA (Young Chicanos for Community Action)
179
Name of the 1968 school walkouts, participated in by YCCA, which demanded a higher standard of schooling for Hispanic Americans
Chicano Blowouts
180
What percentage of US population did Hispanic Americans constitute, compared to black Americans?
6% v. 12%
181
3 reasons why the Hispanic protests never achieved the publicity, or success, of the black civil rights movement
1. There were fewer Hispanic Americans
2. Less political influence
3. 'Hispanic' an umbrella term for groups divided politically and culturally
182
Number of Native Americans living in America in 1960
523591
183
What percentage of Native Americans lived on reservations in 1960?
25%
184
4 largest Native American tribes, each of which had its own distinct culture
1. Cherokee
2. Navajo
3. Chippewa
4. Sioux
185
From when had Native Americans had the right to self-governance, with tribes having their own police forces, law courts, and tribal councils?
19th century
186
Name of Federal government organisation which managed reservations, but often with tense relations with tribal leaders
BIA (Bureau of Indian Affairs)
187
What percentage of Native Americans on reservations were unemployed in 1960s, at its peak?
70%
188
Ratio of Native Americans on Navajo reservations who were employed in a regular wage job in 1965
8k in 32k
189
Name and date of the act which outlawed racial discrimination in employment, thus giving Native Americans a legally-defensible right to be treated fairly in the workplace
Civil Rights Act; 1964
190
Name and date of the act which established the National Advisory Council on Indian Opportunity, which aimed to tackle alcoholism, discrimination in health services, and raising the standard of vocational training available
Education Act; 1965
191
Name of organisation, established by the 1965 Education Act, which aimed to tackle alcoholism, discrimination in health services, and raising the standard of vocational training available to Native Americans
National Advisory Council on Indian Opportunity
192
Name and date of act which outlawed discrimination against Native Americans in the housing market
Civil Rights Act; 1968
193
Name of President who introduced termination policy to end the special legal status of Native American tribes, to integrate them into American culture and hopefully solve their problems
Eisenhower
194
Name and date of resolution which returned reservation land in California, Minnesota, Nebraska, Oregon, and Wisconsin to local government control
Congressional Resolution 108; August 1953
195
Name of pan-Indian organisation, founded in 1944, which fought against termination policy, mainly by lobbying the government to reverse the policy
NCAI (National Congress of American Indians)
196
Name and date of the influential conference at the University of Chicago, in which NCAI collaborated with Professor Sol Tax, and published the Declaration of Indian Purpose, setting out an alternative policy to termination (essentially a reversal of it)
American Indian Chicago Conference; 1961
197
Name of document published at the 1961 American Indian Chicago Conference, which set out an alternative policy to termination (essentially a reversal of it)
Declaration of Indian Purpose
198
Name of head of BIA from 1961, who worked closely with Native American leaders to ensure that government reforms led to an improvement of reservation life
Dr Philleo Nash
199
Number of reservations which were turned into 'Redevelopment Areas' by Dr Philleo Nash, meaning that they received government funding, and assistance in using the funding
56
200
Name and date of act, initiated by President Johnson, which allowed Native American tribes to sell and mortgage their land in order to raise funds for their communities
Indian Resources Development Act; 1967
201
Date that the policy of compulsory termination was unofficially abandoned by the Federal government
1966
202
Name of pan-Indian organisation, founded in 1960, which opposed termination policy and adopted a belief in 'red nationalism' ('red power' influenced by 'black power')
NIYC (National Indian Youth Council)
203
Date that IAT (Indians of All Tribes) occupied Alcatraz, demanding that the island be returned to Native american control. The campaign was unsuccessful with regards to the island, but President Nixon did officially end termination policy during the campaign
1969
