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Question 1

Catabolism (break down) occurs via

Answer 1

oxidation

Question 2

Anabolism (build up) occurs via

Answer 2

reduction

Question 3

Oxidation

Answer 3

Gain oxygen

Lose H and electrons

Question 4

Reduction

Answer 4

lose oxygen

Gain H and electrons

Question 5

What are the standard conditions of delta G

Answer 5

pH=7
1 mole concentration of products and reactants
298 K

Question 6

When K>1, the reaction is proceeding to the _____

Answer 6

right

Question 7

ATP–> ADP + Pi produces how much NRG

Answer 7

-7.3 kcal/mol

Question 8

ATP–> AMP+ PPi produces how much NRG

Answer 8

-10.9

Question 9

PPi –> Pi and P produces how mich NRG

Answer 9

-4

Question 10

What molecule carries the same amount of NRG as when ATP is hydrolyzed to form ADP+ Pi?

Answer 10

-7.3 kcal/mol.

Thioester. -7.3 kcal of NRG is stored in-between the [thiol group of co-A] and carboxyllic acid.

Question 11

How can we alter Keq?

Answer 11

Principle of mass reaction and coupling

Question 12

According to Le Chateliers principle, altering the amount of products and reactants will affect what?

Answer 12

Kinetcs

Question 13

The first 3 steps of glycolysis are ______ & __________

Answer 13

coupled

irreversible

Question 14

Addition/elimination rxn

Answer 14

Atoms are added or removed to multiple bonds

Question 15

Substitution

Answer 15

1 FG is replaced with another

Question 16

Rearrangement rxn

Answer 16

FG are rearranged

Question 17

Oxidation and reduction

Answer 17

electrons are transferred from 1 molecule to another

Question 18

What helps to maintain our pH?

Answer 18

acetic acid

bicarb

Question 19

pka

Answer 19

strength of a acid

Question 20

When is the buffering capacity of acid and bases perfect?

Answer 20

When pH=pKA.

Question 21

How do kidneys regulate our blood pH?

Answer 21

Excrete H+ ions and reabsorb HCO3-.

Question 22

What determines acid/base balance?

Answer 22

H+ (CO2) and HCO3-

Question 23

increase blood pH. What will happen?

Answer 23

decrease excretion of H and bicarb

Question 24

In respiratory acidosis, the eqn shifts to

Answer 24

LEFT

Question 25

Metabolic acidosis occurs when

Answer 25

1. add a strong acid (lactate and ketone bodies). | 2. Lose HCO3-

Question 26

How can we lose HCO3- to cause metabolic acidosis?

Answer 26

Diarrhea and weakened kidney function

Question 27

Metabolic alkalosis occurs when

Answer 27

1. take a strong base (antiacid) | 2. Lose acid via vomiting

Question 28

When we vomit, what happens to our pH?

Answer 28

pH will increase because we are throwing up an acid. | Metabolic alkalosis

Question 29

Reducing agent

Answer 29

a substance that is responsible for the reduction that occurs by being oxidized

Question 30

Oxidizing agent

Answer 30

Brings about an oxidation by being reduced.

Question 31

Are co-factors and co-enzymes proteins?

Answer 31

No. They are not proteins.

Question 32

Are co-factors and co-enzymes organic/inorganic?

Answer 32

Co-enzymes- organic and vitamins | Co-factors- inorganic

Question 33

Co-factors

Answer 33

Metal ions or trace elements that interact with the enzyme using NON-COVALENT interactions

Question 34

Co-factors interact with enzymes via ________ interactions

Answer 34

NON-COVALENT

Question 35

Give examples of co-factors

Answer 35

``` Mg2+ Se Cu Zn Fe ```

Question 36

Mg2+ is a cofactor for which enzyme

Answer 36

ATPase

Question 37

Se is a cofactor for which enzyme

Answer 37

glutathione peroxidose

Question 38

Cu is a cofactor for which enzyme

Answer 38

cytochrome c oxidase

Question 39

Zn is a cofactor for

Answer 39

superoxidase mutase.

Question 40

Fe is a cofactor for

Answer 40

heme

Question 41

2 types of co-enzymes

Answer 41

1. Co-substrate- temporarily bind and leaves changed | 2. Prosthetic group- permanently binds and does not leave changed

Question 42

Ex. of co-substrate

Answer 42

Co-substrates bind and leave changed. NAD+--> NADH

Question 43

Holoenzyme

Answer 43

protein and non-protein component

Question 44

Enzymes are regulated by what?

Answer 44

1. pH 2. Temperature 3. covalent modifications (phosphorylation)

Question 45

The reaction rate _____ for ever 10 degrees celcius

Answer 45

doubles

Question 46

Enzymes are normally found at what pH

Answer 46

4-8 Except gastric enzymes. They are usually found at pH 2.5

Question 47

How does our stomach have a low pH?

Answer 47

The low pH in our stomach is maintained by H+/K+ ATPases. H+ is pumped into the lumen of our stomach and combined with Cl-. This makes the stomach more acidic,

Question 48

What do we do when we have heartburn, ulcers or indigestion?

Answer 48

We want to make the stomach less acidic. To do this, we want to inhibit gastric pumps (H+/K+ pumps).

Question 49

Gastric pump inhibitors

Answer 49

-prazole 1. omeprazole 2. lansoprazole 3. esomeprazole

Question 50

bad thing about inhibiting gastric pumps?

Answer 50

can cause hyprochloridia.

Question 51

Kinetics depend on what 3 things:

Answer 51

1. Substrate concentration 2. Enzyme-substrate affinity 3. Vmax.

Question 52

MM plot is a _____ curve and approaches Vmax _______

Answer 52

1. hyperbolic | 2. asymptotically- because at a certain point, all of our enzymes are saturated and we cannot go faster.

Question 53

MM plot axes

Answer 53

Y axis- V0 | X axis- substrate concentration.

Question 54

LB plot

Answer 54

LB plot is the inverse of MM Y axis- 1/V0 X axis- 1/[S] Y indicator= 1/V0 X indicator= -1/Km Slope= Km/Vmax

Question 55

Metaloenzymes

Answer 55

Enzymes that require metal cofactors

Question 56

If metal ions are chelated, then what happens?

Answer 56

The enzymes will not work.

Question 57

Example of a metaloenzyme?

Answer 57

Hexokinase. | needs Mg2+.

Question 58

Example of a metaloenzyme?

Answer 58

Hexokinase. | needs Mg2+.

Question 59

What happens in lead poisoning?

Answer 59

In lead poisoning, Pb (a metal), will disturb 2 enzymes that are important for the production of Heme. To treat, we will give the patient (Ca-EDTA and dimercaprol). Pb has a higher affinity for EDTA than Ca and it will diplace.

Question 60

Irreversible inhibitors

Answer 60

[II] will bind to the enzyme PERMENTALY at the active site. The kinetics are the same as non-competitive. Vmax- decrease Km-does not

Question 61

How can we overcome irreversible inhibitors?

Answer 61

Make new enzymes.

Question 62

Allosteric enzymes display _______

Answer 62

cooperativity.

Question 63

How do metabolites bind to allosteric enzymes?

Answer 63

Metabolites will bind NON-COVALENTLY to the allosteric enzyme at sites other than the active site.

Question 64

Metabolites (effectors) of allosteric enzymes can be what?

Answer 64

1. Activators | 2. Inhibitors

Question 65

What will activators do to the allosteric enzyme?

Answer 65

Increase affinity and decrease Km

Question 66

What will inhibitors do to the allosteric enzyme?

Answer 66

decrease affinity and increase Km

Question 67

Zymogens are also called

Answer 67

proenzymes