ASEAN formation

Question 1

what was the predecessor of ASEAN, and who did it comprise of, and when was it formed

Answer 1

ASA (association of southeast asia)

• thailand, Philippines, malaya

1961 july

Question 2

when was the idea of malaysia proposed

Answer 2

1961-1962

Question 3

when did phillipines first make claims to north borneo (sabah)

Answer 3

late 1961 - mid 1962

Question 4

when did Konfrontasi start between indo and malaysia

Answer 4

apr 1963

Question 5

when was the manila accord signed, what did it lead to

Answer 5

jul 1963 - Philippines, malaysia, indonesia agreed to form maphilindo

Question 6

when was the federation if malaysia formed (month)

Answer 6

sep 1963

Question 7

when was malaysia and philippines diplomatic ties severed

Answer 7

sep 1963

Question 8

when was the resumption of malaysia - philippine ties

Answer 8

jun 1966

Question 9

when was konfrontasi terminated (month)

Answer 9

aug 1966

Question 10

when was asean formed (date), who were the initial member states

Answer 10

8 aug 1967

indonesia, thailand, philippines, singapore, malaysia

Question 11

what was seato, when was it formed, and what led to its formation

who were the 2 SEA states in it

Answer 11

sep 1954: initiated by the us (southeast asia treaty organisation) - modelled after nato

• ANTI COMMUNIST
• formed after signing of southeast asia collective defense treaty (manila pact)
• thailand, philippines

Question 12

what was the aim of seato, was it successful, what 3 events showed it wasnt (and what year did they occur)

Answer 12

prevent communism from spreading to SEA, help anti communism forces in vietnam, cambodia, laos

• US retreat from vietnam after paris peace accords (1973)
• pathet lao taking over laos in 1975
• khmer rouge in cambodia defeating lon nol’s rightist government (1975)

Question 13

when was seato disestablished

Answer 13

1977

Question 14

what 2 trends did the dissolution of SEATO show;

1. why seato failed
2. what seato revealed about the relationships between sea states and external powers

Answer 14

1. failed due to divergent interests
2. withdrawal of us and western states due to fear of PRC and USSR retaliation - tenuous relationship between SEA states and larger external powers - and that nations should be responsible for their own security (ZOPFAN)

Question 15

why did Maphilindo and ASA fail (2)

Answer 15

lack of common interests, ongoing conflicts

Question 16

what was the principle behind ASA

Answer 16

Asian solutions to asian problems

Question 17

what did the ASA align its shared ideology to, and with regards to communism

Answer 17

the west, anti communist

Question 18

what was the immediate threat faced by the ASA, why, and how did it rationalise this sentiment

Answer 18

sukarno openly opposed

• anti colonial and anti western personal sentiment
• supported heavily by PKI
• did not want a negative policy in international affairs (ASA seen as anti- stuff)

Question 19

why did the ASA founder

Answer 19

sabah dispute between philippines and malaysia in 1962 - rejected findings of UN special mission, severed diplomatic ties

Question 20

what 2 events triggered the resumption of regional cooperation efforts

Answer 20

1. separation of singapore from malaya
2. sukarno’s nasarkom regime replaced by suharto’s new order

both 1965

Question 22

what was the asean declaration known as

Answer 22

bangkok declaration

Question 23

What years did Laos, Myanmar, Vietnam, and Cambodia join ASEAN

Answer 23

Vietnam: 1995
Laos and Myanmar: 1997
Cambodia: 1999

Question 24

What occured in 1965 in SEA that would prove turbulent for the formation of regional cooperation

Answer 24

Ultranationalist nasakom government of Sukarno fell after gestapu coup in sept to Suharto

Question 25

What did Suharto focus on

Answer 25

Anti-communism, economic development

Question 26

What was the major threat facing the region by 1967, what did SEA states do (specifically Philippines and Malaysia)

Answer 26

Communist threat - north Vietnam backed by PRC, British withdrawing Philippines downplayed the sabah dispute for better relations with the Malaysians

Question 27

What were the 5 reasons (both internal and external) that prompted Indonesia to join ASEAN

Answer 27

1. Largest southeast Asian state, Suharto saw it as his platform for leadership 2. regionalism and economic ties to help domestic stability 3. Fix Sukarno’s legacy 4. Show final abandonment of Konfrontasi 5. Allowed organisation and other members to set parameters to limit indo’s behaviour (esp after Konfrontasi)

Question 28

What were the 4 communist countries threatening SEA during the formation year of ASEAN

Answer 28

1. North Vietnam 2. Laos 3. Cambodia 4. PRC (cultural revolution, backing of NV)

Question 29

What were the communist threats WITHIN SEA (Thailand, Burma, SG/Malaysia, Indonesia)

Answer 29

1. Communist party of Thailand (CPT) - backed by PRC, spread propaganda to the Thai people, trained by PRC, and supported the; 2. Burmese communist party (BCP) - insurgency against ne win’s government 3. SG/Malaysia: just came out of MCP insurgency (Malayan emergency, ended in 1960) 4. Suharto had just destroyed the PKI in the gestapu coup

Question 30

Was Burma sided communist or anti communist during the formation years of ASEAN, and why

Answer 30

Non aligned - authoritarian regime, autarkic economy

Question 31

What were the 3 international developments that led to multipolarity being the basis for the formation of ASEAN

Answer 31

1. China and the PRC’s threat to non-communist ASEAN - ASEAN collective would provide more bargaining power than a single country 2. US withdrawal from the region - increased vulnerability to its communist neighbours 3. Japan

Question 32

What doctrine from the US saw the start of its disengagement in Vietnam, following which offensive

Answer 32

Tet offensive 1968 - Nixon doctrine

Question 33

When did the US totally withdraw from Vietnam, after which event/treaty

Answer 33

1973, Paris peace accords

Question 34

The aim of resolving ______ (closely tied to countering the _________) and the resultant ____________ in the region was a key reason for the formation of ASEAN

Answer 34

1. Interstate tensions 2. Communist threat 3. Maintenance of security

Question 35

What were the 2 main branches of reasons for the formation of ASEAN

Answer 35

1. Politico security reasons 2. Economic, social, and cultural reasons

Question 36

What was the SEAARC, and what was its controversy

Answer 36

Southeast Asia association for regional cooperation - Explicit references to security and collective defense which most countries objected to, esp Malaysia and Philippines0

Question 36

When was the SEAARC distributed

Answer 36

1966

Question 37

Why was Indonesia in favour of the SEAARC, why were the rest not

Answer 37

1. Anti colonial stance Others: did not want to antagonise the western powers

Question 38

What was the balancing act for ASEAN with regards to external powers, evident in the SEAARC controversy

Answer 38

Maintaining good ties with its colonial powers, whilst providing collective clout against them

Question 39

Who was tun Abdul Razak

Answer 39

Malaysian DPM during formation of ASEAN

Question 40

Who was Adam Malik

Answer 40

Indonesia foreign minister during formation of ASEAN

Question 41

Who was narciso ramos

Answer 41

Filipino foreign minister during formation of ASEAN

Question 42

Who was thanat khoman

Answer 42

Thai foreign minister

Question 43

What role did S Rajaratnam play in the government during the formation of ASEAN

Answer 43

Foreign minister

Question 44

For which 2 sides were politico security reasons at the very least on par with economic reasons for the formation of ASEAN

Answer 44

Thailand, Indonesia

Question 45

Why would the inclusion of a security and military clause as outlined in the SEAARC be undiplomatic

Answer 45

Singapore, Thailand, Philippines, housed US air bases

Question 46

Which country was the security motivation more applicable to, and why

Answer 46

Indonesia - policy of self reliance as they were fundamentally suspicious of foreign powers

Question 47

What would show that Indonesia had the security motivation as their priority for the formation of ASEAN

Answer 47

Malik’s insistence on including the defense clause from the SEAARC, and appeal to other countries to do the same

Question 48

What was Singapore’s own security concern for joining asean

Answer 48

Wary of its larger neighbours, especially Indonesia - looked to asean as a way to constrain its larger neighbours - preserving national security

Question 49

What was the mutual relationship between the motivations of the maintenance of security and greater economic and social growth

Answer 49

Regional security served as the precursor and prerequisite for economic growth As econonomic development continued, and economic ties strengthened, countries would also be brought closer together