Asepsis/Infection Flashcards
(125 cards)
0
Q
Minute (tiny) organisms that cannot be seen by the naked eye
A
Microorganisms
1
Q
Absence of pathogenic microorganism
A
Asepsis
2
Q
Capable of producing a disease
A
Pathogenic
3
Q
Not capable of producing a disease
A
Non pathogenic
4
Q
Causes disease only in a susceptible host
A
Opportunistic pathogen
5
Q
Invasion of body tissue by Microorganisms
A
Infection
6
Q
Presence and growth of Microorganisms within a host but without tissue invasion or damage (ex. Some types of MRSA)
A
Colonization
7
Q
Experiences localized symptoms (pain, tenderness, and redness) at wound site
A
Local infection
8
Q
Affects whole body (can be fatal if untreated)
A
Systemic infection
9
Q
Short and quickly forming infection
A
Acute infection
10
Q
Slow forming and long presence of infection
A
Chronic infection
11
Q
Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils
A
Granulocytes
12
Q
Monocytes, Lymphocytes
A
Agranulocytes
13
Q
Segs/Polys
First phagocytes on the scene
Immature
Can be called band/stabs because they are unsegmented nuceli
A
Neutrophils
14
Q
Weak but good at detoxifying allergens
Defend against parasites/help restrain hypersensitivity reactions
A
Eosinophils
15
Q
Play a role in hypersensitivity reactions by secreting histamine, serotonin, and heparin
Decreases with allergic reactions
A
Basophils
16
Q
Monocytes, lymphocytes
A
Agranulocytes
17
Q
Monos Largest WBC Phagocytes Act more slowly than segs (neutrophils), but have a longer life, so they can consume more bacteria Seen with chronic infection
A
Monocytes
18
Q
Lymphs
Originate in bone marrow and mature primarily on lymph nodes
Responsible for producing antibodies
Includes T & B cells
A
Lymphocytes
19
Q
result from the delivery of health services in a health care faciilty
A
HAI -healthcare associated infection (nosocomial infection)
20
Q
infection in which part of a persons normal flora becomes altered and overgrowth results
A
endogenous infection
21
Q
infection that comes from microorganisms from outside of a persons body environment
A
exogenous infection
22
Q
type of HAI from a diagnostice or therpeutic procedure
A
Iatrogenic infection
23
Q
infectiosn that develop when broad spectrum antibiotics are used for a long period of time
-it kills the good bacteria
A
superinfection
24
general practices to reduce the number aand transfer of microorganisms to others and other things (clean technique)
medical asepsis
25
refers to practices which keep objects free from alll microorganisms (sterile technique)
surgical asepsis
26
1. infectious agent 2. reservoir 3. portal exits 4. mode of transmission 5. portals of entry 6. susceptible host
chain of infection
27
permanent resident pathogens on the skin (normal flora)
resident pathogen
28
attach to skin during contact with another erson or object
transient pathogens
29
1. # of microorganisms 2. pathogenicity (ability to produce disease 3. ability to enter/survive host 4. susceptibility of the host
potential for microorganisms to cause disease depends on these
30
the source for pathogenic growth
reservoir
31
the _____ ____ is the most common reservoir
human body
32
persons/ animals who have no symptoms but have pathogens
carriers
33
food, water, inanimate objects, insects
things that can be carriers
34
food, oxygen, moisture/water, right temperature, right pH, darkness
things that microorganisms need to survive
35
a mean of escape from the reservoir
portal of exit
36
route or means of contact (how it gets transmitted)
mode of transmission
37
infected person to noninfected person
direct transmission
38
personal contact of host with contaiminated inanimate object or animals
indirect transmission
39
fomites - instruments, utensils, needles, caths, drsg's
vehicle borne
40
animals/ insects
vector borne
41
dust, droplets (tb)
airborne
42
skin and mucous membranes, respiratory tract, urinary tract, GI, reproductive tract, blood
portals of entry and exit
43
Intact skin and mucous membranes are the ____ _____ against disease
first barriers
44
degree of resistance the potential host has against microorganisms
susceptibility
45
heredity, age, nutritional status, stress, disease process, medical Tx,
things that susceptibility depends on
46
wounds, burns, travel, smoking, trauma, occupations, multiple sex partners
things that put you at risk
47
methicillin resistant staphyloccoccus aureus
mrsa
48
vancomycin resistant enterococci
VRE
49
gram positive organism that is usually sensitive to penicillin/ found mostly in dorms, prisons
MRSA
50
gram negative enterococci
VRE
51
spore forming anaerobic bacteria , usually acquired after long term antibiotic use
C diff
52
contolling/eliminating infectious agents, reduce reservoirs of infection, block the portal exits, control of transmission, control portals of entry, protect the susceptible host
steps in breaking the chain of infection
53
heat or cold, UV lights, gas, radiation
physical methods to eliminating infectious agents
54
sloutions used in various strengths to prevent growth and multiplication of microorganisms or kill them
chemical methods to eliminating infectious agents
55
prevents growth or reproduction of microorganisms
bacteriostatic
56
destroys microorganisms
bactericidal
57
substance used to destroy pathogenic microorganisms on inanimate objects
disinfectant
58
inhibits growth of bacteria / safely used on humans
antiseptics
59
destroys all microorganisms including spores and most viruses
sterilization
60
substance used on objects and people
germicide
61
limit contact with people who are infected or who have been exposed to infection
reduce reservoirs of infection
62
handwashing , treat all body substances as potentially infectious
block the portal of exits
63
handwashing, maintain good clean/sterile/isolation techniques, handle food, linen, dressings properly
control of transmission
64
handwashing, maintain aseptic technique, good wound care, good cath care
control portals of entry
65
handwashing, recognize high risk pts, hygiene, rest and sleep
protect the susceptible host
66
external nonspecific defense mechanisms, internal nonspecific defense mechanisms, specific defense mechanisms
defense mechanisms to fight infection
67
same responses with any type of injury
nonspecific body responses
68
anatomic structures are the _____ line of ______
first ; defense
69
skins acetic acid and salt concentrations, pH, secretions
biochemical responses
70
anatomic structures, biochemical factors, normal flora
external nonspecific defense mechanisms
71
vascular and cellular response, infalmmatory exudate production, tissue reparative phase
inflammatory response
72
delivers food, blood products, and nutrients to a local area of injury to protect against invasion and prepare the site for repair
purpose of inflammation
73
redness (rubor) heat (calor) swelling (tumor) and pain (dolor)
cardinal signs of inflammation
74
redness is caused by __________
vasodialtion
75
heat caused by vasodialtion from blood vessels close to the ________ of the skin
surface
76
swelling caused by _____ _________
fluid exudation (oozing)
77
pain caused by injured tissue releasing the chemical ______ which _____ _____ ________
bradykinin ; irritates nerve endings
78
body often tries to wall off the bacteria
loss of function
79
rest , ice, compress, elevate
RICE
80
tenderness, pain, swelling, drainage all occur in a ______ infection
local
81
fever, increased pulse rate, increased resp rate, fatigue, swollen lymph nodes, anorexia all occur in a ___________ infection
systemic
82
confusion, incontinence, aggitation, low grade fever
atypical (abnormal) signs of infection in an older adult
83
these are needed when nonspecific responses are ineffective
specific defense mechanisms
84
- originally from the bone marrow
- protects against bacterial, viral, and fungal infections, and provides resistance against tumor cells
- 70% of lymphocytes become t cells in the thymus
- travel to site of infection and release lymphokines which attracts macrophages to kill the antigens(bad stuff)
- occurs 2-6 days after antigen is introduced to the body
cellular mediated system
85
- other 30% of lymphocytes become b cells
- produce antibodies (immunoglobulins) that can destroy antigens
- takes about 5-7 days for them to become active
antibody mediated system
86
primary immune response ; formed during early response to antigen ; if in blood signifies and new active, or acute infection ; activates the complement cascade
IgM
87
IgM, IgG, IgE, IgA, IgD
types of immunoglobulins
88
series of events that destroys antigens cell membrane
complement cascade
89
any substance that causes your immune system to produce antibodies against it
antigen
90
- secondary response
- only immunoglobulin to cross the placenta barrier and gives infants passive immunity before birth
- protects against bacteria, viruses and toxins
- presence in the blood means there has been a past exposure to the organism and has probable immunity against the disease
IgG
91
-present in the blood in allergic or hypersensitivity reactions
IgE
92
- first line of defense against infections of the GI, respiratory, or urinary tracts
- prevents organisms from invading
- present in body secretions
IgA
93
regulates lymphocytes activation and suppression
IgD
94
healthy inflammatory response ; means we can recognize our own cells vs invading cells
immunocompetence
95
abnormal immune system
immunosuppressed
96
due to an antigen, antibodies are produced by the body in response to the infection
Active Immunity
97
natural contact with the antigen ; antibodies are formed in the presence of an active infection
Active Natural Immunity
98
immunization with an antigen which is often altered in the process
active artificial/acquired immunity
99
antibodies are given for a certain disease ; produced by another source- animal or human
passive immunity
100
antibodies are transferred naturally from an immune mother to her baby thru placenta, colostrums, or breast milk
passive natural immunity
101
immune serum from an immune human or animal are injected
passive artificial/acquired immunity
102
has no manifestations of the disease
asymptomatic
103
has symptoms and is in the course of infection
symptomatic
104
1. determine the competence of the individuals immune system 2. #/type of tubes and invasive medical devices 3. duration of contact between host/microorganism 4. virulence of microorganism
assessing the risk factors the pt has
105
age, heredity, stressors, diseases, impaired skin integrity, altered body flora
determining the competence of the persons immune system
106
IVs, NGs, caths, drains
#/types of drains and tubes
107
longer they are in the hospital the greater the exposure
duration of contact between host/microorganism
108
incubation , prodromal , illness, convalescence
stages of illness
109
interval between entrance of an antigen in the body and the appearance of symptoms
incubation stage
110
person is having nonspecific symptoms, most contagious stage, "just not feeling well"
prodromal stage
111
exhibiting obvious symptoms, depending on the site of infection, and the type of incetion
illness stage
112
the recovery period, sings and Sx dissapear
convalescence stage
113
5,000 - 10,000
normal WBC
114
indication for bacterial infections ; elevated WBC count
leukocytosis
115
indication for a viral infection ; decreased WBC count
leukopenia
116
assess for fatigue, fever, dehydration, tachypnea, tachycardia, cough, sore throat, pain etc
assess for fatigue, fever, dehydration, tachypnea, tachycardia, cough, sore throat, pain etc
117
chemo, steroids, trauma
can affect peoples immunity
118
increase in amount of immature WBCs specifically the bands
shift to the left
119
WBC count, cultures and sensitivity, xray of infected area, ESR, CRP
checking the pts diagnostic data
120
tells you what bacteria were found
culture
121
what antibiotic will be most effective
sensitivity
122
gives you clues as changes in tissue pathology from teh bacteria
Xray
123
shows that some type of inflammation if going on
erythrocyte sedimentation rate
124
vague test ; increases before ESR (6-10 hrs after infection)
C-reactive protein
