Elimination Flashcards
0
Q
Indicates concentrated urine- low fluid intake, vomiting, diarrhea, bilirubin, carotene intake
A
Dark yellow or amber colored urine (abnormal)
1
Q
Indicates large fluid intake, alcohol use
A
Straw colored urine (abnormal)
2
Q
Can be caused by certain drugs or foods, blood , disease states, or bilirubin levels
A
Discolored urine (brown, red, smoky)
3
Q
Golden yellow/ clear, aromatic
A
Normal findings for urine
4
Q
Indicates pus, fat, unrated, colloids, standing urine
A
Cloudy urine
5
Q
Can be caused by diabetic ketosis
A
Sweet smelling urine
6
Q
Can be caused by infection, certain foods
A
Unpleasant smell to urine
7
Q
Indicates urine left standing
A
Ammonia smell in urine
8
Q
1.0053-1.030 / density compared to water
A
Normal specific gravity for urine
9
Q
Renal disfunction
A
Low specific gravity in urine
10
Q
Indicates Increased anti diuretic hormone secretion from trauma, stress, DM, excessive water loss
A
High specific gravity in urine
11
Q
4.6-8.0
A
Normal pH for urine
12
Q
Indicates a diet high in meat protein and noncitrus fruits, certain drugs, and conditions that cause metabolic acidosis
A
Acidic urine
13
Q
Metabolic and respiratory alkalosis, certain drugs, immobilization, infection with Proteus, and Pseudomonas
A
Alkaline urine
14
Q
Can be caused by diabetes, pregnancy, adrenal disorders
A
Glucosuria
15
Q
Glucose in the urine
A
Glucosuria
16
Q
Protein in the urine
A
Proteinuria
17
Q
Indicates glomerular damage
A
Persistent proteinuria
18
Q
Caused by dehydration, fever, exercise, stress, large protein intake
A
Transient protienuria
19
Q
Indicates faulty carbohydrate metabolism from a fatty diet, dieting
A
Ketonuria
20
Q
Ketones in the urine
A
Kentonuria
21
Q
Bacteria in the urine
A
Baceteriuria
22
Q
Indicates a UTI
A
Bacteriuria
23
Q
600-1000 ml of fluid
A
What bladder holds
24
250 ml in the bladder
When we usually have desire to void
25
1200-1500ml
Minimum intake/output per day
26
No less than 30 ml per hr
Adequate amount of urine output
27
Have daytime control, girls learn earlier
2-3 yrs old
28
Highest risk for UTI
Young females
29
Growth and development, dietary intake, sociocultural/psychological, personal habits, muscle tone, traumas, diseases, medications
Factors affecting elimination
30
Decreased blood flow, loosing renal tissue, go more frequently
aging adults/ elimination
31
Promotes urine retention
High salt diet
32
Can damage kidney
High protein diet
33
Can irritate the bladder
Alcohol, caffeine, chocolate, teas, spicy foods
34
Can cause alkaline/acidic effects on urine
Certain fruits/vegetables - cranberry juices, meat, milk
35
Lack of privacy can create anxiety /stress
Sociocultural factors affecting urination
36
Abdominal muscles/ sphincter control can be strengthened
Exercise
37
Exercise, hygiene, timing
Personal habits that affect urination
38
Good abd/pelvic muscles promote
Better control of bladder/urination
39
Severe pain, spinal cord injury, surgery, diagnostic tests, anesthesia
Traumas that can affect urination
40
Tenses up pelvic muscles
Pain
41
Numbs your senses to urinate
Anesthesia
42
Prostatic hyper trophy, UTI, renal diseases, fever/heavy perspiration, DM, MS
Diseases that affect urination
43
Enlarged prostate causes pressure an urethra
Prostatic hypertrophy
44
Affect nerve control
DM, MS
45
Anesthetics/analgesics, diuretics, CV drugs, anticholinergics, antihistamines, antidepressants,antipsychotics
Medications that affect urination
46
Causes retention, hesitancy, difficulty starting stream
Anesthetics/analgesics
47
Increase urine output
Diuretics/cardiovascular drugs
48
causes retention
Anticholinergics, antihistamines, anti depressions, antipsychotics
49
Most people void
5 or more times per day
50
Any changes in amounts, frequency or instances of incontinence, changes in characteristics
Subjective data to gather on a pt experiencing urinary problems
51
Palpate bladder for
Distention
52
Inspect for swelling, discharge or inflammation,
Urethral meatus
53
Estimate of fluids intake
Why we measure urine output
54
Signifies Significant fluid alteration or kidney disease
Large change in urine volume
55
2000-2500 ml/day
High output is a concern
56
Color, clarity, odor
Assess these when checking urine
57
Timed specimen, begins with empty bladder, need every urination in a 24 hr period
24 hr urine
58
Checks specific gravity
Urinometer
59
Ability of kidneys to concentrate urine
Measuring urine specific gravity
60
Decreased fluid intake
Has a higher specific gravity
61
Increased fluid intake
Has a lower specific gravity
62
Renal disease causes
Lower specific gravity
63
BUN/creatinine, IVP, CT scan, Renal US, cysto
Diagnostic tests used for urinary elimination
64
Measures kidneys ability to excrete wastes
BUN/Creatinine
65
Xray of urinary tract
IVP
66
Helps detect masses
Ct scan of kidneys
67
Noninvasive procedure; uses sound waves
Renal US
68
Exam of bladder through cystoscope
Cysto
69
Retention, incontinence
Urinary problems
70
Voids small amounts 2-3x per hr, can retain up to 2000-3000 ml
Retention
71
Stress, urge, reflex, functional, mixed
Types of incontinence
72
Promote urinary elimination, achieve bladder emptying, maintain skin integrity, prevent infection, bladder training
Goals for patients with urinary problems
73
Suggest disorder in small bowel or proximal colon
Large diarrhea stools
74
Indicates Disorder of left colon or rectum
Small frequent stools with urgency
75
Normally neutral or slightly alkaline
pH of stool
76
Black due to digested blood
Upper GI bleed
77
Fresh blood in stool
Lower GI bleed
78
Diet high in milk products
Light brown stool
79
Narrow pencil shaped stool
Indicates bowel obstruction
80
Growth and development, aging, diets, physical activity, personal habits, psychological stressors, diagnostic tests, surgical procedures, pathologic conditions, meds
Factors influencing bowel elimination
81
Children can't absorb water as well
Growth and development
82
Muscle tone decreased, decline of peristaltic action, decreased abd muscle tone, decreased absorption
Aging influencing bowel elimination
83
Decreased amount of bulk/decreased peristalsis
Decreased intake that affects bowel elimination
84
Distend intestinal walls leading to flatulence
Gas producing foods that affect bowel elimination
85
What foods affect defecation, what foods they typically eat or avoid, usual time of meals
What to assess when examining a pt
86
Causes nausea, cramps, bloating, flatulence
Lactose intolerance
87
Laxative producing foods, constipation producing fluids, diarrhea/flatulence producing foods
Problematic foods
88
Causes constipation
Fluid deficits
89
Stimulates peristalsis, increases tone of abd, pelvic and diaphragm muscles
Activity
90
Causes constipation
Sedentary (sitting a lot) lifestyle
91
Caused by Lack of exercise, immobility, impaired neurological functioning
Weak Abd muscles
92
Timing , hospital routine, cultural, lack of toileting facilities, embarrassment, privacy
Personal habits that influence bowel elimination
93
Cup of coffee, glass of warm/ cold waster, juice, reading, squatting
Habits that trigger peristalsis
94
Increases peristalsis and can cause diarrhea
Anger/ anxiety
95
Suppresses urge to go
Pain
96
Stress, pain, mental depression, anger, anxiety
Psychological stressors affecting bowel elimination
97
Cause diarrhea
Bowel preps
98
Cause constipation
Contrast mediums(barium)
99
Spinal cord injuries, rumors, adhesions, radiation, pain
Pathologic conditions affecting bowel elimination
100
Causes Decreased sensory stimulation to defecate
Spinal cord injuries
101
Blocks flow of feces through intestines
Tumors
102
Scan lead to obstruction; scar tissue
Adhesions
104
Can cause diarrhea
Radiation to abd area
105
causes diarrhea, gray-green color
antibiotics
106
causes constipation
narcotics, sedatives, tranquilizers, diuretics, iron
107
causes white specks or discoloration
antacids
108
causes black stools and constipation
iron
109
assess frequency, time of day, color, texture, shape, odor, and pattern changes
subjective assessment questions
110
inspect, auscultate, measure girth, check rectal area for redness excoriation, and hemorrhoids
objective assessment questions
111
age, diet, presence or absence of bile, drugs, bleeding in GI tract
factors that affect color of stool
112
C&S, parasites, occult blood, hemoccult
diagnostic tests that use stool
113
decreased frequency (less than 3 per week) of bowel movements/prolonged passage of hard, dry stool
constipation
114
insufficient fluids, fiber intake, activity, irregular defecation habits, change in daily routine, lack of privacy, chronic use of laxatives or enemas, emotional disturbances
things that can cause constipation
115
time, positioning, fluids, prune juice, activity,
things that can relieve constipation
116
prolonged retention and accumulation of fecal matter
impaction
117
small liquid amounts of stool, rectal pain, frequent nonproductive desire to defecate, feeling of fullness, distention, nausea vomiting,
signs of a fecal impaction
118
distends intestines, irritates bowels, increases peristalsis
enemas
119
passage of unformed liquid feces, increased frequency of defecation, cramps nausea and vomiting, causes fluid and electrolyte imbalance
diarrhea
120
loss of voluntary ability to control fecal discharges through anal sphincter
bowel incontinence
121
air or gas in GI tract
flatulence
122
action of bacteria, swallowed air, diffused gas from bloodstream into intestine
causes of flatulence
123
veins that become distended from pressure and collection of veins . burn and painful
hemorrhoids
