ASM 104-Quiz 3 (3.4-3.6) Flashcards

Question

what are schoningen spears? what else found with? provide strong evidence of?

Answer 1

-3 wooden throwing spears found in germany -oldest preserved hunting weapons found with 10 butchered horses -first strong evidence of large game hunting

Answer 2

-european pop. of heidelbergensis -african pop. for homo sapiens

Answer 3

-glacial climate -discovered in neander valley cave in germany? or feldhofer cave in neander tal -lived in eurasia and siberia -appeared 430 kya -ate large game animals (deer, bison, mammoths, etc.)

Answer 4

head shape: flat headed cranial capacity: 1300 to 1740cc occipital bun: yes brow ridge size/shape: narrow size of nose/nasal opening: large nasal bones/opening molar size: small molars, large front teeth incisor wear: well worn body shape/size: thick and stocky

Answer 5

-more cutting edge per pound of flint -evidence of attachment to shaft -carried flint from far away -also bone and ivory tools

Answer 6

-we don't know if they had one -probably could make same sounds as humans language symbolic--> not ties to specific sounds

Answer 7

-evidence of violence -100% of adults (m/f) >30yo had healed fractures -evidence of caretaking?

Answer 8

-skeletal evidence for survival from trauma and injury -sima de los huesos site showed possible ritual

Answer 9

likely arose from African H. heidelbergensis * Anatomy o Average cranial capacity of 1350cc – within range of H. neanderthalensis o Cranium  Parallel-sided brain case  No real brow-ridge, but a supercilliary arch above each eye  Canine fossa – bump over canine root  Vertical frontal bone forehead  Rounded occipital bone without a torus or bun  Face below/behind forehead  A true chin – mandible sticks out anteriorly from incisors o Post-cranial anatomy  Reduced upper limb muscularity  Hands capable of fine motor control  Refined bipedal gait  Overall lack of skeletal robusticity

Answer 10

Oldest fossils found in Ethiopia – not necessarily exactly where H. sapiens originated, but probably close. * Oldest: 230,000 years ago * By 100,000 years ago, many fossils found throughout African and the Middle East. Remember that the Neandertals were still around at this point

Answer 11

115-90 ka (ka = 1000s of years ago) o Interesting specimens – not entirely sure how they fit in to the story o Some researchers think they are a transitional form (between Neanderthals and H. sapiens). Round braincase, but prognathism & brow ridges o Others think that they are a very early form of H. sapiens that made it out of Africa much earlier. o What happened to them?  Neanderthals occupied the same caves after they did – so maybe they were simply replaced by Neandertals?  At any rate, no evidence that they moved on from Israel  Seem to be a ‘failed attempt’ to leave Africa. Made it out, but only barely before going extinct

Answer 12

Species originate in Africa around ~200,000 years ago o By ~100,000 years ago, all over Africa and into Israel o Second wave properly left Africa 70-50Ka o Europe – at least 45,000 years ago o Central Asia – 42,000 – 39,0000 years ago o Southeast Asia – 45,000 – 40,000 years ago o Australia –50,000 years ago o Americas – at least 15,000 years ago

Answer 13

One famous site is the Cro-Magnon rockshelter in France  Specimens dated to 30,000 years ago  More complex tool technology than Neanderthals  Also animal teeth with carvings on them, shells and teeth used as beads * Indicates symbolic behavior

Answer 14

Pinnacle Point, South Africa  165,000Ka  Evidence of eating shellfish – good source of omega-3 fatty acids, which are important for brain growth and development  Even more complex tools – made of silcrete (a flaky, soft stone), which they used fire to harden  Engraved shells, beads, ochre – shows cultural transmission of knowledge o No agriculture – just hunting and gathering.  Probably more vegetables than meat.  Large prey also provided useful items: hides, bone, antlers, etc o Shelters that were constructed (rather than just living in caves) o Cave art and carved symbols o Development of language, suggesting social complexity o Death rituals

Answer 15

Very few early Homo (rudolfensis, habilis) fossils, so still questions about the origins of our genus o Exciting find in S. Africa by Lee Berger and team o Fossils from at least 15 individuals, found deep in a cave o Mix of primitive (Australopithecus-like) and Homo-like features o Possible burial of dead o There is still some uncertainty about how old it is.  If ~2.5 million years old (as Berger initially claimed), then it’s one of the earliest species of Homo

Answer 16

Discovered on island of Flores, Indonesia o Nicknamed the “Hobbit” o Found in a large limestone cave, along with stone tools and animal remains o 30-year-old female, 3.5 feet tall o Now the remains of at least 9 partial skeletons have been found o Very small brain, not much bigger than a chimp o But some cranial features like Homo

Answer 17

Homo sapiens with microcephaly? * Supporting evidence: o associated with complex stone tools o Initially thought to be very recent (18ka) * Evidence against: o More accurate dating: 100-50ka (closer to the time when H. erectus was known to still be in the region) o No true chin (unlike H. sapiens, which has a true chin) o Slight browridge and sloping forehead (unlike H. sapiens) o Big feet (not a symptom of microcephaly)

Answer 18

Supporting evidence: o Homo erectus recently living in S.E. Asia o Elements of cranium resemble H. erectus  Slight brow ridge  Degree of prognathism  Teeth * Evidence against: o Complex stone tools

Answer 19

Probably due to the phenomenon of “lsland dwarfism” or the “Island rule” o After many generations isolated on an island, large species tend to become smaller, and small species tend to become larger. Has to do with predation and competition for food o H. floresiensis found with pygmy Stegodon (a species of elephant) and giant rat fossils

Answer 20

H. floresiensis is a descendent of H. erectus that was isolated on an island and became very small via island dwarfism. Persisted longer than H. erectus.

Answer 21

-1.75 Ma, H. erectus found in Dmanisi (Georgia), indicating they expanded out of Africa around 1.8 Ma into Europe and Asia' -Dmanisi fossils showed quite primitive traits -1.6 ma, erectus fossils found in indonesis (se asia) -600,000 yrs ago, erectus fossils found in china -asian erectus had larger brains than african

Answer 22

New tool technology that allowed them greater access to meat, which fueled brain growth, allowed them to exploit new niches?  Maybe, because fossils associated with Acheulean stone tools – two-sided hand axes that are very effective at defleshing large carcasses  But, only Olduwan tools at Dmanisi (and small brains), so maybe not o Control of fire?  Maybe – * evidence of hearths * stone tools near baked earth * burned animal bones with H. erectus fossils  But maybe not * No convincing evidence of fire until around 500,000 years ago

Answer 23

holocene (10,000) pleistocene (2.5 Ma) *put eggs on my plate please homer

Answer 24

pliocene (5ma) milocene (23 ma) oligocene (34 ma) eocene (56 ma) paleocene (65 ma) *put eggs on my plate please homer

Answer 25

Provisioning model: Males would gather food and bring back to females → hence their hands needed to be free to carry these items But this would mean that pair-bonding evolved early… sexual dimorphism suggests otherwise (males bigger than females) Using tools model: Hands needed to be free to make tools and hunt But, no evidence of stone tools until long after bipedalism evolved Thermoregulatory model: Reduced heat gain (sun just on head vs. being on entire back/body of quadrupeds) Increased heat loss But, lots of quadrupedal animals in savannas Climbing mechanical model: Retention of suspension morphology Possible arboreal ancestors had to walk on ground bipedally because their arms were too long

ASM 104-Quiz 3 (3.4-3.6) Flashcards

(51 cards)