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ASM 104- Quiz 2 > Mod 2 Quiz > Flashcards

Mod 2 Quiz Flashcards

1
Q

altruism

A

behaving in a way that benefits another individual, at a personal cost to oneself (giving money to homeless)

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2
Q

angiosperm

A

flowering plants (with fruit)

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3
Q

angiosperm hypothesis

A

features were the result of exploiting fruits on terminal branches of trees

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4
Q

arboreal hypothesis

A

adaptations to an arboreal lifestyle
ex. Grasping hands and binocular vision

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5
Q

Behavioral flexibility hypothesis

A

-Learn new solutions to problems from others
-Cope with both ecological and social challenges

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6
Q

Bilophodont vs Y5 molars

A

bilophodont: teeth where ridge connects cusps opposite one another
Y5 molars: dividing the cusps

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7
Q

Binocular vision

A

facilitates running and leaping in trees

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8
Q

By-product mutualism

A

Selfism, independent actions incidentally benefit others
(ex. Each hunter tries to catch his own monkey)

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9
Q

Dilution
Detection
Deterrence

A

safety in numbers
More eyes to spot predators
power in numbers

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10
Q

Diurnal vs nocturnal

A

active during day vs. active during night

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11
Q

Ecological hypothesis

A

-Foraging demands have favored big brains
-Facilitates complex foraging techniques
-Allows for innovation and social learning

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12
Q

Expensive brain hypothesis

A

Big brain shapes primate life histories

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13
Q

Female philopatry

A

females stay and breed in the group in which they were born and the males migrate to other groups

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14
Q

Frugivore

A

eats mostly fruit

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15
Q

Folivore

A

eats mostly leaves

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16
Q

Gestation

A

pregnancy

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17
Q

Gramnivores

A

eats mostly grass

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18
Q

Gumnivore

A

eats mostly gum (tree sap)

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19
Q

Hamilton’s Rule

A

Altruism linked to kin (kin selection)
br>c
b=sum of benefits individuals affected by behavior
r=coefficient of relatedness between actor and recipients
c=fitness cost to individual performing behavior

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20
Q

Hominoidea

A

apes

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21
Q

Impact-hunter hypothesis

A

Chimp A hunts: reduces costs for B → B hunts: reduces costs for A, reduces cost for C → C hunts

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22
Q

Insectivore

A

eating mostly insects

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23
Q

Inter-sexual selection

A

-variance in reproduction resulting from preferences that one sex has for members of the other sex (usually female choice)
-INDIRECT COMPETITION
-Competition between sperm of two or more males for the fertilization of a single female (ex. like buying raffle ticket)

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24
Q

Intra-sexual selection

A

-variance in reproduction resulting from competition between individuals within a sex for access to the other sex (usually male-male)
-DIRECT COMPETITION
-Males compete with each other to maximize # mates (male competition)

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25
Q

Ischial tuberosity

A

V-shaped bone at the bottom of the pelvis that makes contact with a surface/helps absorb weight when sitting

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26
Q

Life history

A

features of the life cycle and their timing; strategy of when to be born, when to be weaned, when to reproduce and when to die

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27
Q

Male philopatry

A

males stay and breen in the group in which they were born and the female migrate to other groups

28
Q

Mandibular fusion

A

an adaptative response to maximize unilateral molar bite force by utilizing a greater percentage of balancing-side muscle force

29
Q

Mutualism

A

mutual dependence is necessary to social well-being (everyone help get food or no food)

30
Q

Neocortex

A

-folded, outer layer of the forebrain
- involves problem solving, behavioral flexibility

31
Q

Olfaction

A

sense of smell

32
Q

Post-orbital bar vs closure

A

P.O.B. - bar over opening between front and back of skull
Closure- no opening between front and back of skull

33
Q

Primate mating systems

A

the ways animals find mates and care for offspring

34
Q

Quadrupedal locomotion

A

-Walking on all four limbs
-Forelimbs and hind limbs about equal length

35
Q

Reciprocal altruism

A

-Individuals balance reciprocal acts
-different currencies (grooming, food sharing, coalitionary support)

36
Q

Rhinarium

A

tip of nose without fur

37
Q

Self-interest

A

one’s personal interest, especially when pursued without regard for others

38
Q

Senescence

A

decline in bodily functions due to age

39
Q

Social brain hypothesis

A

-Individuals that can meet social challenges have an advantage
-Selection favors more powerful “social” cognition

40
Q

Spite

A

desire to hurt, annoy, or offend someone

41
Q

Strepsirrhine

A

suborder of primates that includes lemurs, bush babies, pottos, and lorises.

42
Q

Suspensory locomotion

A

-Mobile shoulder joint
-Forelimbs longer than hind limbs

43
Q

Tapetum lucidum

A

-Membrane that reflects light
-Enhances night vision

44
Q

Toothcomb

A

dental structure comprising a group of front teeth arranged in a manner that facilitates grooming

45
Q

Tarsier

A

haplorhine primates, SE asia, nocturnal but no tapetum lucidum, only carnivorous primate

46
Q

Vertical clinging and leaping

A

-Moving between trees trunk to trunk or branch to trunk
-Hind limbs longer than forelimbs

47
Q

Visual predation hypothesis

A

features allowed for primates to prey on insects at the end of fine branches of trees

48
Q

Why do we study primates?

A

to learn about psychological processes as models for our behavior and diseases

49
Q

6 traits that primates share

A

-large brains, vision better than smell, grasping hands, long lifespans/slow growth, few offspring, complex social groups

50
Q

What are the three hypotheses that are used to explain the traits of the last common
ancestor of all primates? What are some problems with these hypotheses?

A
  1. Arboreal hypothesis probelm: the most “primitive” primates depend on fruit and other plant matter (not insects)
  2. Visual Predation/
  3. Angiosperm Hypothesis
51
Q

What is the relationship between primate body size and diet? What does basal
metabolic rate (BMR) have to do with this?

A

-Primate body size reflects diet
-Lower quality diets associated with larger body size
-(BMR): rate of energy use at rest
-Small animals need relatively high quality food while large animals can get by on lower quality food

52
Q

3 types of locomotion/physical traits

A

-quadrupedal: fore/hind limbs same length and wide chest front to back
-vertical clinging and leaping (VCL): longer hindlinms that forelimbs
-suspensory: forelimbs longer than hindlimbs and wider chest side to side

53
Q

What do males/females gain by investing in mating effort?

A

males: good genes/care for offspring/multiple conceptions

females: good genes/territory
Offspring care/reduce risk of infanticide/
increase prob. Of fertilization

54
Q

What do males/females gain by investing in parenting effort?

A

males: enhance safety/infant growth and development/enhance female fertility
* enhances male fitness if he can direct investment to own offspring/if he’ll sire next offspring

females: increase offspring growth rates, stronger immune function, warmth, security, and social support

55
Q

How might kin selection explain altruism?

A

More closely related individuals (higher r) can afford more costly acts of altruism

56
Q

What are the 2 behaviors we discussed in lecture that show kin bias?

A

grooming and coalitions/alliances

57
Q

What is the collective action problem with regard to chimpanzee hunting?

A

each hunter tries to catch his own monkey, reduces costs/creates opportunities for other monkeys

58
Q

What aspects of primate behavior and biology does life-history theory help explain?

A

-How mature organism is at birth
-Pace and duration of juvenile growth
-How often adult reproduces and how many produced in life event

59
Q

How do we measure life history?

A

Age of weaning, age of first reproduction, birth rates, interbirth intervals, liter size, maximum life span, growth rates

60
Q

What are the 3 hypotheses that explain why primates might have big brains?

A

ecological/social hypothesis, life history theory

61
Q

strepsirrhines

A

example species: lemurs
-diet:Fruits, seeds, flowers, insects
-located:Africa,Asia,Madagascar
-Rhinarium (wet nose) + strepsi (twisted) = strepsirrhini (most mammals have these noses)
-Postorbital bar, but no closure
-Long snout (for a primate)
-Toothcomb

62
Q

haplorrhines

A

example species:tarsiers
-diet: insects
-located: SE asia
-Elongated tarsal bones
-Nocturnal, but NO tapetum lucidum
-Only fully carnivorous primate
-Postorbital closure (unlike strepsirrhines)
-Each of tarsier’s eyes are bigger than its brain

63
Q

old world monkeys

A

example species: colobus monkeys, langurs
-diet: mainly leaves
-located: SE Asia, Africa
-narrow, downward facing nostrils
-bilophodont teeth: ridge connecrs cusps opposite one another

64
Q

new world monkeys

A

example species: capuchins/howlers
-diet: fruit/leaves
-located: mexico, central/south america
-Fused mandibles (unlike tarsiers and strepsirrhines)
-Some have prehensile (grasping) tails

65
Q

apes/hominoids

A

example species: chimps, gorillas, bonobos
-diet: leaves/fruit
-located: central africa/se asia
Hominoids don’t have tails → gorillas

66
Q

Costs of group living

A

-Larger groups travel more (resources go quicker so movement necessary to fulfill all needs)
-Mating competition
-Higher risk of disease
-Evidence about disease prevalence is limited

ASM 104- Quiz 2 (2 decks)

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