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ASM 104- Quiz 2 > Mod 2 Quiz > Flashcards

Mod 2 Quiz Flashcards

(66 cards)

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1
Q

altruism

A

behaving in a way that benefits another individual, at a personal cost to oneself (giving money to homeless)

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2
Q

angiosperm

A

flowering plants (with fruit)

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3
Q

angiosperm hypothesis

A

features were the result of exploiting fruits on terminal branches of trees

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4
Q

arboreal hypothesis

A

adaptations to an arboreal lifestyle
ex. Grasping hands and binocular vision

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5
Q

Behavioral flexibility hypothesis

A

-Learn new solutions to problems from others
-Cope with both ecological and social challenges

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6
Q

Bilophodont vs Y5 molars

A

bilophodont: teeth where ridge connects cusps opposite one another
Y5 molars: dividing the cusps

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7
Q

Binocular vision

A

facilitates running and leaping in trees

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8
Q

By-product mutualism

A

Selfism, independent actions incidentally benefit others
(ex. Each hunter tries to catch his own monkey)

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9
Q

Dilution
Detection
Deterrence

A

safety in numbers
More eyes to spot predators
power in numbers

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10
Q

Diurnal vs nocturnal

A

active during day vs. active during night

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11
Q

Ecological hypothesis

A

-Foraging demands have favored big brains
-Facilitates complex foraging techniques
-Allows for innovation and social learning

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12
Q

Expensive brain hypothesis

A

Big brain shapes primate life histories

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13
Q

Female philopatry

A

females stay and breed in the group in which they were born and the males migrate to other groups

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14
Q

Frugivore

A

eats mostly fruit

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15
Q

Folivore

A

eats mostly leaves

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16
Q

Gestation

A

pregnancy

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17
Q

Gramnivores

A

eats mostly grass

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18
Q

Gumnivore

A

eats mostly gum (tree sap)

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19
Q

Hamilton’s Rule

A

Altruism linked to kin (kin selection)
br>c
b=sum of benefits individuals affected by behavior
r=coefficient of relatedness between actor and recipients
c=fitness cost to individual performing behavior

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20
Q

Hominoidea

A

apes

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21
Q

Impact-hunter hypothesis

A

Chimp A hunts: reduces costs for B → B hunts: reduces costs for A, reduces cost for C → C hunts

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22
Q

Insectivore

A

eating mostly insects

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23
Q

Inter-sexual selection

A

-variance in reproduction resulting from preferences that one sex has for members of the other sex (usually female choice)
-INDIRECT COMPETITION
-Competition between sperm of two or more males for the fertilization of a single female (ex. like buying raffle ticket)

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24
Q

Intra-sexual selection

A

-variance in reproduction resulting from competition between individuals within a sex for access to the other sex (usually male-male)
-DIRECT COMPETITION
-Males compete with each other to maximize # mates (male competition)

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25
Ischial tuberosity
V-shaped bone at the bottom of the pelvis that makes contact with a surface/helps absorb weight when sitting
26
Life history
features of the life cycle and their timing; strategy of when to be born, when to be weaned, when to reproduce and when to die
27
Male philopatry
males stay and breen in the group in which they were born and the female migrate to other groups
28
Mandibular fusion
an adaptative response to maximize unilateral molar bite force by utilizing a greater percentage of balancing-side muscle force
29
Mutualism
mutual dependence is necessary to social well-being (everyone help get food or no food)
30
Neocortex
-folded, outer layer of the forebrain - involves problem solving, behavioral flexibility
31
Olfaction
sense of smell
32
Post-orbital bar vs closure
P.O.B. - bar over opening between front and back of skull Closure- no opening between front and back of skull
33
Primate mating systems
the ways animals find mates and care for offspring
34
Quadrupedal locomotion
-Walking on all four limbs -Forelimbs and hind limbs about equal length
35
Reciprocal altruism
-Individuals balance reciprocal acts -different currencies (grooming, food sharing, coalitionary support)
36
Rhinarium
tip of nose without fur
37
Self-interest
one's personal interest, especially when pursued without regard for others
38
Senescence
decline in bodily functions due to age
39
Social brain hypothesis
-Individuals that can meet social challenges have an advantage -Selection favors more powerful “social” cognition
40
Spite
desire to hurt, annoy, or offend someone
41
Strepsirrhine
suborder of primates that includes lemurs, bush babies, pottos, and lorises.
42
Suspensory locomotion
-Mobile shoulder joint -Forelimbs longer than hind limbs
43
Tapetum lucidum
-Membrane that reflects light -Enhances night vision
44
Toothcomb
dental structure comprising a group of front teeth arranged in a manner that facilitates grooming
45
Tarsier
haplorhine primates, SE asia, nocturnal but no tapetum lucidum, only carnivorous primate
46
Vertical clinging and leaping
-Moving between trees trunk to trunk or branch to trunk -Hind limbs longer than forelimbs
47
Visual predation hypothesis
features allowed for primates to prey on insects at the end of fine branches of trees
48
Why do we study primates?
to learn about psychological processes as models for our behavior and diseases
49
6 traits that primates share
-large brains, vision better than smell, grasping hands, long lifespans/slow growth, few offspring, complex social groups
50
What are the three hypotheses that are used to explain the traits of the last common ancestor of all primates? What are some problems with these hypotheses?
1. Arboreal hypothesis probelm: the most “primitive” primates depend on fruit and other plant matter (not insects) 2. Visual Predation/ 3. Angiosperm Hypothesis
51
What is the relationship between primate body size and diet? What does basal metabolic rate (BMR) have to do with this?
-Primate body size reflects diet -Lower quality diets associated with larger body size -(BMR): rate of energy use at rest -Small animals need relatively high quality food while large animals can get by on lower quality food
52
3 types of locomotion/physical traits
-quadrupedal: fore/hind limbs same length and wide chest front to back -vertical clinging and leaping (VCL): longer hindlinms that forelimbs -suspensory: forelimbs longer than hindlimbs and wider chest side to side
53
What do males/females gain by investing in mating effort?
males: good genes/care for offspring/multiple conceptions females: good genes/territory Offspring care/reduce risk of infanticide/ increase prob. Of fertilization
54
What do males/females gain by investing in parenting effort?
males: enhance safety/infant growth and development/enhance female fertility * enhances male fitness if he can direct investment to own offspring/if he'll sire next offspring females: increase offspring growth rates, stronger immune function, warmth, security, and social support
55
How might kin selection explain altruism?
More closely related individuals (higher r) can afford more costly acts of altruism
56
What are the 2 behaviors we discussed in lecture that show kin bias?
grooming and coalitions/alliances
57
What is the collective action problem with regard to chimpanzee hunting?
each hunter tries to catch his own monkey, reduces costs/creates opportunities for other monkeys
58
What aspects of primate behavior and biology does life-history theory help explain?
-How mature organism is at birth -Pace and duration of juvenile growth -How often adult reproduces and how many produced in life event
59
How do we measure life history?
Age of weaning, age of first reproduction, birth rates, interbirth intervals, liter size, maximum life span, growth rates
60
What are the 3 hypotheses that explain why primates might have big brains?
ecological/social hypothesis, life history theory
61
strepsirrhines
example species: lemurs -diet:Fruits, seeds, flowers, insects -located:Africa,Asia,Madagascar -Rhinarium (wet nose) + strepsi (twisted) = strepsirrhini (most mammals have these noses) -Postorbital bar, but no closure -Long snout (for a primate) -Toothcomb
62
haplorrhines
example species:tarsiers -diet: insects -located: SE asia -Elongated tarsal bones -Nocturnal, but NO tapetum lucidum -Only fully carnivorous primate -Postorbital closure (unlike strepsirrhines) -Each of tarsier’s eyes are bigger than its brain
63
old world monkeys
example species: colobus monkeys, langurs -diet: mainly leaves -located: SE Asia, Africa -narrow, downward facing nostrils -bilophodont teeth: ridge connecrs cusps opposite one another
64
new world monkeys
example species: capuchins/howlers -diet: fruit/leaves -located: mexico, central/south america -Fused mandibles (unlike tarsiers and strepsirrhines) -Some have prehensile (grasping) tails
65
apes/hominoids
example species: chimps, gorillas, bonobos -diet: leaves/fruit -located: central africa/se asia Hominoids don’t have tails → gorillas
66
Costs of group living
-Larger groups travel more (resources go quicker so movement necessary to fulfill all needs) -Mating competition -Higher risk of disease -Evidence about disease prevalence is limited

ASM 104- Quiz 2 (2 decks)

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