Aspects

Question 1

Pharmacology definition

Answer 1

characteristics and properties of drugs and their actions and effects on the body

Question 2

Pharmacokinetics

Answer 2

effects of the body on the drug

Question 3

Pharmacodynamics

Answer 3

effects of drugs on the body

Question 4

Pharmacotherapeutics

Answer 4

treating or preventing diseases with drugs

Question 5

Classification of Drugs

Answer 5

Source, Chemical formula, Mode of Action, Therapeutic use, System Acted on as well as drug schedule, popularity, cost, safety in pregnancy

Question 6

Drug names

Answer 6

chemical name, generic name (approved name assigned by manufacturer), trade name (brand name, for marketing)

Question 7

Routes of Admin

Answer 7

oral, topical, sublingual, IN, transdermal, rectal, vaginal, inhalation, IV, IM, IO , subcutaneous, intracethecal, epidural, intrarticular

Question 8

Drug targets

Answer 8

receptors, enzymes, ion channels

Question 9

Drug receptors

Answer 9

membrane bound protein, target for specific ligand bonding

Question 10

Types of receptors

Answer 10

Direct ligand gated, Gprotein coupled, tyrosine kinased coupled, nuclear receptor

Question 11

Affinity

Answer 11

extent of binding to a receptor

Question 12

Specificity

Answer 12

ability of a drug to produce a reaction at a specific site

Question 13

Efficacy

Answer 13

ability of drug to produce an effect at a receptor

Question 14

Potency

Answer 14

relative amount of a drug that has to be at a receptor to cause an effect

Question 15

Pharmacokinetic processes

Answer 15

ADME

Question 16

Solubility of a drug

Answer 16

drug ionisation,

Question 17

Dose

Answer 17

amount of drug administered

Question 18

Drug Schedules

Answer 18

dangerous poisons, OTC, pharmacist only, prescription only, hazardous, industrial and ag poisons, dangerous poisons, controlled drugs e.g morphine, prohibited substances

Question 19

The ideal antiepileptic drug

Answer 19

highly effective with low toxicity, effective against more than one type of seizure, long acting and non sedation, not highly protein bound to limit drug interactions, inexpensive, no tolerance developed

Question 20

Blood: gas coefficient

Answer 20

ratio of concentration in the blood to the concentration in the gas

Question 21

States of Anaesthesia

Answer 21

1. onset of anaesthetic admin and last until loss of consciousness 2. excitement - reflexes present but exaggerated 3. surgical anaesthesia - monitoring of pt 4. paralysis and toxicity

Question 22

MAC

Answer 22

minimum alveolar concentration - concentration of an anaesthetic in the alveoli that prevents the muscular response to a painful stimulus in 50% of subjects

Question 23

Gate Control Theory

Answer 23

A physiologically analgesic spinal gate mechanism in the dorsal horn can modify the transmission of painful sensation from peipheral nerve fibers to the thalamus
The gate is influenced by descending inhibition from the brain

Question 24

CNS neurotransmitters

Answer 24

dopamine - behaviour, emesis, hormone release, motor control
ACh - cognition and memory, motor function
NA - arousal, sleep, mood, appetite, temp control, hormone release
serotonin - behaviour
GABA - inhibitory, motor function

Question 25

Advantages of Aerosol Therapy

Answer 25

convienient, minimal irriation, lower doses can be used, drug is rapidly delivered to site of action, systemic adverse effects are minimised

Question 26

How to calculate fluid drip rates

Answer 26

[volume x drip rate (20)] divided by time in mins

Question 27

Crystalloid solutions

Answer 27

low molecular weight particles, move freely between compartments

Question 28

Colloid solutions

Answer 28

large proteins

Question 29

Hypertonic solutions

Answer 29

correct hypovolaemia

Question 30

Hypotonic solutions

Answer 30

decrease osmolarity of intravascular compartments therefore water shifts into cells

Question 31

Hartman's Solution

Answer 31

consists of Na, K, Mg, is isotonic and moves across cell membranes into tissues

Question 32

0.9% saline

Answer 32

Na and Cl, isotonic, moves from vasculature to cells

Question 33

Haemaccel

Answer 33

proteins, choloidal, stays in the bloodstream

Question 34

Stable Plasma Protein Solution

Answer 34

same as haemaccel

Question 35

5% saline

Answer 35

Hypertonic, moves out of cell into blood

Question 36

0.45% saline

Answer 36

hypotonic, water flows into the cell

Question 37

Class 1 vaughan williams classification

Answer 37

Sodium channel blockers

Question 38

Class 2 vaughan williams

Answer 38

B antagonists

Question 39

Class 3 vaughan williams

Answer 39

Prolong duration of AP

Question 40

Class 4 vaughan williams

Answer 40

Calcium channel blockers