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Germany And West Germany 1918 - 89 > Aspects Of Life In Germany And West Germany Nazis > Flashcards

Aspects Of Life In Germany And West Germany Nazis Flashcards

1
Q

What did a ‘racially pure’ Germany mean and how was this enforced?

A
  • A Germany of Aryan Germans only
  • Getting rid of elderly and disabled, even if they were pure-blood
  • Violent persecution
  • Laws to control breeding
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2
Q

What programme was started on what day and what did this consist of?

A
  • 1 Jan 1934 –> Compulsory sterilisation programme
  • Doctors and hospitals had to report those they saw as ‘unfit’ to breed to a Hereditary Health Court, which were set up all over Germany
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3
Q

Who was sterilisation initially aimed at, but who did it later extend to?

A
  • Hereditary defects
    Later included:
  • Jews
  • Gypsies (Roma and Sinti)
  • Criminals
  • Black and mixed race people
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4
Q

How was the law widened and when did this happen?

A
  • Jun 1935
  • Allowed abortion of unfit people
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5
Q

Give examples to show how open sterilisation was:

A
  • Publicised in press
  • Taught at schools, using books and films
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6
Q

Give stats for sterilisation between 1934 and 1945:

A
  • Between 1934 and 1945 –> About 400,000
  • At least 5000 died from procedure, most of them women
  • Unknown how many died after leaving clinics
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7
Q

What is sterilisation?

A

Making them infertile

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8
Q

In what two ways did the Nazis begin to separate Jews from the community?

A
  • Legal separation –> Removing Jews from jobs + separating them from non-Jews in public spaces
  • Bans and boycotts on Jewish shops and businesses –> imposed w/ escalating violence
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9
Q

When was the first national boycott, how did the SA enforce this, how successful was it and how did these boycotts escalate?

A
  • 1 Apr 1933
  • Stood outside roughly urging people not to enter
  • Didn’t stop people from using shops and businesses
  • Violence used escalated
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10
Q

What changes were made in 1933 that restricted Jews even further?

A
  • Apr 1933 –> Series of laws restricting number of Jewish uni students, banning Jews from athletic and sporting grps & stopped people w/ Jewish names from sending telegrams
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11
Q

How many Gypsies, elderly, mentally ill and disabled people were killed in Holocaust?

A
  • 200,000 Gypsies
  • 200,000 elderly, mentally ill and disabled
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12
Q

What were the Nuremberg Race Laws of 1935?

A

Laws to exclude Jews from many areas of life

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13
Q

Which types of people counted as Jewish?

A

Anyone w/ 3 or 4 Jewish grandparents

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14
Q

Give examples of how the Jews were excluded by organisations even before the exclusion laws:

A
  • Regional Govs had their own anti-Semitic laws
  • Yellow star on Jewish-owned shops which encouraged random violence
  • Propaganda urged separation of everything to prevent contamination eg. park benches, restaurants
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15
Q

What was one of the first large-scale organised acts of violence against Jews and their synagogues?

A

Kristallnacht

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16
Q

Kristallnacht:

A
  • Night of Broken Glass
  • 9 Nov 1938
  • Nazis organised attacks
  • Over 260 synagogues burned + Jewish-owned homes and shops looted
  • Over 20,000 Jews arrested and taken to concentration camps
  • Taxed 1 bill Reichsmark for repairs that were never carried out
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17
Q

Between 1933 and 1939, what was the standard of living like?

A
  • Sharply divided between pure Germans and the ‘undesirables’
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18
Q

Besides ethnic minorities, who else was seen as ‘undesirable’?

A
  • Disabled
  • Asocial families eg failure to pay rent, alcoholics
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19
Q

What did doctors, nurses and midwives have to do and when were they told this?

A
  • 18 Aug 1939 –> All doctors, nurses + midwives had to report any babies under 3 showing physical/mental disability
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20
Q

What happened in Oct 1939?

A
  • Oct 1939 –> Nazis mounted T4 campaign to get rid of disabled children up to 17
  • Parents given chance to send them to specialist clinic, where they were killed
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21
Q

Later on, T4 was extended. To whom and when did this happen?

A

Jan 1940 onwards –> Extended to other hospitals and institutions for old, chronically sick and mentally ill

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22
Q

Overall how many died under T4 programme?

A

Over 70,000

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23
Q

What happened to asocial families and what did this include?

A
  • Sent for around a yr to be re-educated at Hashude
  • Included lectures and classes, living to schedule, visists at any time by officials
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24
Q

What happened to Hashude and why?

A
  • Closed
  • Housing became scarce
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25
Q

What percentage of population were the working class in 1933?

A

46%

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26
Q

What were the positives in terms of living standards for an ordinary worker when Nazis first came to power and how did this change?

A

Positives:
- Unemployment dropped
- Real wages rose
- Take home pay rose in 1938 and 39
However:
- Wages regulated so little spending money as industry focused on arms rather than consumables
- Pay still did not reach pre-Depression levels between 1933 and 39
- Take home pay only increased because workers were putting in more hours
- They suffered due to destruction of TU movement

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27
Q

Why did Hitler want to curb the working class?

A
  • Ensure rearmament runs smoothly w/ no disruption of strikes
  • Independent organisations are the ones who ended Kaiser’s gov
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28
Q

Give some examples to show the drop in standard of living:

A
  • Amount of milk, eggs, fish, tropical fruit and beer consumed fell between 1927 and 1937
  • Avg working week rose from 43 to 47 hrs between 1933 and 1939
  • Avg hourly wages were 3% lower in 1933 compared to 1932
  • Avg hourly wages were 2% lower in 1939 compared to 1932
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29
Q

What did the Strength Through Joy (Kdf) programme provide the ordinary worker?

A

Subsidised:
- Sport training, gym classes, sailing lessons
- Theatre and opera tickets
- Hiking trips, weekend breaks and package holidays

  • Set up art exhibitions
  • Loans
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30
Q

By 1937 what was the Kdf’s budget and how many short holidays did it subsidise?

A
  • RM29 mil
  • Subsidised more than 1.7 mil
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31
Q

What were the negatives of Kdf holidays and entertainment?

A
  • Basic facilities w/ no privacy and poor sanitation
  • Little choice in entertainment
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32
Q

What social welfare programme was set up, when, what was its aim and what did it do?

A
  • National Socialist People’s Welfare
  • 1933
  • Aimed to create a healthy nation rather than welfare
  • Ran Mother and Child programmes, creches and kindergartens to influence childrens’ upbringing
  • Responsible for housing
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33
Q

By 1939, how many voluntary workers did NSV have and block wardens who were responsible for how many households?

A
  • Over a mil voluntary workers
  • About 500,000 block wardens each reponsible for 30 - 60 households depending on the area
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34
Q

What did NSV run yearly and what did it do?

A
  • Winter Relief Campaign
  • Distributed food and clothing
  • Ran soup kitchens at emergency centres
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35
Q

On the following day after Hitler encouraged donation on its launch, how much money had been donated? However, what was the implication of this?

A
  • RM2 mil
  • People were essentially forced to s block wardens would come dressed in SA uniform asking for donations
  • Some factories took ‘voluntary’ donation from wages
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36
Q

What was the People’s Car Scheme, how could you sign up to it, what was the main purpose and how was this flawed?

A
  • Scheme set up by DAF where workers saved money in a state-run bank account to buy a car
  • Subscribe to 5 marks a week
  • Purpose: Reduce danger of inflation by boosting savings and cutting domestic expenditure
  • No-one received their cars or their money back as factories had been converted to war production
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37
Q

How many people entered the scheme and how much money was given to the bank as a result?

A
  • 270,000 entered
  • RM110 mil given
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38
Q

In 1938 what did the DAF organise and how many workers attended it?

A
  • Vocational training courses
  • Ordensburg Nazi Party training schools
  • 2.5 mil workers
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39
Q

What slogan did the Nazis adopt and what were they against?

A
  • Kinder, Küche, Kirche
  • Against church membership
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40
Q

What did the Nazis believe the role of women was?

A
  • Bear next gen of Aryan race
  • Nurture children
  • Responsible consumers –> women did 80% of domestic shopping
  • No political role
  • Sexually attractive w/ natural look
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41
Q

What was the Nazi organisation for women, when was it established, why, what was the wider movement of this and what did it do?

A
  • NSF (National Socialist Womanhood)
  • 1931
  • Attract female support
  • Movement: German Women’s Enterprise
  • Organised activities for non-party members
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42
Q

What was provided for families with children, what were they granted and how did they select those who were suitable for it?

A
  • Help w/ school frees and transport fares
  • RM100 for each child
  • Through an interview
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43
Q

BDM:

A
  • League of German Girls
  • Older female Nazi youth grp
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44
Q

How did the Nazis encourage women to have children?

A

Implemented laws

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45
Q

What law was introduced on in 1931, when was this amended and what changed?

A
  • 31 Dec 1931 –> SS Marriage Order
  • Members of SS can only marry Aryan women
  • Amended in 1936 –> All SS men must have at least 4 children
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46
Q

What laws were introduced in Jun 1933 (w/dates)?

A
  • 1 Jun –> Law to Reduce Unemployment
  • 30 Jun: All married women in civil service w/ wage-earning husbands to be dismissed. Lower wages for the rest of the women
  • 14 Jul: Law for the Prevention of Offspring w/ Hereditary Diseases
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47
Q

What was the Law to Reduce Unemployment?

A
  • Interest-free marriage loan of RM600 to Aryan couples if woman gives up job + is fit to have children
  • Loan reduced by a quarter for every child (loan cleared after 4)
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48
Q

What was the Law for the Prevention of Offspring w/ Hereditary Diseases?

A

Can sterilise those with:
- Mental/physical disabilities
- Women w/ many partners/illegitimate children
- Male/female alcoholics

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49
Q

What laws were introduced in 1935?

A
  • 18 Oct –> Law for the Protection of Hereditary Health of the German People
  • Blood Protection Law
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50
Q

What is the Law for the Protection of Hereditary Health of the German People?

A
  • Fitness-to-marry certificate
  • Proves neither couple is racially impure
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51
Q

What was the Blood Protection Law?

A

Forbade marriage between Germans and Jews (as well as black ppl + gypsies)

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52
Q

From 1936, what decree was made?

A

SS officers could only marry women who had completed a course at a Reich Bride school

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53
Q

Whi designed the Reich Bride School, what was its purpose, how long was a course and what did it teach?

A
  • Designed by Himmler and leader of NSF
  • Give to-be-wives a period away from work before marriage
  • Course lasted min 6 wks
    Taught:
  • Ironing
  • Interior design
  • Gardening
  • Childcare
  • SS uniform care
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54
Q

What was introduced in the years 1936, 37 and 38?

A
  • 1936 –> Women excluded from working in the law, expect administrative posts
  • 1936 –> Lebensborn programme
    1937 –> Women can work and also be awarded marriage loan due to increasing war production
  • 1938 –> Marriage Law extends grounds for divorce to infertility, abortion and refusal to have baby
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55
Q

What was the Lebensborn programme, who ran it, how many clinics were there in GER and AUS and what support did it provide?

A
  • Selected members (usually SS) mated w/ as many diff racially pure young women as possible (usually from BDM)
  • Ran by special branch of SS
  • 13 Lebensborn clinics
  • Free maternity care for unmarried women and mistresses of SS
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56
Q

How were the children born there treated and what happened to them?

A
  • Had its own hospitals, clinics and homes for these children
  • Adopted by fit Germans who g had trouble conceiving
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57
Q

When the Third Reich programme expanded, what did the Lebensborn programme do?

A
  • Took in suitable children from families in the lands they took over
  • Put them in homes
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58
Q

What was introduced in 1939, when exactly was it introduced and when is it awarded?

A
  • Mother’s Cross (award) for mothers w/ 4 (bronze), 6 (silver) or 8 or more (gold) children
  • May
  • Awarded on Mother’s Day
59
Q

What other policies were brought about and why?

A
  • Punishments for perming hair –> against traditional values
  • University enrolment for females limited to 10%
  • Contraception restricted
  • Abortion made illegal
  • Higher taxes for childless couples
  • Reduction of income tax for families –> no tax for 6 or more children
  • Greater maternity benefits
  • Increased family allowances
  • Propaganda glorified motherhood
  • NSF established Mother Schools
60
Q

Why was the Mother Schooling programme introduced, how many schools were there by 1936 and how many teachers were employed there?

A
  • Needed to relearn skills to be a mother after Weimar
  • 150 Mother Schools
  • Over 1000 teachers
61
Q

What did the curriculum in a Mother School include (w/ example)?

A
  • Nutrition
  • Cooking
  • Clothes making
  • Shopping tips eg. buy German apples rather than exotic fruits to help domestic economy
  • Racial biology
62
Q

What was another reason for so many policies to increase the birth rate?

A

Response to Nazi’s fear that Jews and Slavs were having more children than them

63
Q

Give one example of policy that actually decreased the birth rate and how it did this:

A
  • Agricultural policy
  • Led to decline in farm incomes + stripped women of rights to inherit farmland
  • As a result, female farm labourers worked longest hours of any grp in GER
  • Birth rate in farming pop dropped
64
Q

What was one significant effect of Nazi policy?

A
  • Large number of women lost their jobs esp married women
  • Single women found work but excluded from highest levels of it eg. teachers had to work at lowest levels
65
Q

How were Aryan mothers treated differently to the normal woman?

A
  • Higher level of health care and status
  • Honoured on occasions like Mother’s Day
  • Brought together w/ youth grps for coffee + cake
66
Q

What was published in 1933 and what did it describe?

A
  • ABC of National Socialism
  • The Hitler Maiden (ideal Aryan woman)
67
Q

What should the ideal Aryan woman be like?

A
  • Natural –> no makeup
  • No smoking or drinking
  • Dress in German style eg. Gretchen braids
  • Body suited to childbearing
68
Q

What goods and services were offered by the cosmetics industry to gain the ‘natural’ look?

A
  • Tanning parlours
  • Deodorant for sporting women
  • Hormone cream for larger breasts
  • Khasana Cosmetics –> developed natural products
69
Q

What was the Black Corps, what did it contain and why?

A
  • Official SS Officers’ magazine
  • Pics of young naked women in natural settings
  • Image of being natural and healthy
70
Q

What did the head of DAF set up and what were these?

A
  • Bureau for Beauty
  • Published beauty advice
  • Houses of Beauty
  • Salons selling beauty treatments
71
Q

How was sexual deviancy dealt with?

A
  • 1937, 38 –> Women believed to be prostitutes sent to workhouses to be redeemed
  • Reeducation for lots of women
  • Morals Police + Care Officers could incarcerate women w/ many partners and women at risk of being prostitutes
72
Q

By 1937, how many women were imprisoned for sexual offences in Hamburg?

A

Rose to 2130

73
Q

What did both the Morals Police and Care Officers agree on and why?

A
  • Women who rejected monogamy were a danger to society
  • Disease spreading
  • Moral corruption
74
Q

If the Morals Police or Care Officers decided someone was sexually deviant, what could they be denied?

A

Health services

75
Q

What part of the Reichstag Fire decree led to mass arrests of women suspected of sex work the day after and who arrested them?

A
  • Abolishment of civil rights
  • Morals Police
76
Q

How many were arrested in just Hamburg in the first 2 months and how many were serving prison sentences by Dec 1933?

A
  • More than 3200 arrested
  • By Dec 1933 –> Over 1500 serving sentences
77
Q

What happened in Jun 1933?

A
  • Morals Police reinstated official brothels & banned women knows as prostitutes from large areas of town
  • Care Officers fought to help them
78
Q

How did the war cause a shift in the attitudes towards women working?

A
  • More men were conscripted
  • Extra pressure on production
  • Women urged to work even if married
79
Q

How did childcare change by end of 1942 and how did the number of women in the workforce change?

A
  • 31,000 kindergarten and crèches by end of 1942
  • Number of women increased by 27% between 1933 and 39, 2% between 1939 and 1944
80
Q

How did the increase in number of women in the workforce compare to other countries and WW1?

A
  • Much lower than the increase in WW1 –> up by 27% between 1933 and 39, only up by 2% between 1939 and 44
  • GBR –> increase was 50% over war yrs
81
Q

What were the reasons for the smaller increase in German women entering the workforce?

A
  • Many women were reluctant to work and organisations reluctant to have them due to effective Nazi propaganda
  • Gov did not use women in all kinds of war work (preferred to replace smth like male teachers)
  • GER had used of foreign labour so women were not needed as much
82
Q

In 1944, what fraction of the workforce was in agriculture and war production were foreigners and who were they primarily?

A
  • 1/3
  • People from captured land
  • Prisoners of war
83
Q

Between 1939 and 1944, how did the proportion of women involved in farm work change?

A
  • From 55% in 1939
  • To 67% in 1944
84
Q

From Oct 1940, what were women allowed to do and why?

A
  • Allowed to join armed forces in women’s auxiliary services doing clerical and support jobs
  • Free up men to fight
85
Q

What did members of BDM have to do, what did the Nazis introduce and how rigorous was this?

A
  • BDM had to serve in forces for 6 months
  • Not rigorous at all (easy to be excused)
86
Q

By 1944, what was the shortage of men like and what shows the severity of it?

A
  • Very severe
  • Women were being trained to operate anti-aircraft guns and sent to work in signal stations
87
Q

How were foreign workers treated and who were the main ones employed in factories and homes?

A
  • Discouraged from having children
  • No rights to breaks
  • No access to crèches
  • No holiday allowances
  • Forced to work night shift
  • Mainly Russian and Polish women
88
Q

As a result, what were the death rates among children of these foreign workers?

A

90%

89
Q

Why did the Nazis invade Poland and what did they do to Poles after this?

A
  • Wanted Lebensraum (living space) for Germans in east
  • Poles driven out to make way for 200,000 German settlers
90
Q

As the war progressed what did women do about their husbands?

A

Increasingly informed on husbands to SS + Gestapo for male infidelity and domestic abuse , rather accusing them of political crimes (even tho Nazis did not care)

91
Q

In 1940, what did Himmler do and why?

A
  • Issued orders that women believed to be unfaithful could be sent to concentration camps for at least a yr
  • Due to poor soldier morale if partner was cheating
92
Q

In what two ways would indoctrination be achieved in Nazi Germany?

A

1) School
2) Nazi youth movement

93
Q

How did the system of schooling change under Nazis?

A
  • Private primary school education abolished
  • Fee-paying secondary schools + unis remained but only for Aryan Germans
  • Corporations became Nazi Comradeship Houses
  • Students had to join Nazi student union
  • 20 Apr 1933 –> 3 National Political Education Institutions (Napolas), which were free boarding schools to train elite grp of boys as future SS leaders
  • Adolf Hitler Schools set up, which were boarding schools teaching Nazi ideology
  • Order Castles, which gave serious training to become part of SS
94
Q

How many NAPOLAS were there, what was it similar to and how many were only for women.

A
  • 39 (only 3 for women)
  • Traditional military academy
95
Q

How many Adolf Hitler schools were set up in total, what ages was it between, who was primarily recruited and what skills did they have to have?

A
  • 11
  • 14 to 18
  • Largely working + lower-middle-class children
  • Had to pass physical and academic tests + be racially pure for more than 130 yrs
96
Q

What ages were Order Castles for and who was it available to?

A
  • 18 to 24
  • Everyone
97
Q

What was the Nazis’ agenda for teaching style?

A
  • Should be active eg. engagement in activities
  • No overt + crude racism as it can be counterproductive
98
Q

When was the National Socialist Teachers League (NSLB) set up, how many members were there by Jan 1933 and what happened to ‘undesirable’ teachers?

A
  • Apr 1929
  • 6000 members
  • Purged by law of Apr 1933 –> 20% of teachers sacked in 1933
99
Q

What did the decree of 24 Sep 1935 do?

A

Gave Nazis control over appointments

100
Q

What percentage of teachers had joined the union by 1937 and why?

A
  • 97%
  • Almost impossible to get a job w/out it as it ran courses teachers had to attend to absorb the ideas they were meant to teach
101
Q

As a result of these changes and a lack of respect towards teachers, what happened to the number of teachers qualifying and vacancies in 1938?

A

1938:
- 2500 new teachers qualified
- 8000 teaching vacancies

102
Q

What were the most important things to be taught in school?

A
  • Physical fitness (15% of curriculum)
  • Racial purity
  • Loyalty to Hitler + GER
103
Q

What did history, race studies and biology focus on?

A

History:
- Creating Volksgemeinschaft
- Past presented as struggle between races
Race studies:
- Aryans were superior
- Jews were source of all of GER’s problems
Biology:
- Race and eugenics
- Motherhood (for girls)

104
Q

What youth groups were there, for what ages and what did they do?

A

Boys:
- Cubs –> 6 yrs old
- Young German Boys (DJV)–> 10 yr old
- Hitler Youth (HJ) > 14 - 18 yrs
Girls:
- Young Girls’ League (JM)–> 10 yr old
- Association of Young Women (BDM) –> 14 yrs
- Faith and Beauty –> 18 - 21 yrs

Reinforced messages taught in skl

105
Q

Compare the number of children in youth grps in the south in 1934 to those in north:

A
  • North–> more than 80% were members
  • South –> less than 50%
106
Q

In 1937, what did the Hitler Youth open their first schools for and how was it flawed?

A
  • For future administrators
  • Focus on physical training did not equip students to be administrators
107
Q

What were members of Hitler Youth expected to do?

A

Report on anything teachers/families did against Nazi teaching

108
Q

How were photographs and posters used to boost support for the regime?

A
  • Used a lot
  • Hitler had an official photographer
  • Poses and expressions practised beforehand
109
Q

What was the purpose of social policy and give examples of some schemes

A
  • Transform people’s consciousness more than their social position
    Schemes:
  • Volksgemeinschaft eg. Eintopf and Winter Relief Campaign
  • KDF (Strength through Joy by DAF)
  • People’s Car Scheme
110
Q

Volksgemeinschaft:

A
  • People’s Community
  • Community of racially pure people
111
Q

Why did the Nazis believe there was nothing wrong w/ class?

A
  • All the different classes were united in serving Aryan race
  • Encouraged that race was more important than class
112
Q

Eintopf:

A

Eating a one pot meal one day in the week and donating the rest

113
Q

In 1933, what purpose did the arts have to serve?

A

Serve as vehicles for transmission of Nazi ideology

114
Q

Albert Speer:

A
  • 1931 –> Joined NSDAP
  • 1942 –> Minister of Armaments and War Production
  • Organised Berlin and Nuremburg Rally, which attracted Hitler’s attention
  • Became head of Beauty of Work section of DAF
  • 1937 –> Responsible for rebuilding Berlin (Berlin master plan) as Inspector of the Reich but stopped due to WW2
  • Tried at Nuremburg for slave labour and pleaded guilty
115
Q

What type of art forms were forbidden, give an example of one of these in music and explain why

A
  • Degenerate art
  • Jazz
  • Closely linked to culture of black Americans
116
Q

What exhibitions were held in 1937, where and what were they called?

A
  • 2 parallel art exhibitions held in Munich
  • Great German Art
  • Degenerate Art
117
Q

Where did the Great German Art exhibition happen, what was its purpose, how many works were chosen and how many attended?

A
  • Newly built museum
  • Show German art
  • 6,000/16,000 works chosen for inclusion
  • More than 600,000 attended
118
Q

What day of Degenerate Art, what was its purpose, how many exhibits did it display and how was it flawed?

A
  • 19 Jul
  • Displayed the disrupted values in the Weimar Republic
  • 5000 exhibits
  • More people attended and enjoyed this more than the other
119
Q

What was set up in 1928 to remove degenerate art by who and what was it replaced with?

A
  • Rosenberg set up Combat League for German Culture
  • Healthy Aryan art
  • All working artists had to be part of Reich Culture Chamber
120
Q

What could be issued to remove a licence to teach, exhibit or paint?

A

A Malverbot

121
Q

What decree was declared in 1934 about sculptures?

A

Declared all new public buildings to have sculptures conveying Nazi messages eg. sculpture of Aryan men

122
Q

Why did Hitler prefer the neo-classical style for buildings?

A

It represented absolute authority as the individual was dwarfed in front of the building

123
Q

How large was the complex built around Nuremberg and up to how many people did it hold?

A
  • 30 km squared
124
Q

How did architecture change between Weimar and Nazi Germany?

A
  • More traditional Germanic style of homes
  • Use of more modernist materials
125
Q

What ceremony happened on 10 May 1933, where did it happen and what was it?

A
  • Burning of Books Ceremony
  • Berlin
  • Students collected books between 6 Apr and this date to burn
  • Held in public squares of 35 cities + big towns
  • 25,000 ‘unsound’ books burnt to cleanse Germany
126
Q

What happened to many novelists, playwrights and producers?

A
  • Exiled
  • Emigrated
  • Imprisoned
  • Banned
127
Q

Who controlled music between what years, in what way was it controlled and how was it used?

A
  • Reich Chamber of Music
  • Between 1933 and 1935
  • Experimental music banned as it was decadent
  • Scrutinised to remove Jewish influences
  • Used at rallies
128
Q

Even near the beginning of the regime, how did Hitler convince the public of his huge popularity?

A
  • Ensured a Nazi reported reaction to Hitler’s appointment as Chancellor
  • Everyone listening on radio heard that there were huge, cheering torchlight processions
129
Q

How did the Nazi Party make radios accessible, give stats to show this and explain the disadvantages of it

A
  • Ensured cheapest and most widely available radio was the People’s Receiver
  • By 1939 –> Over 70% owned a radio
  • By 1943 –> 1/3 of all radios are People’s Receivers
    Disadvantages:
  • Limited in range + could not pick up foreign radio stations (unless living near border)
130
Q

When was radio taken over by Reich governors and what happened the following year after this?

A
  • 1933 –> Taken over
  • Apr 1934 –> NSDAP establishes unified radio system w/ no hostile elements
131
Q

Give stats to show the state regulation of radio and who owned these?

A
  • 51% owned by Ministry of Posts
  • 40% owned by 9 regional broadcast companies, who controlled content
132
Q

Why did the government subsidise the production of radios? (give stats)

A

Powerful tool for indoctrination –> 56 out of 70 mil were estimated audience for Hitler’s speeches in 1935

133
Q

How were speeches transmitted?

A
  • Speeches were announced by sirens
  • All work stopped
  • Radio workers responsible for organising this and reported on attendance
134
Q

What happened to the film industry and give an example of a movie that shows this? What change was made to the industry by 1942?

A
  • Used as propaganda
  • Kongo Express (1939) emphasising superiority of Aryan culture to Africans
  • By 1942 –> All film companies become state-owned + Reich Film Chamber checked content for foreign and domestic films
135
Q

What was the focus of film, why and how did the number of filmgoers change between 1933 and 1942?

A
  • Focus on relaxation rather than explicit propaganda
  • This was more effective in keeping support for regime
  • Number of filmgoers quadrupled
136
Q

What did the Reich Film Chamber do?

A

Regulated content of films

137
Q

How many feature films were made and what fraction of these were overly propagandist?

A
  • Over 1000 feature films
  • Only 1/6 was overly propagandist
138
Q

When is the only time admission into films is allowed and why?

A

At the beginning of the programme to make newsreels compulsory

139
Q

From 1933 onwards, how did the Nazi Party use propaganda to spread anti-semitic messages and show Nazi policies were working?

A
  • Propaganda showed Jews to be greedy, dirty and subhuman
  • Images of Jews crowded into ghettos where food, water and electricity was only sporadically available
140
Q

Ghetto:

A

Area of town fenced off from rest of city where a particular group lived

141
Q

What other events were used by Hitler to inspire enthusiasm for the regime?

A
  • National festivals eg. Annual celebration of Hitler’s bday, Reich Harvest Festival
  • 1936 Berlin Olympics –> 89 medals, w/ 33 golds (ahead of any other nation)
142
Q

How were the 1936 Olympic Games used as propaganda?

A
  • New stadium (Reichssportfeld) + Olympic Village constructed in modernist style
  • Memorials to dead German soldiers
143
Q

Who coordinated the various sporting bodies and who organised activities?

A
  • Coordination –> Reichssports führer
  • Organising activities –> Hitler Youth and DAF

Germany And West Germany 1918 - 89 (11 decks)

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