asse midterm Flashcards by Pia Angela Tabaldo

in response to a need to assess mastery in an emerging
occupation or profession; Can be traced to thoughts

Test
Conceptualization

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IQ tests; Comparing test takers to each
other

Norm-Referenced

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Licensing exams; Mastery of particular material or skills

Criterion-Referenced

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to evaluate whether they should be
included in the final form of the
instrument; Attempts to determine how best to measure a targeted construct

PILOT WORK

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process of setting rules of assigning numbers in measurement

Scaling

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known for developing methodologically sound scaling methods

L.L. Thurstone

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Measures test performance as function of age

Age Based Scale

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Measures test performance as function of grade level

Grade Based Scale

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transforms raw scores into scores ranging from 1 to 9

Stanine Scale

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Unidimensional

Measures one trait or dimension

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Multidimensional

Measures multiple traits or dimensions

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Comparative

Compares test taker’s to others

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Categorical

Places test takers into discrete categories

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grouping of words, statements,
or symbols on which judgments of the
strength of a particular trait, attitude, or emotion indicated by the test taker

Rating Scale

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The final test score is obtained by
summing the ratings across all the items

Summative Scale

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Each item presents the test-taker with the five alternative responses, usually on an agree-disagree/ approve-disapprove continuum

Likert Scale

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Test takers are presented with pairs of stimuli which they are asked to
compare

Method of paired comparisons

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One method of sorting, entails judgments of a stimulus in comparison with every other stimulus on the scale

Comparative Scale

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Stimuli are placed into one of two or more alternative categories that differ
quantitatively with respect to some continuum

Categorical Scale

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scaling method yielding ordinal-level measures; Items on it range sequentially from weaker to stronger expressions of the attitude, belief, or feeling being measured

Guttman Scale (Scalogram Analysis)

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Obtain data presumed to be interval in natures; Direct estimation method; no need to transform responses into another scale.

Thurstone’s Equal Appearing Intervals Method

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well from which items or will not be drawn from the final version of the test

Item Pool

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Variable such as the form, plan, structure, arrangement, and layout

Item Format

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Require test taker to select a response from a set of alternative responses

Selected-response format

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Require test takers to supply or to create the correct answer

Constricted-response format

requires the examinee to provide a word or phrase that completes a sentence

Completion Item

completion item; can be a word, a term, a sentence, or a paragraph

Short answer item

requires the test taker to respond to a question by writing a composition

Essay item

the higher the score on the test, the higher the test-taker is on the ability, trait, or other characteristic that the rest purports to measure

Cumulative scoring

category scoring; responses earn credit toward placement in a particular class or category with other test-takers whose pattern of responses is presumably similar in some way

Class scoring

comparing a test-taker’s score on one scale within a test to another scale within that same test

Ipsative scoring

administered to a representative sample of test-takers under conditions that simulate the conditions that the final version of the test

Test Tryout

reliable and valid; helps to discriminate test takers

good test item

test data will undergo different types of statistical scrutiny

ITEM ANALYSIS

measure of proportion of examinees who answered the item correctly

ITEM-DIFFICULTY INDEX

obtained by calculating the proportion of the total number of test takers who answered the item correctly

p-value

.4-.6

good range

applicable for personality tests but instead of correct answer, it only measures the percent of people who said yes/agreed to the item

Item-Endorsement Index

statistic designed to provide an indication of the degree to which a test is measuring what it purports to measure

ITEM-VALIDITY INDEX

provides an indication of the internal consistency of a test; the higher this index, the greater the test's internal consistency

ITEM-RELIABILITY INDEX

indicates how adequately an item separates or discriminates between high scorers and low scorers on an entire test

ITEM DISCRIMINATION INDEX

discrimination index of 0.3 or greater

highly discriminating

can play a role in decisions about which items are working well and which items are not

ITEM CHARACTERISTIC CURVES

Basically hard to detect and no such method has achieved universal acceptance

Guessing

A biased item is an item that favors one particular group of examinees in relation to another when differences in group ability are controlled

Item Fairness

The closer an item is to the end of the test, the more difficult it may appear to be

Speed Test

designed to explore how individual test items work

Nonstatistical procedures

designed to shed light on the test-taker’s thought processes during the administration of a test

Thinking Aloud Test Administration

revision typically involves rewording items, deleting items, or creating new items

Expert Panels

study of test items, typically conducted during the test development process in which items are examined for fairness to all prospective test-takers and for the presence of offensive language, stereotypes, or situations

sensitivity review

revalidation of a test on a sample of test takers other than those on whom test performance was originally found to be a valid predictor of some criterion

Cross-validation

a test validation process conducted on two or more tests using the same sample of test takers

Co-validation

multifaceted capacity that manifests itself in different ways across the lifespan

Intelligence

believed that the most intelligent people are those equipped with the best sensory abilities

Francis Galton

write about the components of intelligence (reasoning, judgment, memory, and abstraction)

Alfred Binet

stated that intelligence is the aggregate or global capacity of the individual to act purposefully, to think rationally and to deal effectively with his environment.

David Wechsler

research focused on the development of cognition in children; Intelligence may be conceived of as a kind of evolving biological adaptation to the outside world.

Jean Piaget

an organized action or mental structure that, when applied to the world, leads to knowing or understanding

Schema

actively organizing new information so that it fits in with what already is perceived and thought

Assimilation

changing what is already perceived or thought so that it fits with new information

Accommodation

Child develops ability to exhibit goal-directed, intentional behavior; develops the capacity to coordinate and integrate input from the five senses;

Sensorimotor Period

Child’s understanding of concepts is based largely on what is seen; the child’s comprehension of a situation, an event, or an object is typically based on a single, usually the most obvious, perceptual aspect of the stimulus

Preoperational Period

Reversibility of thought now appears

Concrete Operations Period

Increased ability to abstract and to deal with ideas independent of his or her own experience

Formal Operations Period

proposes that intelligence is composed of two factors: general intelligence “g” and specific intelligence “s”

Charles Spearman

formulated a framework wherein the 150 different mental intellectual abilities were organized within three dimensions – Operations, Content, and Products

Joy Paul Guilford’s Structure of Intellect Theory (SI)

stated that every individual possesses different levels of seven primary mental abilities: word fluency, verbal factor, numerical factor, inductive reasoning, memory, spatial visualization, and perceptual speed

Louis Leon Thurstone’s Multiple Factor Theory of Intelligence

introduced the idea of having multiple intelligence which consists of: logical-mathematical, bodily-kinesthetic, linguistic, musical, spatial, interpersonal, intrapersonal

Gardner’s Theory on Multiple Intelligence

differentiates between fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence

Cattell and Horn’s Theory on Intelligence

ability to think on the spot and solve new problems; ability to understand relationships between various concepts and solve novel problem

fluid intelligence

knowledge and skills that accumulate and develop through learning and experience; application of learned information, comprehension, and wisdom acquired over time

crystallized intelligence

the chronological age equivalent of one’s performance on a test or a subtest

Mental Age

assess and measure intelligence in children; among the earliest intelligence tests developed by psychologist Alfred Binet and his colleague Theodore Simon

Binet Scales

designed to measure a person's cognitive abilities across various domains

Wechsler Tests

Primarily designed for individuals aged 16 and older, the WAIS assesses intellectual functioning in adults

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)

geared toward assessing the intellectual abilities of children aged 6 to 16 years

Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC)

Developed for children between the ages of 2 years 6 months and 7 years 7 months; measures intellectual functioning in young children

Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI)

non-verbal intelligence test; designed to assess an individual's ability to perceive and think clearly, abstractly, and solve problems without relying on language or cultural knowledge; developed by John C. Raven

Raven’s Progressive Matrices

widely used assessment tool designed to assist in self exploration, vocational exploration, and career development

Occupational Aptitude Survey and Interest Schedule