Assessment 2 Flashcards
(185 cards)
1
Q
A 4 year old domestic shorthaired cat has pruritus and numerous crusts on dorsal lumbosacral area and around the neck. Impression smears show eosinophils, neutrophils, and an occasional basophil. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
demodectic mange dermatophytosis flea allergy pemphigus foliaceus pyoderma
A
flea allergy
2
Q
On physical examination, several sheep have profuse nasal discharge and edema of the muzzle extending onto the face. Temperatures range from 105F to 106F. One of the sheep is lame. It is summer in the Western US, and these sheep are housed in a common area with cattle, goats, llamas. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
blue tongue contagious ecthyma foot and mouth disease photosensitization vesicular stomatitis
A
bluetongue
3
Q
A veterinarian has been asked to float the teeth of a 15 year old Arabian gelding. Examination of the teeth is most likely to show which of the following?
the teeth are longest on the buccal surface of both upper and lower arcades
the teeth are longest on the buccal surface of the upper arcade and lingual surface of the lower arcade
the teeth are longest on the lingual surface of the upper arcade and the buccal surface of the lower arcade
A
the teeth are longest on the buccal surface of the upper arcade and lingual surface of the lower arcade
4
Q
Which of the following is the most effective management of an anorectic, obese cat that develops servere idiopathic hepatic lipidosis?
intermittent feeding via an orogastric tube
enteral feeding via gastrostomy tube
force-feeding the cat at home
intermittent administration of diazepam to stimulate appetite
A
enteral feeding via gastrostomy tube
5
Q
In the cat, measurement of serum fructosamine concentration is most likely to be helpful in the evaluation of which of the following?
glycemic control hepatic lipidosis hyperadrenocorticism ketoacidosis potential for formation of cataracts
A
glycemic control
6
Q
A 4 yr old Standardbred Stallion is being evaluated bc he has been racing poorly for the past two months. One auscultation of the thorax, there is an irregular rate and intensity of heart sounds. An electrocardiogram shows an absence of P waves. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
Ventricular fibrillation Atrial fibrillation Premature ventricular contractions Wandering atrial pacemaker Paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia
A
Atrial fibrillation
7
Q
Lameness of the right front leg in the horse is most likely to result in which of the following?
An appreciable increase in sound when the right front leg strikes the ground
A drop of the head when the left front leg bears weight
A drop of the right hip when the front leg bears weight
Elevation of the head when the left front leg bears weight
No change in the position of the head during weight bearing
A
A drop of the head when the left front leg bears weight
DOWN ON SOUND
8
Q
A 2 month old hand fed blue and gold macaw from a group of three is being evaluated bc of a large brown scab over its crop. What should the breeder do to prevent this problem from happening in the future?
avoid using wood shavings as bedding
clip the birds toenails short to prevent self trauma
ensure that microwave-heated formula is not too hot
house chicks by themselves to prevent sibling trauma
provide for adequate rodent control in the nursery
A
ensure that microwave-heated formula is not too hot
9
Q
A 9 year old spayed female cat is being evaluated bc of anorexia and weight loss. On physical exam the spleen is enlarged. The cells shown are seen on a peripheral blood smear. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
Hematoma Lymphoma Hemangiosarcoma Mast cell tumor Splenic torsion
A
Hemangiosarcoma
acanthocytes (spiked ones are seen)
10
Q
A 4 yr old Holstein cow that is 210 days in milk has had worsening body condition and decreased appetite over the past 30 days. Physical examination shoes exophthalmos and strabismus of the right eye, enlargement of the peripheral lymph nodes, and dependent pitting edema of the brisket area. Which of the following tests is most appropriate to establish the diagnosis?
Complete blood count
Cytologic exam of aspirate form lymph nodes for lymphoblasts
Measurement of plasma fibrinogen concentration
Measurement of serum Ca concentration
A
Cytologic exam of aspirate form lymph nodes for lymphoblasts
11
Q
A 13 yr old male mixed breed Terrier dog is being evaluated bc of a worsening mucopurulent nasal discharge over the past 6 months. The discharge is now bilateral, and there is occasional evidence of blood. The dog has had only minimal response to several courses of antibiotics. The owners recently noted a swelling over the dorsal aspects of the dogs nose. The dog has stertorous breathing. Physical examination shows a soft tissue swelling over the nasal bones. Which is the most likely cause of the nasal discharge?
Aspergillosis Carnassial tooth root abscess Lymphoplasmacytic rhinitis Nasal adenocarcinoma Nasal polyp
A
Nasal adenocarcinoma
12
Q
A 9 yr old castrated male Himalayan cat has a one week hx of mild dyspnea and inappetence. No abnormalities are seen on laboratory tests. Thoracic rads show a 3 cm solitary mass in the caudal lund lobe. Percutaneous aspiration and cytologic examination of the mass show a large number of degenerative neutrophils and a few atypical epithelial cells with prominent nucleoli and an increased nuclear to cytoplasm ratio. Which is the most likely dx?
Metastatic neoplasia Pulmonary abscess Pulmonary adenocarcinoma Pulmonary granuloma Pulmonary hematoma
A
Pulmonary adenocarcinoma
13
Q
A new immunodiagnostic test for FIP in a sample of feral cats in NYC yielded the following data:
FIP + FIP- Total
test positive 86 533 619
test negative 42 2339 2381
total 128 2872 3000
What is the specificity for this test? 42/128 86/128 533/3000 2339/2381 2339/2872
A
2339/2872
14
Q
Which of the following are the major advantages of artificial insemination in cattle?
Decreased difficulties with detection of estrus and increased percentage of pregnancies
Decreased risk of genetic lethal traits and increased percentage of “normal” calves
Increased efficiency of fertilization and decreased dependence on libido and mating ability of bulls
Increased fertility and longevity of semen from selected bulls
Increased use of genetically superior sires and reduced risk of venereal disease
A
Increased use of genetically superior sires and reduced risk of venereal disease
15
Q
Which of the following procedures is most likely to prevent or reduce the recurrence of intestinal intussusception in the dog? colostomy enteroplication enterotomy serosal patching typhlectomy
A
enteroplication
16
Q
In the dog, which of the following pruritic skin dz is most likley to cause lesions on the ventral part of the chest and abdomen, on the elbows and on the ear margins?
Atopy Canine scabies Cheyletiella infestation Dermatophytosis Food allergy
A
Canine scabies
17
Q
A water deprivation test should be performed on which cat?
dehydrated, urine specific gravity greater than 1.015
dehydrated, urine specific gravity less than 1.007
normally hydrated, urine specific gravity less than 1.007
normally hydrated, urine specific gravity of 1.030
A
normally hydrated, urine specific gravity less than 1.007
18
Q
Infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis most commonly occurs in dogs through contact with which of the following?
cattle chickens humans soil swine
A
humans
19
Q
A horse shown with head extended down. You are evaluating it at a riding stable. Before performing any diagnostic tests, which of the following is the most appropriate first step in management?
assess deworming records
check ventilation of barns
examine hay quality
visually examine the horse in the stable
A
visually examine the horse in the stable
20
Q
A 2 yr old domestic cat has had chronic vomiting for the past 6 months. No abnormalities are seen on gastroscopy. Histologic exam of gastric biopsy shows hypertrophic gastritis. Micro exam of vomitus shows parasites that are 1mm in length. Which of the following is the most causative organism?
Diplydium caninum Giardia Isospora felis Ollulanus tricuspis Toxocara cati
A
Ollulanus tricuspis
21
Q
A 10 month old intact male german shepherd puppy has had bilateral lameness on the forelimbs for the past 2 weeks. Radiographs show cloudiness in the bone marrow cavities. Which is the most appropriate treatment?
antibiotic therapy Ca supplementation glycosaminoglycan supplementation NSAID therapy Vit supplementation
A
NSAID therapy
22
Q
A flock of 8 week old broiler chickens has a high condemnation rate at the processing plant bc of lymphoid tumors in multiple organs. Which of the following is the most appropriate first question to ask the owner to determine the cause of the problem?
Did the feed contain mycotoxins? Was the litter treated with chemicals? Were any medications administered during grow out? What is the genetic line of origin? What is the vaccination history?
A
what is the vaccination history?
23
Q
A 2 yo castrated male Maltese dog has been urinating in the house. The episodes occur in various locations and only when the owner leaves the house, even for one to two hours. There are no problems when the owner is present. Physical exam and urinalysis are normal. The dog is most likely displaying which of the following behaviors?
Anxiety Attention seeking Excitement Marking/territory Submission
A
Anxiety
24
Q
A 12 yr old NM shorthair cat is being evaluated bc of the rapid onset of weakness and lethargy. The client reports that for the last several months, the cat has been stiff when rising and has had trouble jumping up on the furniture. Yesterday, the client gave the cat a 160mg acetaminophen tab. The cat vomited 3x overnight and refused breakfast this morning. His heart rate is 220bpm and respiratory rate is 72bpm. On exam he is depressed, dyspneic, 5% dehydrated. Mucous membranes are muddy colored. Which of the following is the most likely cause of the muddy appearance of the mucous membranes?
Anemia Circulatory shock Hyperbilirubinemia Hypoxia Methemoglobinemia
A
Methemoglobinemia
25
In the horse, impaction of the large colon may occur at which of the following sites where the lumen of the colon becomes narrower than in the preceding part, creating a funnel-shaped segment?
```
left dorsal colon and right ventral colon
right dorsal colon and sternal flexure
right ventral colon and pelvic flexure
transverse colon and pelvic flexure
transverse colon and sternal flexure
```
transverse colon and pelvic flexure
26
A 10 month old mini poodle is being evaluated bc of lameness of the left rear leg. The ventrodorsal radiographic projection shows flattening and irregularity of the articular surface of the left femoral head and several small lucent areas within the left femoral head and neck. This dogs clinical hx and radiographic changes are most characteristic for?
```
hip dysplasia
osteochondritis dessecans
septic arthritis
aseptic femoral head necrosis
osteochondroma
```
aseptic femoral head necrosis
27
Which of the following is a major clinical benefit of endometrial biopsy in mares?
```
determination of the stage of the estrous cycle
dx of the cause of abortion
dx of the cause of endometriosis
dx of the cause of endometritis
establishment of a breeding prognosis
```
establishment of a breeding prognosis
28
Physical exam of a 6 month old calf shows head pressing, blindness, periodic convulsions, opisthotonus, and teeth grinding. These clinical signs are most consistent with which of the following conditions?
```
cerebellar dz
cortical dz
cranial nerve dz
peripheral neuropathy
spinal cord dz
```
cortical dz
29
A grade dairy cow has had brisket edema, distended milk veins, and weight loss for the past five days. Temp is 104F. Physical exam shows a systolic jugular pulse and a murmur at the right atrioventricular valve. Which of the following best explains these findings?
```
paratuberculosis
liver fluke migration
lymphoma
pyelonephritis
vegetative endocarditis
```
vegetative endocarditis
30
Which of the following clinicopathologic findings is most characteristic of immune-mediated hemolytic anemia in the dog?
```
direct RBC agglutination
hypochromic RBCs
many nRBCs
RBC fragmentation
reticulocytosis
```
reticulocytosis
31
A 6 year old guernsey cow has an 8 week hx of intermittent diarrhea, declining milk production and weight loss. Which of the following is the most likely dx?
```
bovine virus diarrhea
coccidiosis
parasitism
paratuberculosis
salmonellosis
```
paratuberculosis
32
A 1 yr old NM cat is being examined bc of vomiting and inappetence. The cat was seen playing with dental floss eight hours ago. Delay of tx is most likely to result in which of the following complications?
```
aspiration pneumonia
ileus
mesentaric torsion
peritonitis
rectal prolapse
```
peritonitis
33
A 2yr old thoroughbred filly falls when asked to trot a complete circle in a round pen. This filly appeared healthy when she was purchased from a sale barn 2 weeks ago. She has been kept in a stall since then. Neurologic examination shows normal mentation and cranial nerve function, symmetric musculature over the entire body, positive tail-pull test, circumduction of both hind limbs, symmetric hypmetria in both limbs, decreased proprioception in the forelimbs and hind limbs, inability to negotiate curbs and declines, and stumbling when walked with her head and neck elevated. Which of the following is the most likely dx?
```
cervical vertebral malformation
equine herpes myeloencephalopathy
occipitoatlantoaxial malformation
sarcocystis neurona infection
verminous myelitis
```
cervical vertebral malformation
34
A group of 5 approx 600pund 8 month old 4-H project beef calves have had diarrhea for the past week. The owner has had the calves for 2 months. The diarrhea is characterized as loose, foamy and foul-smelling. Each calf's daily diet consists of 2 pound grass/legume hay and 18 pound show feed consisting of ground corn, ground barley, and soybean meal. The calves are housed in a small lot with a shade tree and a shed. Which is the most likely dx?
```
bovine virus diarrhea
plant toxicity
rumen acidosis
salmonellosis
winter dysentery
```
rumen acidosis
35
On physical exam, a dog is ataxic and semicomatose. Heart rate and respiratory rate are decreased. Medial strabismus is noted in the left eye. Extensor tonus of the musculature of the left forelimb is also noted. The causative lesion is most likely to affect which of the following areas?
```
abducens (VI) nerve
brainstem
cervical spine
right cerebral hemisphere
spinomedullary junction
```
brainstem
36
A 7 month old NM lab is under going surgery to remove a foreign body from the small intestine. Which of the following is the most appropriate enterotomy technique?
transverse incision just distal to the FB
longitudinal incision just distal to the FB
longitudinal incision just distal to the FB
37
```
A 7 year old cow has had the lesion shown for the past 6 months. On exam, the lesion is firm and is attached to the mandible. Which of the following is the most likely dx?
actinobacillosis
actinomycosis
mandibular fracture
neuroma
salivary cyst
```
actinomycosis
38
A 2 yr old green iguana has the sudden onset of paresis of the rear legs. The iguanas diet consists of romaine lettuce, yellow squash, and strawberries. On exam, the iguana is overweight, and the rear legs are swollen and firm on palpation. The iguana can readily move the front legs but is reluctant to move the rear legs. A toe pinch of the rear legs produces a withdrawal reflex. A radiograph is shown. The most appropriate next dx step is measurement of which of the following serum concentrations?
```
calcitonin
ionized Ca
phosphorus
selenium
uric acid
```
ionized Ca
39
A 16 week old male domestic shorthaired kitten is presented for tx of Bartonella hanselae infection. The client, who took the kitten from a bard 2 months ago has been dx with cat scratch dz. Which statement is TRUE?
Antibiotic and anti-flea tx will reduce the risk of further bartonella transmission from the kitten
Flea control should eliminate the problem bc flea bites transmit Bartonella to humans
The kitten can only transmit Bartonella for 2 weeks and is no longer infected
Antibiotic and anti-flea tx will reduce the risk of further bartonella transmission from the kitten
40
Ten days ago, a parity 3 sow in estrus was artificially inseminated twice, 24hrs apart, and continued to be receptive for another 72 hours after the second mating. The sow now is showing signs of estrus again and will stand to be artificially inseminated. Which of the following is the most is most likely cause of the sow's signs?
inadequate secretion of prostaglandin F2alpha
oversecretion of follicle stimulating hormone
oversecretion of follicle stimulating hormone
41
In cattle, interstitial nephritis is most commonly attributed to which of the following?
Excessive ingestion of sulfonamides
Infection with Babesia spp and Theileria spp
Infection with lepto spp
Ingestion of oxalate-concentrating plants
Ingestion of salts of mercury or arsenic
Infection with lepto spp
42
```
Which of the following is the most common acquired cardiac defect in the dog?
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Mitral insufficiency
Mitral stenosis
Tricuspid insufficiency
Vegetative valvular endocarditis
```
Mitral insufficiency
43
The 15 yr old NM indoor/outdoor DSH cat shown has the sudden onset of right forelimb lameness. The owner says the cat appears to be "crying". The cat is reluctant to walk and exhibits proprioceptive deficits of the right front leg. The other legs are normal. The most likely explanation for these findings is a lesion in which of the following regions?
left cervical spine
left optic tract
right optic tract
right axilla
right axilla
44
A 2 yr old male shorthair cat sustains multiple bite wounds during a fight with another cat. Which of the following organisms is most likely to infect this wound?
```
actinomyces
bacteroides
klebsiella
pasteurella
proteus
```
pasteurella
45
A 3 yr old female goat has a baseball-sized swelling at the caudal aspect of the right ramus of the mandible and a 4 yr old female goat has a similar sized swelling immediately cranial to the left scapula. Aspiration of both swellings yields a creamy white, odorless, pasty material. Culture of this material yields more than 1000 colony forming units of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis per microliter. Which of the following is the most appropriate long term management?
Immunization of the herd
Removal of affected animal from the herd and maintenance of a closed herd or purchase pf animals only from herds known to not have this problem
Removal of all animals from the premises for a minimum of one year
Treatment of all animals for a minimum of one month with an antibiotic that has a gram - bacterial spectrum
Long term management is not necessary
Removal of affected animal from the herd and maintenance of a closed herd or purchase pf animals only from herds known to not have this problem
46
Purpura hemorrhagica in horses is most often secondary to infection with which of the following?
```
Ehrlichia risticii
Escherichia coli
Salmonella typhimurium
Staph aureus
Strep equi subsp equi
```
Strep equi subsp equi
47
A 9 month old male german shepard is being evaluated bc of acute, severe lameness of the right forelimb. The pain appears to be present at the level of the elbow. The owner says that the puppy had lameness of the left forelimb 2 weeks ago that improved without treatment. Temp 104.8. Which of the following is the most likely dx?
```
fragment of medial coronoid process
luxation of elbow
osteomyelitis
panosteitis
ununited anconeal process
```
panosteitis
48
```
An 8yr old intact male german shepherd is being evaluated for recurrent episode of hematuria and dysuria. The dog was treated for a similar problem three months ago by another veterinarian, but the owner is unfamilliar with the particulars of treatment. The dog is bright and alert. Temp, pulse rate and respiratory rate are normal. Rectal exam shows an enlarged prostate gland. Abdominal rads show an enlarged prostate gland over the brim of the pelvis. Urine culture is positive for E. coli. While awaiting bacterial sensitivity testing, what is the most appropriate tx?
amoxicillin
cephalexin
enrofloxacin
erythromycin
tetracycline
```
enrofloxacin
49
```
A 5 yr old spayed old english sheepdog has a 5 day hx of progressive weakness and lethargy. Temp is 103.7F, pulse is 160bpm, respiratory rate is 24bpm. Exam shows pale mucous membranes and mild generalized splenomegaly. Packed cell volume is 17%, plasma protein concetration is 7.6g/dl and reticulocyte count is 8% (H), plasma is icteric. Which is the most likely dx?
anemia caused by blood loss
immune mediated hemolytic anemia
babesiosis
ehrlichia canis infection
myelophthisis
```
immune mediated hemolytic anemia
50
A 4yr old standardbred gelding is being examined bc of fever, depression and anorexia. A wound is noted over the fetlock. Tx consists of stall rest, a course of trimethoprim silfamethoxazole and phenylbutazone, and local wound care. Two days later, the gelding is passing manure but remains inappenent. It is unsteady on its feet and has begun to bite at its legs, vocalize, show signs of aggreesion toward owner. The owner should be advised to?
stop handling the horse immediately
51
Which of the following is the most effective procedure for preventing iron deficiency anemia in piglets?
oral supplementation of newborns with ferrous sulfate
injection of gestating sows with iron dextran
injection of newborn pigs with iron dextran
injection of newborn pigs with iron dextran
52
```
Which of the following is the best disinfectant to use following an outbreak of canine parvovirus infection in a kennel?
potassium hydroxide
quaternary ammonium
sodium hydroxide
sodium hypochlorite
tamed iodine
```
sodium hypochlorite- AKA BLEACH
53
```
Rupture of the urinary bladder occurs most commonly in which of the following horses?
yearling colt
recently castrated horse
parturient mare
newborn foal
aged horse
```
newborn foal
54
```
A 3 year old indoor cat is being evaluated bc of polyphagia and weight gain. The cat is one of five neutered male cats in the household. There are no abnormalities on exam. The cats history is most consistent with?
acromegaly
competitive eating
diabetes mellitus
hypoglycemia
hypothyroidism
```
competitive eating
55
A new test for feline leukemia claims to have a sensitivity of 92% with no change in specificity.
present absent
Pos 16 171 187
Neg 58 508 566
74 679 753
According to the table, how many cats with feline leukemia will this new test correctly identify?
16x0.92
58x0,92
74x0.92
508x0.92
753x0.92
74x0.92
56
```
An 11 day old 111 pound calf that has diarrhea is about 8% dehydrated. There are no CS of septicemia. How many liters of fluid are required to replace the fluid deficit?
2L
4L
6L
9L
12L
```
4L
57
```
A 4 yr old spayed DSH has a 2 month hx of vomiting bile-stained fluid 2-3 times weekly. The cat is intermittently inappetent and has lost weight. Results of a complete blood count, serum biochem, urinalysis, fecal, and abdominal rads are unremarkable. Endoscopic biopsies of the small intestine reveal moderate to severe lymphocytic and plasmacytic inflammation. Which of the following is the most likely dx?
feline infectious peritonitis
inflammatory bowel disease
lymphoma
pancreatitis
plasma cell myeloma
```
inflammatory bowel disease
58
```
Which of the following agents most effectively induces abortion in the sow between days 18 and 45 of gestation?
dexmethasone
estrogen
oxytocin
progesterone
prostaglandin F 2alpha
```
prostaglandin F 2alpha
59
```
The owner of a horse with epistaxis, found the horse four hours ago with bloody nose. The horse is kept at pasture and appeared normal when it was last seen. Which of the following is the most appropriate first step in establishing a dx?
rads of paranasal sinuses
endoscopy of respiratory tract
thoracic rads
tracheal aspiration
```
endoscopy of respiratory tract
60
What is the holding layer when suturing the small intestine in a dog?
submucosa
61
```
A 10 yr old male budgerigar has had lameness of the left leg for the past 3 months. The bird is fed red and white millet seed, spray millet and green veggies. The droppings are wet. Which of the following studies is most appropriate to establish a dx?
abdominocentesis
complete blood count
radiographs
serum biochem
ultrasound
```
serum biochem
62
Which of the following is the most likely reason why control measures for the horn fly and lice are best applied directly to the affected cattle?
the insecticides reach the insects via the hosts bloodstream
the insects seldom leave the host
less toxicity is produced when insects are controlled in this way
the insects seldom leave the host
63
```
Feline infectious peritonitis affecting the central nervous system produces which of the following?
degenerative myelopathy
feline ischemic encephalopathy
nonsuppurative myelomalacia
polyradiculitis and neuritis
pyogranulomatous meningoencephalitis
```
pyogranulomatous meningoencephalitis
64
In systemic canine herpesvirus infection, the pathologic changes are characterized by which of the following?
diffuse hemorrhagic enteritis with diarrhea and lymphopenia in neonatal puppies
diffuse vasculitis with severe edema in weaned puppies
massive necrosis of the liver and the brain only in neonatal puppies
multifocal hemorrhage and necrosis in multiple organs in neonatal puppies
transient congestion of the lungs, kidney, and meninges in weaned puppies
multifocal hemorrhage and necrosis in multiple organs in neonatal puppies
65
```
A 9 yr old white spayed female DSH cat is being evaluated bc she has had a sore on her right ear for one month. She is an indoor/outdoor cat who spends most of her time sunning on the back deck. Vaccinations are up to date, and the cat recieves topical flea prevention. Exam shows a bleeding, ulcerated lesion on the tip of the right ear. No other physical abnormalities are noted. Which is the likely dx?
cutaneous lymphoma
fibrosarcoma
mast cell tumor
melanoma
squamous cell carcinoma
```
squamous cell carcinoma
66
```
Which of the following is the most likely cause of multifocal necrosis and intranuclear inclusions in the liver, lung and spleen of an aborted cow fetus?
bovine virus diarrhea
epizootic bovine abortion
histophilus somni infection
infectious bovine rhinotracheitis
listeria monocytogenes
```
infectious bovine rhinotracheitis
67
```
A 6 yr old NM lhasa apso is being evaluated bc it is unable to rise. On exam, BAR, but unable to move the hindlimbs. The hindlimbs are extended. Postural reactions (hopping) and reactions to deep pain are absent. Patellar reflexes are exaggerated bilaterally. Reflexes are normal in the forelimbs. THe lesions can be localized to?
intracranial
C1-C6
C7-T2
T3-L3
L4-S1
```
T3-L3
68
On pregnancy exam of a herd of 500 beef cows, 75% of mature cows and 50% of heifers are found to be pregnant. Many of the pregnant animals conceived late in the breeding season. Pyometra is detected in the uterus of a small number of nonpregnant cows. An aborted fetus is shown... which of the following is the appropriate dx step?
analysis of fetal heart, blood, and uterine fluids for toxins
determination of agent specific titers in the cow
exam of fetal tissues and uterine discharge for causative pathogens
ID of toxic teratogenic plants in the grazed pasture
measurement of maternal serum estrogen conc
exam of fetal tissues and uterine discharge for causative pathogens
69
```
A 3 yr old mini schnauzer is being evaluated after 6 hours of severe bloody diarrhea, tachycardia, dehydration and vomiting. Findings on exam include dark red mucous membranes and prolonged capillary refill time. Packed cell volume is 70%. No abnormalities are present on serum biochem. Hemorrhagic gastroenteritis is suspected. If this dx is correct, what is the prognosis for complete recovery given appropriate tx?
good
fair
poor
grave
```
good
70
A 12 yr old male german shepherd with chronic hepatitis begins to circle, acts mentally dull, and is inteermittently blind and depressed. Which of the following therapies is contraindicated with the treatment of this dog?
commercial renal failure diet (low protein)
5% dextrose IV
oral lactulose
oral methionine
oral neomycin
oral methionine
71
A cat has a serum glucose of 286 (65-120) but no glucose is detected on a urine dipstick. Which best explains these findings?
diabetes insipidus
diabetes mellitus
recent ingestion of semimoist cat food
renal proximal tubular disorder with retention of glucose
stress hyperglycemia
stress hyperglycemia
72
Several mares on a breeding farm are experiencing prolonged gestations, dystocia, and retained placentas. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?
evaluate the farms hay and pasture
perform coggins test on the affected mares
perform complete blood count on affected mares
perform uterine biopsy on the affected mares
submit blood from the affected mares for equine viral arteritis isolation
evaluate the farms hay and pasture
73
```
A NM DLH cat has recently started urinating outside his litterbox. Exam, bloodwork and urinalysis show no abnormalities. Which of the following additional date would be most useful in confirming dx?
amount of exercise
brand of food and frequency
source cat was obtained
time of the day cat is most active
type of box and litter used
```
type of box and litter used
74
```
An aged cat has stopped using the litter box and no longer seems to recognize its owner. The signs are slowly progressive and the cat is finally euthanized. Postmortem exam shows solitary mass in the cerebral dura mater compressed the underlying cerebral cortex. What is the most likely dx?
astrocytoma
ependymoma
meningioma
neurofibroma
olifodendroglioma
```
meningioma
75
Three 4 yr old ewes from a flock of 20 have recently delivered lambs appear to have insufficient milk production. These ewes have lower body condition scores that their flockmates. They are BAR, vital signs normal. The mammary glands are bilaterally and uniformly firmer than normal but are not hot or painful. The color and consistency of the milk are normal. What is the most appropriate recommendation?
affected ewes culled, offspring retained for future breeding
affected ewes retained for future breeding, offspring culled
affected ewes and their offspring culled
affected ewes and their offspring retained for future breeding
affected ewes and their offspring culled
76
A 4 year old second lactation Holsein cow that is 100 days in milk is being evaluated bc it has been in anestrus since calving. Exam confirms cystic ovarian dz. Administration of gonadotropin-releasing hormone is most likely to induce estrus in this cow through which of the following mechanisms of action?
inhibition of ovarian production of progesterone resulting in regression of cystic structure
inhibition of pituitary production of luteinizing hormone resulting in regression of cystic structure
stimulation of ovarian production of luteinizing hormone with LH inducing the luteinization of follicular cells
stimulation of pituitary production of luteinizing hormone with LH inducing the luteinization of follicular cells
stimulation of pituitary production of luteinizing hormone with LH inducing the luteinization of follicular cells
77
The aged castrated male paint horse in photo shown (white fur area red/irritated) on a pasture that is growing Hypericum perforatum (St. John's wort). What is the most likely dx?
primary photosensitization
78
```
An 8 year old NM DSH cat dragging right rear leg and appears to be in pain. Temperature is 100F and heart rate is 240bpm with a gallop rhythm. The femoral pulse is absent in the affected leg. Exam shows pale mucous membranes. Which is the likely dx?
carbamate toxicity
compression of spinal cord
coxofemoral dislocation
fractured femur
thromboembolism
```
thromboembolism
79
```
A 6 month old calf suddenly dies of cardiac arrest. A photo of a cut section of caudal thigh muscle is shown (pale muscle). What is the most likely cause of these lesions?
clostridium chauvoei
clostridium perfringens
vit B1 (thiamine) deficiency
vitE/selenium deficiency
```
vitE/selenium deficiency
80
```
Which of the following is the most appropriate class of antibiotics for the treatment of bite wound abscesses in cats?
aminoglycosides
beta-lactam drugs
chloramphenicols
fluoroquinolones
tetracylines
```
beta-lactam drugs
| all beta-lactams bind to and inactivate enzymes required for bacterial cell wall synthesis.
81
A 6 week old kitten tests positive for feline immunodeficiency virus antibody by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). What is the next step?
begin oral interferon therapy
collect plasma for virus islolation
retest with ELISA when older than 6 months
euthanize kitten
confirm presence of antibody with western blot
retest with ELISA when older than 6 months
82
```
The asceding colon of a 12 yr old CM Arabian horse shows a black ball. The horse was euthanized bc of an 18 month hx of chronic intermittent colic. What explains this?
mural polyp
enterolith
hamngiosarcoma
pedunculated lipoma
```
enterolith
83
Treatment and management of an outbreak of atypical interstitial pneumonia in adult cattle should include which of the following?
antimicrobial therapy and fluids
antimicrobial therapy and epinephrine
forced exercise and antihistamine therapy
restriction of pasture grazing and corticosteroid therapy
restriction of pasture grazing and corticosteroid therapy
84
```
An amazon parrot is being evaluated bc of depression, lethargy, mucopurulent naso-ocular discharge and diarrhea. Abdominal rads show hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, and diffuse soft tissue density to the abdominal air sacs. Impression smears from the nasal discharge show heterophils, lymphocytes, and macrophages containing intracytoplasmic reticulate bodies. What is the appropriate treatment?
Amphotericin B IV
Acyclovir IV
Penicillin IM
Tetracycline orally
```
Tetracycline orally for 45 days
85
```
A 9 yr old spayed lab has had weakness, anorexia, abdominal distension for the past 5 days. Exam of the dog shows weak pulses and fluid filled abdomen. An ECG shows electrical alternans. What is the most likely dx?
Dilated cardiomyopathy
Endocarditis
Heartworm dz
Pericardial effusion
Tricuspid dysplasia
```
Pericardial effusion
86
Which of the following is the most characteristic of oslerus osleri infection in the dog?
absence of significant clinical manifestations throughout the course of the infection
GI dz associated with larval migration
a life cycle that includes the frog as an intermediate host
presence of adult worms in fibrous nodules in the trachea and mainstem bronchi
presence of adult worms in the pulmonary parenchyma and alveolar spaces
presence of adult worms in fibrous nodules in the trachea and mainstem bronchi
87
An 8 yr old female Abyssinian cat has severe peridontal dz. THe palatopharyngeal arches are dark red and ulceraed. On biopsy, this is reported to be plasma cell gingivitis-stomatitis. What is most likely to be concurrently observed?
alveolar bone proliferation
firm raised lesions on the tongue
increased serum gamma globulin concentration
oral squamous cell carcinoma
herpesvirus isloation from affected oral tissues
increased serum gamma globulin concentration
88
What is the most appropriate tx for evacuation of pus in the tx of pyometra in the bovine?
prostaglandin F2alpha IM
prostaglandin F2alpha intrauterine
oxytocin IV
prostaglandin F2alpha intrauterine
89
A 10 month old intact husky is examined bc of chronic non-pruritic facial dermatopathy, characterized by erythematous crusted plaques around the eyes, ears, and mouth. Deficiency of which nutrient is most likely the cause?
ZINC
90
A 2 year old iguana is brought to the clinic bc the tip of the tongue is a different color than the rest of the tongue. What is the explanation?
normal finding
91
In north america, which of the following organisms is most commonly associated with visceral larva migrans in humans?
toxocara canis
92
What are the progressive clinical signs of retinal atrophy in the dog?
night blindness, retinal vascular attenuation, tapetal hyperreflectivity, optic disk pallor
93
Which of the following is most likely indicated by isoloation of strep agalactiae or mycoplasma bovis from a herd bulk tank sample?
cows infected with these are present in the herd
bulk tank is not refrigerated properly
milking equipment is not thoroughly cleaned b/t milkings
sample of milk from bulk tanks was improperly collected
there is contamination of bulk tank with environement
milking equipment is not thoroughly cleaned b/t milkings
94
```
What is the most likely source of human exposure to Hantavirus?
bite from deer tick
direct contact with pet cat
dust contaminated with rodent feces
saliva from primate
litter from parrot cage
```
saliva from primate
95
Progression of dachshund with progressive compression of the spinal cord caused by IVDD?
proprioception, ability to bear weight, voluntary motor function, superficial pain sensation, deep pain sensation
96
```
Which of the following is most likely to be dx by intradermal skin testing in the dog?
allergic contact dermatitis
allergic inhalant dermatitis
allergic rxn to Cheyetella
drug induced allergic dermatitis
food allergy dermatitis
```
allergic contact dermatitis
97
```
Which of the following organisms shed in cat feces directly infects humans without requiring an intermediate host?
dipylidium caninum
paragonimus kellicotti
toxascaris leonina
taenia pisiformis
spirometra mansonoides
```
toxascaris leonina
98
Lamps with lamness. The lambs range from age 3-4months. Exam of several affected lambs shows erythema and swelling in the interdigital area. In addition to recommending trimming the claws of all lambs where indicated, which of the following recommendations should be given to the owner?
inspect the feet of all lambs and treat all with a foot bath containing zinc sulfate
99
Feedlot steers in one pen develop upper respir dz shortly after arriving to the yard. Following exam of sick animals in the pen, Mannheimia haemolytica is cultured from the lungs of 2 steers that died. Bovine respir dz complex is dx. Although gentamicin was shown to be effective against the Mannheimia haemolytica that was isolated, which best explains why it should NOT be used to tx the remainder of the affected steers?
it remains in tissue residues for many months
100
```
A 3 month old calf has developed progressive weakness of the hindlimbs over the past week and is now unable to stand. Temp, pulse and respir rate are normal. Exam shows spastic hyperreflecia in the hindlimbs and normal reflexes in the forelimbs. Tail/anal tone appear normal to increased. Navel is swollen. Complete blood count shows neutrophilia with a left shift. These findings are most consistent with which of the following?
traumatic injury
vertebral body abscess
white muscle dz
lymphoma
congential spinal cord anomaly
```
traumatic injury
101
IN the dog, respir paralysis resulting from neuromuscular blockade produced by overdoseage with succinylcholine can be effectively treated only by which of the following?
```
Application of positive pressure ventilation
Infusion of 10% mannitol solution
SQ administration of neostigmine
IV injection doxapram
IV injection of naloxone
```
Application of positive pressure ventilation
102
```
A flock of 10,000 30 week old broiler breeders has an increase in mortality. On postmortem exam of the affected birds, a yellow, caseous material is seen in the wattles and peritoneums. Impression smears of lesions show gram-negative, nonspore-forming rods. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
Aspergillosis
Avian Influenza
Avian pox
Fowl cholera
Mycoplasmosis
```
Fowl cholera-Pastereurella multocida
103
```
A 2 yr old female cockatiel has laid 30 eggs in the past 6-8 weeks. The bird is very bonded to the client and they spend a lot of time together. The bird eats a wild birdseed mix and some fruits and veggies. On physical exam, the bird appears bright and healthy. Which of the following is the most likely to decrease the risk of egg-binding?
Providing insoluble grit
Providing mineral supplementation
Providing vitamin supplementation
Removing eggs as they are laid
Removing fruits and veggies from diet
```
Providing mineral supplementation
104
```
The owners of a young cat are considering euthanasia bc the cat is "very jumpy" and bites family members. The cat has a white coat and blue eyes. Physical exam shows no abnormalities. This cat most likely has which of the following hereditary conditions?
Blindness
Cerebellar hypoplasia
Deafness
Epilepsy
Juvenile diabetes
```
Deafness
105
```
A rabbit has a mucopurulent nasal discharge and encrusted exudate on the medial surfaces of the forelimbs. A nasal swab yields a pure culture of a gram negative rod. Which of the following is the most likely causative organism?
Francisella tularensis
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Pasteurella multocida
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
```
Pasteurella multocida- snuffles- GN rod
106
A 3 yr old NM boston terrier is being evaluated bc of the acute onset of vomiting. The vomitus is clear and foamy. On PE, the dog is 8% dehydrated. Lab values show:
Potatssium 2.9(3.5-5.5)
Chloride 91 (100-115)
Total CO2 29 (17-24)
```
Which is the most appropriate fluid for rehydrating?
5% dextrose plus potassium chloride
lactated ringers
lactated ringers plus potassium chloride
0.9% Na chloride
0.9% Na chloride plus potassium chloride
```
0.9% Na chloride plus potassium chloride
107
```
A horse has the sudden onset of pain, edema and crepituss after recieving an IM injection. Which is the most likely diagnosis?
Clostridial myositis
Drug induced hypersensitivity
Enteritis
Tetanus
```
Clostridial myositis
108
```
A 10 month old mini poodle has a hx of weakness of hindlegs as well as collapse following exercise. A continuous murmur is best heard over the cranial left precardium. Which is the most likely dx?
Aortic valve stenosis
Congenital mitral insufficiency
Interventricular septal defect
Patent ductus arteriosis
Pulmonic valve stenosis
```
Patent ductus arteriosis
109
```
A 2 yr old male DSH is being evaluated bc of a 2 day hx of lethargy and anorexia. The client gave the cat acetaminophen for a presumed fever the preceding day at a dosage of one tablet every four hours for 3 treatments. Since then, the cat has not been eating and has been hiding. HR 250bpm. The cat appears depressed and dyspneic. There is edema of the face and front paws. Mucous membranes are ruddy brown. Which of the following is the most appropriate treatment?
Atropine IV
20% Ethanol intraperitoneally
2PAM IM
Sucralfate PO
5% acetylcysteine IV
```
5% acetylcysteine IV
110
Intramuscular injection of prostaglandin F2alpha in a cow in the midluteal phase of the estrous cycle is the most likely to cause which of the following?
A 50% increase in the serum progesterone conc in 24hr
Peek serum luteinizing hormone conc in 30hrs
Decrease of serum estrogen conc in 48-72hrs
Occurence of ovulation in 96hrs
Peek of serum follicle-stimulating hormone conc in 96hrs
Occurence of ovulation in 96hrs
111
```
A 5 yr old NM foxhound dog is brought to a clinic in Michigan bc it seems to be depressed and has been reluctant to rise and eat for the past 24hrs. When the client got the dog up the previous day, its limbs appeared stiff and it seemed to be in pain. Rectal temp is 103.5F. PE shows depression and pain in multiple joints of x4 limbs. Labs show WBC 19,800(7,000-17,000) with mature neutrophilia. The remainder of the CBC and biochem are unremarkable. An aspirate of the joint fluid is obtained for exam and culture. Which is the most appropriate trial therapy to initiate pending results of the tests?
Cephalexin
Deracoxib
Doxycycline
Fentanyl
Prednisone
```
Doxycycline
112
```
Horse with dropping right side of face pictured. What is the most likely diagnosis?
Left facial (VII) nerve paresis
Right facial (VII) nerve paresis
Left sided horners syndrome
Right sided horners syndrome
```
Right facial (VII) nerve paresis
113
US of a 3yr golden in labor shows 8 fetuses. The client should be advised that immediate vet intervention is most important in which situation?
Forceful abdominal straining for more than 30 mins without delivery of a pup
Greenish discharge noted just before delivery of first puppy
No further activity 30 mins after appearance of fetal fluids
No further activity 30 mins after delivery of first pup
Second stage of labor lasting longer than 4hrs
Greenish discharge noted just before delivery of first puppy
114
```
From the standpoint of efficacy, cost and safetly, which of the following is the most appropriate antibiotic for the tx of streptococcal infection in the horse?
Erythromycin
Gentamycin
Oxacillin
Oxytetracyline
Penicillin G
```
Penicillin G
115
A 10 yr male DSH cat is in respiratory distress. Temp is 100.1F and HR is 210bpm with a gallop rhythm. Crackles are heard in the lung fields. Follow up tests show CHF caused by DCM. The client should be asked about which of the following factors in this cats history?
Chewing on an electric cord
Diet
Exposure to rodenticides
Previous trauma
Previously diagnosed congenital abnormalities
Diet
116
A 14 yr cat has been occasionally "walking into things" for the past week. The cat has hyperthyroidism that has been treated with methimazole for the past year. PE, serum biochem, and serum thyroxine (T4) conc performed 2 weeks ago showed no abnormalities. Opthalmic exam at this time shows bilaterally detached retinas. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in establishing the cause of this cats condition?
Assessment of Intraoccular pressure
CT scan of head
Measurement of serum tri-iodothyronine (T3) conc
Measurement of systemic blood pressure
T3 suppression test
Measurement of systemic blood pressure
117
A 12 week old kitten is being examined bc of weight loss despite polyphagia. Feces are formed but soft. After determining that the kitten is being fed a good quality diet, which of the following is the most appropriate diagnostic test?
Analysis of urine to detect glomerular protein loss
Exam of feces for GI parasites
Measurement of serum thyroxine (T4) conc to detect hyperthyroidism
Measurement of serum trypsin-like immunoreactivity for pancreatic exocrine insufficiency
Serum biochem profile to detect diabetes mellitus or liver dz
Exam of feces for GI parasites
118
```
In a series of test results, which of the following terms refers to a systemic variation in one direction from the true value?
Bias
Mechanical variation
Observer variation
Randomness
Reliability
```
Bias
119
Many animals in a group of unthrifty pigs are rubbing against a fence. On exam, the skin appears to be thickened and scaly in some areas, and other areas are covered by a brown exudate that is especially prominent in the ears. Which of the following is the most appropriate nect step to confirm dx?
Collect swab of specimen for bacterial culture
Collect swab of specimen for myotic culture
Evaluate the level of zinc in the ration
Evaluate the skin with a magnifying lens
Obtain a skin scrapping for microscopic exam
Obtain a skin scrapping for microscopic exam
120
```
Which of the following is the most common cause of feline hyperthyroidism?
Functional thyroid adenoma
Iodine deficiency
Lymphocytic thyroiditis
Pituitary tumor
Thyroid carcinoma
```
Functional thyroid adenoma
121
At the present time, which of the following is the most effective management for eradication of brucellosis in cattle?
Serologic ID and vaccination of infected animals
Serologic ID of infected animals followed by isolation and slaughter
Vaccination of all animals as calves
Vaccination of all susceptible animals as calves before pregnancy
Vaccination of all animals that had no detectable serologic titer
Serologic ID of infected animals followed by isolation and slaughter
122
```
A radiograph of a 13 yr old quarter horse that has been used for hunting shows abnormal stiffening/immobility of the joints from fusion of joint bones. What term best describes this process?
Ankylosis
Capsulitis
Chrondromalacia
Septic arthritis
Synovitis
```
Ankylosis (bone spavin)
123
```
When passing a nasogastric tube in a horse, which of the following meatuses allows access to the laryngopharynx?
Common
Dorsal
Middle
Ventral
```
Ventral
124
In the foal, neonatal isoerythrolysis is caused by which of the following?
Formation of an autoantibody against hemoglobin
Production by the foal of an antibody against the blood type of the dam
Transfer in colostrum of maternal antibody against the blood type of the sire
Transfusion of RBCs from dam
Transplacental transfer of maternal antibody against the blood type of the foal
Transfer in colostrum of maternal antibody against the blood type of the sire
125
```
A 4yr old pregnant Finn-cross ewe has been recumbent and unable to rise for the past 24hrs. The owner says that the ewe has been depressed and off feed and has been grinding her teeth for the past 48hrs. Body condition score is 4/5 and temp is 102.2F. The breeding date is unknown but the owner estimates that the ewe will lamb in 7-10 days. Fifty percent of the ewes in the flock have lambed over the past 3 weeks. Which of the following risk factors are most likely associated with this ewe's condition?
Cystitis
Excess Ca in diet
Genetics of the service sire
Magnesium deficiency
Multiple fetuses
```
Multiple fetuses
126
```
Which of the following is the most common cause of hypercalcemia in the cat?
Hypervitaminosis D
Osteomyelitis
Parathyroid tumors
Lymphoma
Rickets
```
Lymphoma
127
The rate of mummified fetuses on a 600 sow farrow to finish farm has increased from 0.15 percent per litter to 0.25 percent per litter. Record analysis shows that the prevalence in gilt litters is almost twice the prevalence in the rest of the herd. On PE of breeding herd, all animals appear healthy and reproductive parameters are WNL except for the decrease in total number of pigs born in gilt litters. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
Brucellosis
Leptospirosis
Mycoplasmosis
Parvovirus infection
Porcine reproductive and respiratory disease
Parvovirus infection
128
```
2 of 4 kittens in a litter exhibit marked intention tremors and ataxia. The queen was probably infected during pregnancy with which of the following feline viruses?
Calicivirus
Coronavirus
Leukemia virus
Panleukopenia virus
Rhinotracheitis virus
```
Panleukopenia virus
129
A 6yr old SF cocker spaniel with acute glaucoma and preserved vision of the right eye is treated with IV mannitol, topical pilocarpine, topical prednisone, and oral dichlorphenamide. After 8hrs of treatment and a second dose of mannitol, the intraoccular pressure has not changed. Which of the following is the most appropriate step in managing this dog?
Administer oral methazolmide and topical timolol
Administer topical atropine
Enucleate the affected eye
Refer dog to a veterinary ophthalmologist for evaluation
Repeat the dose of mannitol and administer oral glycerol
Refer dog to a veterinary ophthalmologist for evaluation
130
```
A calf from a herd of 100 crossbred stocker beef steers died this morning. The calves were obtained from several sources and were 8-10 months old when placed on an irrigated pasture last fall. It is early April, and pastures are lush and green. PE shows that the steers have loose stools, losing weight and not growing well. Hyperplastic gastritis is noted on necropsy of the dead calf. Which of the following tissue samples is most appropriate to submit for diagnostic analysis?
Abomasum
Cecum
Colon
Ileum
Liver
```
Abomasum- Ostertagia
131
```
Auscultation of a horses abdomen on the right side just cranial to the hip, will most likely pick up sounds originating from which of the following areas?
Cecum
Pelvic flexure
Small colon
Sternal flexure
Stomach
```
Cecum
132
```
Which of the following is a cream colored structure that is soft, flat and oval and is found in the allantoic fluid of a horse?
Blastomere
Cytocele
Ergot
Hippomane
Yolk sac
```
Hippomane- soft putty-like aggregates of urinary calculus (deposits or stones) which form throughout pregnancy and are present in all placentas in the allantoic cavity
133
```
A 6 month old M maltese has sudden onset of abnormal mentation and head pressing. The client thinks that the dog may have been poisoned. Urine sediment shows ammonium urate crystals. The most appropriate next diagnostic test is measurement of?
Blood ethylene glycol
Fasting blood glucose
Serum bile acids
Serum cortisol
Whole blood lead
```
Serum bile acids
134
```
A 6 yr old NM DSH has sudden onset of dyspnea. The cat is breathing with its mouth open and is cynotic. On thoracic ascultation, crackles and a gallop are heard. In addtion to O2 therapy, which is the most appropriate treatment?
Digoxin
Epinephrine
Furosemide
Propanolol
Terbutaline
```
Furosemide
135
A 6 month old cattery cat has skin lesions along the muzzle and above right eye. Closer exam of the affected areas shows broken hairs, crusts and scales. Woods lamp exam of the area is negative for fluoroscene. Which of the following is the best method to obtain a definitive diagnosis?
Bacterial culture from periphery of lesions
Bacterial culture from center of lesions
Fungal culture from periphery of lesions
Fungal culture from center of lesions
Cytologic exam of lesions
Fungal culture from center of lesions
136
Which of the following is the most appropriate therapy for rehydration of a cow with right abomasal volvulus?
0.9% NaCl with added KCl
0.9% NaCl with added NaHCO3
5% dextrose in water with added KCl
5% dextrose with added NaHCO3
Lactated ringers solution with added NaHCO3
0.9% NaCl with added KCl
137
```
A 4 month old mixed breed dog of unknown vaccination status is being evaluated bc of severe lethargy and anorexia. It has vomited twice in the past 24hrs. The dog was diagnosed with kennel cough shortly after being adopted from an animal shelter three weeks ago. Treatment consisted of trimethoprim-sulfadiazine BID. The cough has persisted and has recently become moist and productive. Temp is 104.3F. PE shows dried mucus around both nostrils, mild dehydration and harsh lung sounds. Which is the most likely causative agent?
Canine distemper virus
Canine herpesvirus
Canine parvovirus
Histoplasma capsulatum
Bordetella bronchiseptica
```
Bordetella bronchiseptica
138
A 3 yr old beef cow has had anorexia, depression, copious nasal discharge, salivation for 24hrs. The owners treated the cow with long acting tetracycline injection, but there has been no improvement in clinical signs. The cow lives on a hobby farm with limited acreage along with other cattle, sheep, llamas, and donkeys. There have been no new addtions to this farm for more than one year. The calving and lambing season was uneventful and ended about 3 weeks ago. The cows temp is 106F. PE shows mucopurulent nasal discharge, profuse salivation, shallow erosions on the hard palate, on the tongue and around the base of incisors. The corneas of both eyes have opacity at the corneoscleral junction that is spreading toward the center, and the scleral vessels are injected. Which of the following is the most likely recommendation for the owners?
Immediate culling of the affected cow and offspring
Initiation of a feed containing tetracycline to all animals on the farm
Initation of a modified live intranasal vx program for all animals on farm
Separating the sheep and cattle as far from eachother as possible
Serologic testing of all animals on the farm
Serologic testing of all animals on the farm
139
```
A 3 yr old NM DSH has been straining to urinate for the past 2 days. Body temp is 102.9F and HR is 200. Abdominal palpation discloses a large, firm bladder. Radiographs show urethral calculi. Which of the following electrolyte abnormalities is most likely?
Hypokalemia
Hyperkalemia
Hypeonatremia
Hypernatreamia
Hypophosphatemia
```
Hyperkalemia
140
For the past 3 days a 700 pound feedlot steer in a group of 100 steers of similar weight has been bloating once or twice a day. Each time the steer bloats, the owner relieves the distention in less than one minute by inserting a nasogastric tube. And the steer resumes eating. The ration consists of grass hay 3 pound,s coarsely cracked corn 10 pounds, and a commercial protein pellet 2 punds that contains monensin, vitamins and minerals at the appropriate amount for a 700 pound steer. No other steers have bloated during the 60 days the owner has had the cattle on the feedlot. Which of the following is the most appropriate treatment of this steer?
Add poloxalene to the diet
Add tetracycline to the diet
Continue to relieve the bloat by inserting a nasogastric tube as needed
Create a temporary rumen fistula
Remove monesin from the diet
Add poloxalene to the diet- its a surfactant used to treat acute bloat in cattle
141
```
A 2 year old neutered male Maltese is brought for evaluation bc the owner thinks he is "choking to death". Over the past week, the dog has had several episodes of respir distress that last about one minute and are characterized by loud inspiratory gagging sounds. He acts normally before and immediately after these episodes. Sometimes these attacks can be halted by rubbing his throat. On PE, no respir noises or nasal discharge are noted, and the dog is not sneezing. The oropharynx appears normal. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this dog's respir condition?
Nasal aspergillosis
Nasal FB
Nasopharyngeal polyp
Oronasal fistula
Reverse sneeze
```
Reverse sneeze
142
```
A 50 pound (22.7kg) dog is 10% dehydrated. Which of the following regimens for intravenous administration of lactated ringers solution is most likely to correct the dehydration and provide fluid maintenance for 24 hrs?
500mL 3x daily
500mL 4x daily
1000mL 2x daily
1000mL 4x daily
1500mL 4x daily
```
1000mL 4x daily
143
```
A 10 year old cat has sudden onset of dyspnea, weakness, facial edema and brown urine. On PE the mucous membranes are muddy brown. Methemoglobinemia is diagnosed. The client should be asked to supply additional info about which of the following?
Access to the outdoors
Medication given by the client
Presence of other pets in the home
Type of cat litter used
Type of food in the cat's diet
```
Medication given by the client
144
```
In the dog, which of the following conditions is most likely associated with a loss of intestinal crypt epithelium, leading to vomiting and profuse diarrhea?
Campylobacteriosis
Coccidiosis
Coronavirus
Giardiasis
Parvovirus
```
Parvovirus
145
```
A 16 yr old SF DSH cat with hypertension and chronic renal failure has been treated for the past 6 months with amlodipine at the maximum suggested dose, famotidine, erythropoietin, SQ lactated ringers. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine conc have been stable for the past three months. Current systolic reading by doppler is 240mmHg. Results of a recent echo are normal. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?
Adding atenolol
Adding furosemide
Decreasing the dose of amlodipine
Decreasing the dose of erythropoietin
Increasing the dose of amlod
```
Adding atenolol
146
```
On PE, a 3 year old SF cat is found to have a moist, erythematous, excoriated plaque on the dorsal cervical area. The cat lives strictly indoors with no other pets. No fleas are found. Diagnostics should most likely include scrapping for mites, woods light exam, a dermatophyte test medium culture and which of the following?
CBC
Flea antigen test
Serum biochem
Serum ELISA food allergy
Skin biopsy
```
Skin biopsy
147
```
What is osteoarthritis of the pastern joint in a horse?
Bone spavin
Green splint
Ringbone
Thoroughpin
Wind puff
```
Ringbone
148
A 1yr old female cockatoo has sudden onset of lethargy, inappetence, diarrhea one week after being moved to a homemade wire cage. On exam, the bird is in excellent body condition. WBC count is markedly elevated and routine serum biochemistry profiles show no abnormalities. A radiograph is shown with some radioopaqe material in the abdomen. Which of the following is the most appropriate next diagnostic?
Analysis of blood for heavy metals
Barium study of the GI tract
Biopsy of crop wall including blood vessel
Exploratory laparotomy
Fluoroscopy of the gastrointestinal tract
Analysis of blood for heavy metals
149
```
A mature Holstein cow has had a poor appetite, decreased milk production, and scant feces for the past 2 days. A resonant ping is detected on the right side on percussion and auscultation, beginning in the paralumbar fossa and continuing caudally. Which of the following is the most useful diagnostic test to further define this problem?
Abdominocentesis
Grunt test
Measurement of serum Cl conc
Rectal exam
US of resonant viscus
```
Rectal exam
150
```
15% to 20% of feedlot heifers that recently arrived from several auction markets are anorectic. PE of the heifers shows serous nasal and ocular discharge, short explosive cough, and hyperemia of nasal mucosa. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
Atypical interstitial pneumonia
Infectious bovine rhinotraceitis
Mucosal disease
Pasteurellosis
Mycoplamosis
```
Infectious bovine rhinotraceitis
151
```
A 6 month old male Belgian Malinois has a sudden onset of lameness and pain in the left forelimb. The dog has had previous episodes of lameness in both forelimbs. Temp is 103.4F. On PE of the forelimbs, there is mild bilateral swelling of the carpal joints, with extreme pain noted on palpation. Radiographs show hypoechoic areas on longbones. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
Hypertrophic osteodystrophy
Osteochondrosis
Osteogenesis imperfecta
Panosteitis
Septic arthritis
```
Hypertrophic osteodystrophy
152
```
Pilodial (dermoid) sinus, a congenital condition most commonly seen in Rhodesian Ridgeback dogs, is most often located in or on which of the following areas?
Dorsal midline bt neck and sacrum
Eyelids
Interdigital web
Perianal region
Ventral midline bt muzzle and abdomen
```
Dorsal midline bt neck and sacrum
153
```
Horizontal transmission of feline leukemia virus is most commonly enhanced by which of the following?
Common grooming
Environmental temp greater than 75F
Fecal contamination
Ingestion of colostrum
Insect vecctors
```
Common grooming
154
A 5 yr old NM mixed breed dog is diagnosed with squamous cell carcinoma following an incisional biopsy of 2cm x 4cm oral mass. The mass is located on the gingiva ventral to the left mandibular canine tooth; it does not cross the mandibular symphysis. There is no evidence of metastasis. Which of the following is the most appropriate management?
Chemo with cisplatin
Chemo with doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide
External beam irradiation of the mass
Unilateral complete mandibulectomy
Unilateral rostrol mandibulectomy
Unilateral rostrol mandibulectomy
155
```
A 2 day old colt (photo of white colt) is being evaluated bc of colic and failure to pass feces. The colt is the offspring of 2 Overo horses. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
Albinism
Chediak-Higashi Syndrome
Lethal white foal disease
Meconium impaction
Ruptured bladder
```
Lethal white foal disease
156
A bobcat has bitten a young child on the face. The animal was recently acquired as a family pet. Which of the following is the most appropriate step to determine if the bobcat has rabies?
Euthanize and ship head for testing; the head should be frozen or chemically fixed during shipping
Euthanize and ship head for testing; the head should be refrigerated during shipping
Confine and observe the animal daily for 10 days; administration of rabies vx is not recommended during observation period
Confine and observe the animal daily for 10 days; administeration of rabies vx is recommended during observation period
Confine and observe the animal for 10 days; if animal exhibits signs of rabies, euthanize and test immediately
Euthanize and ship head for testing; the head should be refrigerated during shipping
157
In north america, prophylactic tx of Hypoderma bovis infection in cattle should be completed by August or September in warmer areas and by October in colder areas for which of the following reasons?
Beyond these times, the parasite is in a larval stage unaffected by grub-killing insecticides
Later migration of the parasite takes it to the perispinal area, where killing of the warble may cause paralysis of the animal
The parasite larvae have completed their migration by these times
Treatment must be completed before the parasite eggs hatch
The viscosity of the product makes accurate administration difficult in cold weather
Later migration of the parasite takes it to the perispinal area, where killing of the warble may cause paralysis of the animal
158
```
In the dog, the immune complexes formed during pyometra are most likely to adversely affect which of the following sites?
Intestin
Kidney
Liver
Lung
Myocardium
```
Kidney
159
```
A 10 week old intact male DLH kitten is sneezing and anorectic. The owner adopted the kitten from an animal shelter three days ago. Rectal temp is 103.9F. PE shows mucopurulent oculonasal discharge, focal tongue ulcers, and dendritic corneal ulcers in both eyes. Which of the following is the most likely causative organism?
Adenovirus
Calicivirus
Coronavirus
Herpesvirus
Rotavirus
```
Herpesvirus
160
```
Chlamydial infections in birds are most effectively treated with which of the follwing classes of antibiotic?
Aminoglycoside
Beta-lactamase
Fluoroquinolone
Sulfonamide
Tetracycline
```
Tetracycline
161
```
A 6 year old cat is being evaluated bc of vomiting andd straining to defecate. A radiograph is shown. The most appropriate initial management is administration of which of the following?
Cisapride
Erythomycin
Lactulose
A warm, soapy water enema
Metaclopramide
```
A warm, soapy water enema
162
```
A 5 yr NM maine coon had the acute onset of mild dyspnea 24 hr ago. HR 210 with gallop rhythm, lung sounds are increased. Thoracic rads show patches of increased interstitial opacity in multiple lung fields. Echocardiography shows enlargement of the left atrium and mild-to-moderate mitral regurgitation. Fractional shortening is slightly increased at 65%, and the septum is mildly to moderatley thickened. The left ventricular free wall and right ventricle appear normal. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
DCM
Feline heartworm
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Mitral valve endocarditis
Thyrotoxic heart dz
```
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
163
Amphotericin B is administered IV to treat a cat with pulmonary histoplasmosis. Which of the following should be monitored to assess the cat for drug toxicity?
BUN, serum crea and USG
Serum ALT, GPT, AP, bile acids
Serum AST, GOT, CK, electromyography
Serum electrolyte conc and electrocardiography
Serum lipase, amylase and trypsin-like activities
BUN, serum crea and USG
164
```
In a herd of 100 dairy cows, 10 cows are truly positive for Mycobacterium bovis infection and 90 cows are truly negative for Mycobacterium bovis infection. A screening test only identifies 5 cows that are infected. What is the sensitivity of the screening test?
5/10
5/100
10/100
90/100
```
5/10
165
```
A flock of 20 30week old confined layer chickens has an increase in feather picking and cannibalism. Which of the following steps in management is most likely to prevent this problem in the future?
Increase light intensity
Increase photoperiod
Provide adequate space
Reduce the number of feedings
Reduce the particle size of feed
```
Provide adequate space
166
```
A queen will not allow breeding but rolls about on the ground in front of a tomcat. This cat is most likely which of the following?
A hermaphrodite
In proestrus
In full estrus
In diestrus
In anestrus
```
In proestrus
167
A 3yr old horse is being evaluated bc of generalized swelling of the muzzle and severely exaggerated respiratory effort. Respir rate is 82 breaths/min. The heart is normal on auscultation, but lung auscultation is difficult. Little air moves through the nostrils. Which of the following is the most appropriate step in emergency treatment?
Adminster furosemide and dexamethasone
Lance or pierce the muzzle to reduce swelling
Perform tracheotomy
Sedate horse with xylazine and complete PE
Perform tracheotomy
168
Approx 20% of 5-10 day old piglets have swollen joints. Which of the following is the best way to determine the cause of this problem?
Check the gilts for udder edema
Culture the fluid from on of the piglets joints
Determine which antiseptic is being used on piglets navels
Investigate the cleaning and disinfecting of the farrowing crates
Observe the person who clips their teeth and docks their tails
Observe the person who clips their teeth and docks their tails
(neonatal polyarthritis)
169
Which of the following is most likely to differentiate hemolytic anemia caused by Leptospira pomona from helolytic anemia caused by Anaplasma marginale?
Anaplasmosis can cause abortion storms in addtion to anemia, while lepto does not
Leptospirosis affects cattle older than those affected by anaplasmosis
Leptopirosis causes hemoglobinuria and anaplasmosis does not
Leptospirosis causes icterus and anaplasmosis does not
Leptopirosis occurs primarily in cattle from the southern US, while anaplasmosis is common throughout north america
Leptopirosis causes hemoglobinuria and anaplasmosis does not
170
```
Which of the following organisms is a major pathogen of contagious mastitis in cattle?
Corynbacterium bovis
Klebsiella
Pasteurella
Staphylococcus aureus
Streptococcus dysgalactiae
```
Staphylococcus aureus
171
```
In the dog, lymphoma may cause which of the following?
Hyperglycemia
Hyperkalemia
Hypercalcemia
Hypernatremia
Hyperphosphatemia
```
Hypercalcemia
172
```
Two cows in a 200 cow freestall dairy have had diarrhea for the past 3 days and one cow has died. The cows are depressed and anorectic and have increased body temps. PE shows occulonasal discharge. Oral exam shows erosions and ulceration of lingual and buccal mucoasa. Blood is detected in the diarrhea of some cows. Which is the most likely causative organism?
Bovine coronavirus
Bovine viral diarrhea virus
Malignant catarrhal fever virus
Mycobacterium paratuberculosis
Salmonella dublin
```
Bovine viral diarrhea virus
173
```
In goats, infection with mycoplasma mycoides is manifested by which of the following?
Abortion late in pregnancy
Absence of CS
Chronic diarrhea
Neonatal omphalophlebitis
Polyarthritis and pleuropneumonia
```
Polyarthritis and pleuropneumonia
174
```
The average length of the estrous cycle in a mare during physiologic breeding season is how many days?
17
21-22
28
35-40
```
21-22
175
```
Anestrus reported in herds of diary cattle bred by artificial insemination is most likely caused by which of the following?
Cystic ovarian dz
Inactive ovaries
Pyometra
Retention of the corpus luteum
Unobserved estrus
```
Unobserved estrus
176
```
A 2 yr old mini mare has had progressively severe abdominal pain for the past 2 hrs. Rectal temp is 100.5F, HR 84bpm, respir rate 64. On PE the abdomen is markedly distended. Gastrointestinal borborygmi are not heard on auscultation. A nasogastric tube is passed and no GI reflux is obtained. On abdominal radiography, the large intestine is severely distended with gas. which of the following explains these findings?
Duodenitis proximal jejunitis
Gastroduodenal ulceration
Impaction of the small colon
Ruptured GI tract
Small intestinal intussusception
```
Impaction of the small colon
177
```
A 9 yr old NM lab has recently been diagnosed with osteoarthritis of multiple joints. PE shows no other abnormalities. Treatment with carprofen is initiated for long-term control of pain. Which of the following should be monitored in this dog to prevent toxicity associated with long-term administration of carprofen?
Buccal mucosal bleeding time
Fecal occult blood
Microalbuminuria
Serum liver enzume activities
```
Fecal occult blood
178
```
A 6 month old painted turtle has had inappetence and decreased activity for the past month and the lesion shown (lump on face) for 10 days. The turtle has been fed a diet of dried shrimp. It is kept in an aquarium with 6 in of water, a filter, heater and rock with basking light. Water temp maintained at 82.4F. Which is the most likely diagnosis?
Aspergillosis
Bacterial conjunctivitis
Calcium deficiency
Hypovitaminosis A
Tuberculosis
```
Hypovitaminosis A
179
```
A 7 yr old NM Australian Terrier is brought to the clinic bc the client believes the dog has been having trouble seeing for a week. PE shows moderately dilated left pupil, absence of menance reflex in left eye, absence of pupillary direct and consensual light reflexes in the left eye. The pupillary light reflexes are normal in the right eye. When the right eye is covered, the dog is not able to see out of the left. When the left eye is covered, the dog appears to see normally. Exam of corneas, lenses and retinas show no abnormalities. Which is the most likely lesion location?
At level of optic chiasm
Caudal to optic chiasm on right side
In the caudal left brainstem
In the left optic nerve (II)
In the right optic cortex
```
In the left optic nerve (II)
180
Which of the following correctly describes a grade III or greater heart murmur in a horse with a ventricular septal defect?
Early systolic and of equal intensity over left and right AV areas
Pandiastolic and loudest over pulmonic valve area
Pansystolic and loudest over left AV area
Pansystolic and loudest over the right AV area
Pansystolic and loudest over the right AV area
181
```
A 6 yr old MC DSH cat is being evaluated bc of a one month hx of a bilaterally symmetric abnormal read leg gait. (pic shows dropped hock) The cat has been losing weight but continues to eat well. There iss no evidence of discomfort when legs are palpated. Which of the following is the most likley cause of this gait abnormality?
Ruptured gastrocnemius tendons
Diabeteic neuropathy
Hyperthyroid myopathy
Invertebral disc disease
Tick paralysis
```
Diabeteic neuropathy
182
```
A dairy cow that has been fresh for 10 days stopped eating and milk production has decreased. Temp 104F, pulse rate is 84bpm, respir rate is 28bpm. On PE, cow appears to be 6% dehydrated, rumen motility is poor. The right horn of the uterus is 10cm in diameter and filled with fluid; the walls are thin and there are no longitudinal rugae. When the uterus is manipulated in to the pelvis, 1 L of reddish foul smelling fluid is expelled from the vagina. Which of the following is the most likely explaination?
Endometritis
Normal postpartum involution
Pyometra
Retained placenta
Septic metritis
```
Septic metritis
183
```
Which of the following conditions most likley accompanies photosensitization in horses?
Glomerulonephritis
Hepatic insufficiency
Ivermectin toxicosis
Lymphoma
Pemphigus foliaceua
```
Hepatic insufficiency
184
```
A 6 year old NM DSH cat has the sudden onset of paresis of the hindlimbs. On PE, mentation is normal, and assessment of cranial nerve function is unremarkable. femoral artery pulses are normal. Reflexes in the hindlimbs are exaggerated, and the withdrawal reflex is present. Forelimb gait and reflexes are normal. The cat responds to deep pain. The most likely explanation is a lesion in which of the following areas of the central nervous system?
Brainstem
Cerebral cortex
Cervical spinal cord
Thoracolumbar spinal cord
Lumbosacral spinal cord
```
Thoracolumbar spinal cord
185
A sow at 110 days gestation is being examined bc of a swollen vulva. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step?
Impression smear of fluid aspirated from swollen vulva
Serum total protein assay
US of vagina
Urinalysis
No intervention
No intervention
