Assessment and Diagnosis

Question 1

semistructures clinical interview

Answer 1

questions carefully phrased and tested to elicit useful info in a consistent manner
clinicians can depart from questions to follow up on a specific issue
spontaneity missing
can be too rigid = patient less liekly to volunteer info

Question 2

anxiety disorder interview schedule DSM 5

Answer 2

patient bothered by thoughts, images or impulses

9 point rating scale

Question 3

physical examination

Answer 3

if no physcial in past year = recommended
eg toxic state, medication, hyperthyroidism
co-existing depresion and substance abuse, must look at onset

Question 4

behavioural assesment

Answer 4

measuring, oerving and systematically evalutating (not infering) the clients thought, feelings and behvaiour in the actual problem situation occuring
may be more appropriate for individuals who are not old r skilled enough to report their problems and experiences
target behaviours identified and observed
goal = detremining factors that influence them

Question 5

ABC of behaviours

Answer 5

antecedent
behavoiur
consequence

Question 6

operational defintion

Answer 6

clear behaviour descrition

Question 7

self-monitoing

Answer 7

action by which clients observe and record their own behaviours as either as assessment of a problem and its change or a treatment procedure that make them more aware of their responses
also known as self observation
could just be write down every time you have a cigarette
or more formla behaviour rating scales

Question 8

psychiatric rating scale

Answer 8

assess 18 general areas of concern (0-6severe end)
screens for moderate to severe psych disorders
-somatic concerns = health
-guilt feelings
-grnadiosity

Question 9

psych testing must be….

Answer 9

reliable - same score each time

valid - measure what it says is measruing

Question 10

neuropsychological tests determines

Answer 10

possible contribution of brain damag or dysfunction to the pateints condition

Question 11

projective tests

Answer 11

psychoanalytically based measure that presents ambiguous stimuli to clients on the assumtion that their responses can reveal their unconscious conflicts
they are inferential and lack reliability and validity
theory = people project their own personality and unconscious fears onto other people and things
rorschach inkblot test
thematic apperception test
sentence-completion mehtod

Question 12

personality inventories

Answer 12

self-report questionnaire that assess personal traits by asking respondents to identiy descriptors that spply to themselves

Question 13

face validity

Answer 13

wording of a question seems to fit type of information required but is this correct
eg we dont care about whether a schizophrenic has been in love before, what matters is a group they regularly respond they havent ever been in love
content of question = irrelevant, importance relies in what the question predicts

Question 14

minesota multiphasic personality inventory explain

Answer 14

based on empirical evidence
true or false response
550 items originally, now 567 = boring!
pattern of response is reviewed to see whether groups has have a particular disorder
each group is presented on separate standard scales
computerised so no reliability issues
contains lie scale
contains infrequency scale - measures false claims about psych problems and determines whether person is answering randomly
subtle defensiveness scale - does person see themself realistically
new version = update removing sexism, racism and considers contemporary issues

Question 15

history of intelligence tests

Answer 15

french
test to identify slow learners who would benefit from remedial help
stanford-binet test - provded as score known as intelligence quotient
-estimated a persons deviation from average test performance
-mental age / chronological age x100 (problematic with young so use deviation IQ instead)
wechsler test
all include verbal sclaes, performace scales, knowledge of facts, short term memory, nonverbal reasoning and ability to learn new relationships
IQ does not equal intelligence as what does constitute intelligence

Question 16

neuropsychological testing

Answer 16

assessment of brain and nervous system funcitoning by testing an individuals performance on behavioural task
eg bender visual-motor gestlt test
=child to copy drawing on card
= lots more errors than children their age = brain dysfunciton suspected
eg Luria-Nebraska neuropsychological battery = test brain damage can locate which region is damaged (about 80% accurate)
note false positives

Question 17

pscyhosocial assesment

Answer 17

measurement of changes in the nervous system reflecting psychological or emotional events such as anxiety, stress, sexual arousal

Question 18

electrodermal response

Answer 18

galvanic skin response

Question 19

bio feedback

Answer 19

levels of physiological responding (eg blood pressure) are fed back to the patient so they can try regulate their responses

Question 20

idiographic strategy

Answer 20

close and detailed investigation of an individual emphasising what makes that person unique
so tailor treatment to the person

Question 21

nomothetic strategy

Answer 21

identification and examination of large groups of people with the same disorder to note similarities and develop general laws

Question 22

define classification

Answer 22

assignment of objects or people to categories on the basis of shared characteristics

Question 23

define taxonomy

Answer 23

system of naming and classification in science

Question 24

define nosology

Answer 24

classification and naming system for medical and pscyhological phenomena

Question 25

nomenclature

Answer 25

in a naming system or nosology the actual labels or names that are pplied

Question 26

classification issues

Answer 26

is it ethical to classify human behaviours | continuum or groups

Question 27

classical categorical approach (pure)

Answer 27

classification method founded as the assumtpion of clear sut differences among disorders, each with a different known cause assumes every dignosis has a clear underlying pathophysiological cause/ psychological/cultural but only one set of causative factors per disorder also clear conditions set to meet each disroder useful in medicine not adopted in mental health

Question 28

dimensional approach

Answer 28

method of categorizing characteristcs on a continuum rather than on a binary either all or nothing approach variety of cognitive models and behaviours and quantify them on a scale used in the past with personality scales and not particularly successful couldnt agree on number of dimensions we need

Question 29

prototypical approach

Answer 29

system for categorizing disorders using both essential defining charactersitcs and a range of variation on other caharcateristics not perfect as there is blurring at the boundaries of categories and some symptoms occur in more than one disorder but does fit well with our current knowledge of psych disorders DSM 5 uses this

Question 30

most unreliable classiciation area is currently

Answer 30

personality disorders | subject to bias of therapist

Question 31

construct validity

Answer 31

can discriminate one disroder from another

Question 32

familial aggregation

Answer 32

extent to which a disorder would be found among a patients relatives

Question 33

prediction/ creiterion validity

Answer 33

predict the course of the disorder and liekly effect of one treatment or another

Question 34

content validity

Answer 34

need to get the label right/ fit with what other scientists are calling it

Question 35

explain the early attempts to classify psychopathology

Answer 35

came out of bio tradition Kraeplin - first identified schizophrenia (dementia paradox) brain pathology as cause described psych disorders as bio disorders Pinel working at same time - pscyh disorders are separate identities

Question 36

when did separate psych disorders start appearnig in classifications

Answer 36

1948 ICD 6th edition = first time

Question 37

how was the DSM 3 radically different from its predessessors

Answer 37

atheoretical approach to diagnosis became a tool for clinicians specificity and detial to criteria = can now test reliability and validity multiaxial system

Question 38

explain the mulitaxial system implemented in DSM 3

Answer 38

1 disorder itself 2 chronic disorders of personality 3 physical disorders and conditions which may be present 4 amount of psychosocial stress the person reports 5 current level of adaptive functioning

Question 39

multiaxial changes to DSM 4

Answer 39

only personality and intellectual disorders on axis 2, otherwise 1 axis 4 now psychosocial environment problems that might impact disorder

Question 40

what does culture refer to in context of DSM

Answer 40

values, knowledge and practices that individuals derive from membership in different ethnic, religious or other social groups as well as how membership of these groups may affect the individuals perspective on their experience with the pscyhological disorder so now a cultural formation interview but no evidence supporting it yet

Question 41

define analogue model

Answer 41

approach to research that employs subjects who are similar to clinical clinets allowing replication of clinical problem under controlled conditions

Question 42

criticisms of DSM5

Answer 42

most advanced one so far (helped as worked with ICD 11) should always be considered a work in progress still fuzzy categories comorbidity strong emphasis on reliability at the expense of validity? labelling

Question 43

define labelling

Answer 43

applying a name to a phenomenon or a pattern of behaviour. the label may aquire negative connotations or be applied eroneously to the person rather than the persons behaviours

Question 44

define testability

Answer 44

ability of a hypothesis to be subjected to scientific scrutiny and be accepted or rejected, a necessary condition for this hypothesis to be useful

Question 45

purpose of lcinical assessment

Answer 45

``` funnel understand predict treatment planning treatment outcome ```

Question 46

define standardisation

Answer 46

application of certain standards across different measurements

Question 47

5 aspects to the mental status exam

Answer 47

``` appearance and behaviour thought processes mood and affect intelectual functioning sensorium ```

Question 48

neuropsychological testing

Answer 48

``` assess broad range of abilities motor sensory language memory higher congitive fucntioning personality not routinely used in mental health settings ```

Question 49

cateogircal approach to classification and diagnosis

Answer 49

if x then y | if not x then not y

Question 50

dimensional approach to classification and diagnosis

Answer 50

how much of x

Question 51

prototypical approach to classification and diagnosis

Answer 51

how much of x does it take for y

Question 52

organization of dsm5

Answer 52

``` neurodevelopmental internalizing externalizing neurocognitive other ```

Question 53

reification

Answer 53

abstract concept and treating it as if it is real