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PSYC 100 - clinical > Biopsychosocial Approach > Flashcards

Biopsychosocial Approach Flashcards

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1
Q

name 5 influences in the multidimensional model of abnormal psychology

A 
bio 
behavioural
emotional
social
developmental
no influence operates in isolation
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2
Q

genetic contributions to psychopathology

A

phenotype vs genotype
behaviour is not typically polygenetic
genes aren’t everything

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3
Q

define the multidimensional integrative approach

A

approach to study of psychopathology that holds psycholgical disorders are always the products of multiple interacting causal factors

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4
Q

vasovagal syncope

A 
common cause of fainting
mild distress 
heart rate increases
bp increases
body tries to compensate = decreased vascular resistance = lowered heart rate and bp
=faint
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5
Q

sinoaortic baroreflux arc

A

compensated for sudden increases in blood pressure by lowering it

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6
Q

define genes

A

long DNA molecule, the basic physiological unit of heredity that appears as a location on a chromosome

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7
Q

nature of genes

A

46 chromosomes
46 pairs - one from mother, one from father
23rd = sex
DNA = double helix

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8
Q

define polygenetic

A

influenced by many genes and environment

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9
Q

define human genome

A

an individuals complete set of genes (20,000)

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10
Q

how is the human genome studied

A

molecular genetics and quantitative genetics
looks up patterns of influences across many genes (withou necessarily telling us which genes are responsible for what effects)

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11
Q

define molecular genetics

A

examining actual structures of genes broad networks of genes that contribute to a particular trait
eg DNAA microarrays

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12
Q

define quantitative genetics

A

sums up all the tiny effects acorss many genes (without necessarily telling us which genes are responsible for what)

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13
Q

how do genes exert their influence

A

by producing proteins

when on = specialized cells

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14
Q

name a factor which can determine what genes are turned on and give an example

A

environmental factors
rats, absence of licking and groomin (Maternal behaviour) = prevents the genetic expression of glucocorticoid receptor that modulates stress hormones = greater sensitivity to stress
environment can turn on gene vulnerability

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15
Q

what proportion of our personality traits and cognitive abilities do we think are due to genetic influences

A

50%

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16
Q

swedish twin study found genetics accounted for specific cogntive abilities from

A

32-62%

genetic factors determine stability in cognitive abilites, environmental factors were responsible for any changes

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17
Q

genetic component of psych disorders

A

probably less than 50%
many genes each with a small effect
linkage studies = same disorder who share similar features (like hair colour and age) so can link known genes with unknown and give locations of possible defects

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18
Q

brain plasticity shows

A

environment can turn on genes

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19
Q

diathesis stress model

A

both an inherited tendency (vulnerability) and specific stressfull conditions are required to produce a disorder
diathesis = each inherited tendency

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20
Q

the greater the vulnerabilty…

A

the smaller the stress required to produce the disorder

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21
Q

serotonin and depression

A

serotonin = neurotransmitter
2 allelles that produce the chemimcal
LL long cope better with stress thn SS short
SS risk of having major depressive episode doubled if at least 4 stressors compared to 4 stressors for LL
severe maltreatment during childhood, 63% SS depressed compared to 33% SS who werent
but for LL this did not affect the incidence of depression
so unlike SS, LL depressed if stress in recent not childhood
shows neither genes nor life experience soley explain the onsent of a disorder like depression

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22
Q

the gene- enironment correlation model

A

one’s genetic male-up may increase the probability that an individual will experience certain events (like stressful relationship) that trigger genetic vulnerabilities to disorders

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23
Q

spouses who are twins study

A

both spouses have an identical twin
and both identical twins have been divorced
greatly increased risk of divorce
also parents on both sides divorced greatly increases again
converseley no divorce = tiny chance you will divorce

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24
Q

recent studies have…..genetic influence on personlity

give study to back this up

A

over emphasised the extent of`
3 diff types of mice raised in virtually identical environments but at 3 diff sites
although a certain type of mice might perform similarly on a test at all 3 sites, on other tasks the mice might perform differently = gentic influences are often a lot less poewrful than is commonly blieved
the environment, even if working subtly can still mold and hold its own in biological interactions that shape who we are

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25
rats bron to easily stressed mums reared by other calm mothers...
grew up more calm and supportive | this could then be passed down to the next generation
26
children whose parents had schizophrenia but adopted...
had a tendency to develop psychiatric tendencies if adopted into dysfuncitonal families
27
young mokies with specific gene pattern =n high reactive temperment, maternal deprivation =
much bigger effect on behavioural and emotional reactions than maternal deprivation in monkeys without this gene make up
28
define epigenetics
the study of factors other than inherited DNA sequence such as new learning or stress that alters the phenotype expression of genes genes are turned on and off by the cellular material that is located just outside the genome genome itself doesnt actually change, so when stress fades, epigenome will fade
29
epigenetic example
``` simese twins same environment and genetics noe = moody and depressive drinker other cheerful quiet and thoughtful nature and nurture effects us not one alone ```
30
somatic system
controls voluntary muscles and conveys sensory info to the CNS
31
autonomic nervous system
ocntrols involuntary muscles sympathetic = expends energy parasympathetic = conserves energy
32
CNS contains
brain - processes all info from organs | spinal cord - facilitates sending messages
33
PNS contains
ANS - cardio and endocrinal | somantic
34
reduced GABA...
excessive anxiety | probs an oversimplification
35
dopamine is linked with
schizophrenia | probs an oversimplification
36
increased norepinephrine linked with
depression (and serotonin decrease\) | probs an oversimplification
37
brain stem....
``` lower bit in most animals essential for autonomic function hindbrain midbrain ```
38
forebrain
more advanced and evolved more recently
39
what does midbrain do
sensory input coordinate movement reticualr activating system (arousal and tension)
40
top of brain stem=
thalamus and hypothalamus
41
limbic system contains
``` hippocampus cingulate gyrus septum amygdala these systems hekp regulate emotional expression, ability to learn, impulses, drives ```
42
base of forebrain =
basal gangli caudate nucleus =motor activity
43
cerbral cortex
``` 80% of neurons 2 hemispheres left - verbal and cognition right - perception 4 lobes temporal - recognition, LT memory parietla - touch and body position occiptal - visual frontal - higher cognitive functions ```
44
PNS
coordinates with the brain to ensure body is funcitoning somatic and autonomic endocrine = number of glands each which produce hormones releasing directly into the blood stream
45
define hormone
a chemical messenger produced by the endochrine glands
46
adrenaline produced in response to
STRESS
47
thyroid produceses
thyroxine | facilitates energy metabolism and growth
48
pituitary =
master gland | regulates hormone production
49
endocrine closely related to...
immune system | roles in deoression, anxiety and schizophrenia
50
define psychoneuroendochronology
interdisciplinary research | eg antidepressants work better when administeres with a thyroid hormone
51
what does the sympathetic nervous system do in danger
mobilise the body heart rate up etc adrenal glands stimulated
52
role of parasymapthetic
balance out the sympathetic so not constantly turned on
53
what does the pituitary gland do
connects to the pituitary gland and stimulate the adrenal gland on kidneys =HPA axis implicated in many disorders
54
brain circuits=
neurons that are sensitive to one type of neurotransmitter cluster together and form paths from one part of the brain to another
55
serotonin strange = | dopamine strange =
depression | schizophrenia
56
agonist
a chemical substance that effectively INCREASES the activity of a neurotransmitter by imitating its effects
57
antagonist
chemical substance that DECREASES or blocks the effects of a neurotransmitter
58
inverse agonist
produces the effects oppostie to those of a particualr neurotransmitter
59
reuptake action
action by which a neurotransmitter is quickly drawn into the discharging neuron after being released into the synaptic cleft
60
glutamate
amino acid neurotransmitter that excites many different neurons leadign to action balanced out by GABA
61
GABA
neurotransmitter that reduces activity at the synaptic cleft and thus inhibits a wide range of behviours and emotions, especially generalized anxiety
62
name 6 ways drugs could work
``` agonist antagonist inhibit production of a neurtransmitter increased production of a compeating bio substance that may deactivate neurotransmitter occupy receptors block the reuptake process ```
63
classic neurotransitters explained
``` amino acids (glutamate, GABA) monoamines (norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine) ```
64
benzodiazapines
make it easier for GABA moelcules to attach themselves to receptors of specialised neurons = calmer addictive substance
65
GABA system...
rides on many circuits | seems to reduce overall arousal
66
serotonin (5HT)
processing info and coordinating movement as well as inhibition adn restraint assists in regulation of eating, sexual and agressive behaviours all of which may be involved in diff psych disorders interaction with dopamine implicated in schizophrenia low = less inhibition, instability, impulsivity, tendency to overreact, aggression, suicide, impulse overeating, sex drive up high= interact with GABA to counteract g;utamate
67
SSRIs
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors prozac st johns wart
68
how serotonin drugs work
prozac prevents serotonin being absorbed | redux and fenfluramine = extra release of serotonin but dangerous heart side effects
69
norepinephrine
neurotransmitter active in the central and peripheral nervous systems controls heart rate, bp and respiration among other functions role in body alarm reaction may also contribute generally and indirectly to panic attacks and other disorders monoamine stimulates alpha-adrenergic and beta-adrenergic receptors major circuit in hindbrain controlling bodily functions acts more generally to regulate certain behaviours
70
dopamine
neurotransmitter whose generalied function is to activate other neurotransmitters and aid in exploratory and pleasure seeking behaviours excess linked to schizophrenia deficit in parkinsons resperine may block dopamine receptors so dopamine activity down switch that turns on certain brain areas at least 5 diff receptor sites are selective to dopamine L-dopa = dopamine agonist, successful in reducing motor deficits in parkinsons
71
insel man with brain tumour surgery
full recovery unable to keep job or be on time as OCD developed small area of orbitofrontal cortex had been removed but does not necessarily mean OCD = bio causes
72
effects of treatment teaches us....
might tell us something but also might not | eg aspirin will fix something but does not mean was due to deficit is aspirin!
73
psychosurgery
rarely used but yes if all else fails
74
how can we treat OCD
increased serotonin CBT to change brain circuits re-wiring the brain takes as little as 2 hours intense exposure-based therapy for specific phobias, can still persist after 6 months
75
depressives treated in 3 groups CBT drugs, psych results?
brain change in all 3 | CBT facilitated brain changes in thinking patterns which in turn altered the emotional brain = top down change
76
rhesus macaques equally treated but one group chose then to access toys other group only got to access toys when the other group chose to
later in life given benzopdiazepone (opposite effect of GABA) = extreme outburst in anxiety Gp1 = not anxious. angry and agressive instead Gp2 = anxiety and panic
77
2 crayfish fighting for social dominance study
when one won (so now dominant crayfish) serotonin made a specific set of neurons more likely to fire
78
big mouse bully little mouse
changes in mesolimbic (reward and addiction) dopamine system of the smaller mouse (so smaller mouse wanted nothing to do with other mice)
79
active vs couch potato rats brain stuff
more connections in nerve cells in the cerebellum and grew more dendrites
80
define cognitive science
field of study that examines how humans and other animals aquire, process, store and receive info
81
learned helplessness
theory of depression seligman theory people become anxious and depressed when they make an attirbution that they have no controll over the stress in their lives (whether they actually have contorl or not) -seen in animals
82
learned optimism
if people faced with considerable stress and difficulty but maintain an optimitic, upbeat attitude = liekly to function better psychologically and physically
83
positive views about ageing led to
living 7.5 years longer than those without such attitudes
84
positive psychology
explore factors that account for positive attitudes and happiness
85
albert bandura -importance of social context on learning what else did he think about learning in organisms
organisms do not have to experience certain events in their environment to learn effectively rather can learn by watching others
86
modelling/ observational learning
learning through observation and imitaion of the behaviour of other individuals and consequences of that behaviour
87
prepared learning
ability adaptive for evolution, allowing certain associations to be learned more readily than others so fear spiders over flowers even if never met either before but what about new stuff like guns...
88
what might account for greater incidence of phobias in women
females are more sensitive to learning by Bandura
89
implicit memory
condition of memory in which a person cannot recall past events despite acting in response to them
90
stroop test is used
to study the unconscious
91
fight or lfight response
bio reaction to alarming stressors that musters the bodys resources to resist or flee the threat
92
emotional phenomena / action tendency
pattern of activity elicited by an external event and a feeling state accompanied by a characterised physiological response
93
emotion of fear =
subjective feeling of terror strong motivation for behaviour complex physiological response
94
purpose of feeling a state
to carry out a behaviour | a means to get us to do what we have to do to pass our genes to the next generation
95
mood vs emotion
mood - enduring period of emotionality | emotions are short lived
96
affect
conscious, subjective aspect of emotion that accompanies anaction at any given time
97
emotion =
behaviour +physiology +cognition | contagious, potentially evolutionary
98
cannon view of emotion and brain
areas associated with emotional expression are generally more ancient and primitve than areas associated with higher cognitive functions like reason
99
emotional activation can occur...
without influence of higher cognitive functions as direct neurobiological connections in the brain
100
hostility and anger increase your risk of... | study
heart disease study: people with heart disease asked to recall angry memory compared their response to a stressful event (also heart rate increasing) found hearts ability to pump blood during angry outburst = significantly worse than stress or exercise
101
supressing any kind of emotional response involves
increased sympathetic nervous system activity
102
panic can be
normative to fear | but problematic at the wrong time
103
mania
periods of excitement alternated with periods of extreme sadness/ depression
104
what can influence fear and anxiety
culture, time
105
examples of cultural influence on abnormal psych
firght disorder vodood, evil eye etc anxiety bound symptoms and somatic response like sweating + increased heart rate cause = person thinks they have been subject to witchcraft can be fatal
106
gender influence on abnormal psych
likelihood of having a particualr phobia is influenced by gender gender roles - what is acceptable for a gender gender respond differently to therapy eg exposure therapy - women maintained their gains significantly better during follow up than men bulimia = women / gay men most common female response to stress = tend and befriend gender does not cause psychopathology but as a social and cultural factor certainly impacts it
107
number and frequency of social interactions / relationships =
likely to live longer | social relationships are protective
108
schizophrenia more likely in men from...
city
109
WHO stats on global incidence on psychopathology
13% global burden of disease = mental disorders 10-20% of all primary medical services in poor ountries are sought by those with psych disorders only 1 in 3 in america with a psych disorder have received treatment
110
erikson view on lifespan
we go through 8 major crises during our lives including beyond adolesence
111
environment has different effects with
age and stage in development | even prenatal environment
112
effects on antidepressents on various ages
different! risks in children as well which are not present in adults depression gender distribution equal until adolesence when becomes higher in females
113
define equifinality
developmental psychopathology principle that a behaviour or disorder may have several causes eg delusions in schizophrenia or amphetamine abuse delerium - older adults after surgery but also thiamine deficinecy or renal disease autism - rubella as mother, or difficult labour
114
equal brain damage =
different severity
115
define resilience
social factors may protect some children being hurt by stressful experiences caring parent/ adult offset the environment
116
define reaction range
degree of potential outcome determined by hereditary; actual outcome is determined by environment
117
non-genomic inheritance of behvaiour
biology is not destiny

PSYC 100 - clinical (13 decks)

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