Assessment and intervention

Question 1

What is some information as assessor needs when asking about past psychiatric history?

Answer 1

Question 2

When assessing, do you normal do mental state before or after history?

Answer 2

ordinarily, you get it after the history.

Question 3

What are the parts of the mental state observed or questions when assessing mental state?

Answer 3

Question 4

If the history contains the story, what does the mental state contain?
One is static and the other one is..

Answer 4

The phenomenology
dynamic

Question 5

Answer 5

Question 6

Odd ideas aren’t enough to conclude someone is delusional. Delusions must be….

Answer 6

and culturally inappropriate beliefs.

Question 7

Feelings of being….

Answer 7

Question 8

Sense of things….

Answer 8

Question 9

Sense of having…

Answer 9

Question 10

What is passivity phenomena?

Answer 10

Question 11

What is ideas of reference?

Answer 11

Question 12

What are thought
- insertion
- withdrawal
- broadcasting
- echo

Answer 12

Question 13

What is it called when someone has a sense of thoughts being implanted into their brain?

Answer 13

thought insertion.

Question 14

What is it called when someone has a sense of thoughts being taken out from their brain?

Answer 14

thought withdrawal

Question 15

What is it called when someone has a feeling that one’s thoughts can be heard by other people?

Answer 15

Thought broadcasting

Question 16

What is it called when someone has a feeling that one’s thoughts echoing around one’s head?

Answer 16

thought echo

Question 17

What is it called when someone has difficulty in conveying thoughts in a logical linear nature?

Answer 17

Formal thought disorder.

Question 18

In formal thought disorder, is there an issue with form or content?

Answer 18

Form. The content hasn’t changed, what changes is the ability to convey it in a logical linear manner.

Question 19

What is a third person hallucination?

Answer 19

The hallucination talks about the person. ‘he’s useless’

Question 20

What is a command hallucination?

Answer 20

A voice that tells an individual to do something.

Question 21

What is a second person hallucination?

Answer 21

A voice that talks to an individual

Question 22

Answer 22

Question 23

What are the ….

Answer 23

Question 24

Answer 24

Question 25

What does the medication, Haloperidol do and what is it effective for?

Answer 25

It blocks amphetamine, and is a highly-effective medicine for schizophrenic psychoses. In small doses it's a powerful treatment against hallucinations, delusions and agitation.

Question 26

# n Chlorpromazine and haloperidol could inhibit learning in animals, a process called....

Answer 26

conditioned avoidance.

Question 27

What can a test for **conditioned avoidance** be used for?

Answer 27

The ability to disrupt conditioned avoidance was a marker of a drug with antipsychotic activity in man.

Question 28

Is dopamine a fast or slow neuromodulator?

Answer 28

Slow

Question 29

What are examples of **fast neurotransmitters**?

Answer 29

Question 30

Summarise the difference between fast and slow neuromodulators

Answer 30

fast neuromodulators act quickly to modulate synaptic transmission and are involved in rapid neural communication, while slow neuromodulators have a more protracted impact, influencing higher-order brain functions and long-term behavioral regulation.

Question 31

Discuss **Slow Neuromodulators: ** Speed: Function: Examples: Duration:

Answer 31

**Slow Neuromodulators:** **Speed:** Slow neuromodulators work at a slower pace, taking longer to exert their influence on neural circuits. **Function: **They regulate more complex, long-lasting processes such as learning, memory, mood, and arousal. **Examples:** Neurotransmitters like serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine are considered slow neuromodulators due to their role in modulating mood and behavior. **Duration:** Their effects are enduring and can last from minutes to hours or even longer.

Question 32

Discuss **Fast Neuromodulators: ** Speed: Function: Examples: Duration:

Answer 32

**Fast Neuromodulators: ** **Speed: **Fast neuromodulators work rapidly and have immediate effects on neuronal activity. **Function:** They primarily modulate the strength of synaptic transmission between neurons, affecting the intensity of signals between nerve cells. **Examples:** Neurotransmitters like glutamate, which excite neurons, and GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid), which inhibits neurons, are considered fast neuromodulators. **Duration:** Their effects are short-lived and brief, typically lasting milliseconds to seconds.

Question 33

Dopamine is involed in how the higher circuits....

Answer 33

adapt and learn e.g conditioned avoidance.

Question 34

Dopamine is a teaching signal, which adjusts the...

Answer 34

strength of connections in the higher circtuits

Question 35

The striatum is a critical site for learning ....

Answer 35

new habits of thought and movement.

Question 36

In the awake brain, how often do dopamine neurons 'spike'?

Answer 36

Every second or so.

Question 37

What mode do the dopamine neurons enter into when they encounter a new stimulus? What does this pattern of firing adjust?

Answer 37

Question 38

What happens to dopamine neuron firing when an anticipated and predictable reward fails to materialise?

Answer 38

it switches off for several seconds

Question 39

All antipsychotic drugs work by blocking what?

Answer 39

dopamine type 2 receptor D2

Question 40

Quetiapine and chlorpromazine have a strong what effect, and what is the result?

Answer 40

Histamine effect, which sedation is attributed to.

Question 41

What is the main emphasis of antipsychotic drug in the maintenance phase?

Answer 41

It is on avoiding side-effects so the patient sticks with treatment and is at lower risk of relaps.

Question 42

what % of patients do not getter better with antipsychotic treatment and what is this called?

Answer 42

10-20% treatment resistant

Question 43

what medication can help treatment resistant patients?

Answer 43

clozapine?

Question 44

How does clozapine work?

Answer 44

Question 45

After 6 weeks, what % of treatment resistant patients will improve with clozapine use?

Answer 45

30% get better

Question 46

After 6 weeks, what % of treatment resistant patients will improve with clozapine use?

Answer 46

60-70%

Question 47

What are some of the strengths of clozapine treatment?

Answer 47

Question 48

What are some of the weaknesses of clozapine treatment?

Answer 48

Question 49

What difference is seen in relapse rates between patients using long-acting injectable risperidone and oral risperidone

Answer 49