ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF PATIENTS WITH EYE AND VISION DISORDER

Question 1

What is the purpose of the Snellen chart?

Answer 1

To measure distance visual acuity

The Snellen chart is composed of rows of progressively smaller letters.

Question 2

What does a visual acuity of 20/200 indicate?

Answer 2

A person can see an object from 20 feet away that a person with 20/20 vision can see from 200 feet away

20/20 is considered the standard of normal vision.

Question 3

What is the function of the Rosenbaum pocket screener?

Answer 3

To measure near visual acuity

Question 4

What should a patient wear during the Snellen chart test?

Answer 4

Distance correction (eyeglasses or contact lenses)

Question 5

What is the significance of a pinhole occluder in vision testing?

Answer 5

It helps determine if the patient has refractive errors if they cannot read the 20/20 line

Question 6

What does ‘hand motion’ (HM) vision mean?

Answer 6

The patient can perceive hand movements but cannot count fingers

Question 7

Define ptosis.

Answer 7

Drooping eyelid

Question 8

What is nystagmus?

Answer 8

Involuntary rhythmic movement of the eyeball

Question 9

What does direct ophthalmoscopy examine?

Answer 9

The patient’s retina

Question 10

What is assessed during indirect ophthalmoscopy?

Answer 10

The health of the fundus and detection of lesions

Question 11

What is the purpose of the slit-lamp examination?

Answer 11

To examine the eye with magnification of 10-40 times

Question 12

What are polychromatic plates used for?

Answer 12

To test color vision deficits

Question 13

What is the Amsler grid used for?

Answer 13

To test for macular problems

Question 14

What is the role of ultrasonography in eye examinations?

Answer 14

To diagnose conditions when the view of the retina is obscured

Question 15

What does optical coherence tomography involve?

Answer 15

Low-coherence interferometry

Question 16

What is fluorescein angiography?

Answer 16

An invasive procedure that uses fluorescein dye to visualize retinal vessels

Question 17

What is tonometry used for?

Answer 17

To measure intraocular pressure (IOP)

Question 18

What are the normal ranges for intraocular pressure?

Answer 18

10-21 mm Hg

Question 19

What is the primary goal of glaucoma treatment?

Answer 19

To prevent further optic nerve damage

Question 20

What are the types of glaucoma?

Answer 20

• Open angle
• Angle closure
• Congenital
• Associated with other conditions (e.g., DM)

Question 21

What is the leading cause of blindness in the world?

Answer 21

Cataracts

Question 22

What are the three types of cataracts?

Answer 22

• Traumatic
• Congenital
• Senile cataract

Question 23

What are common clinical manifestations of cataracts?

Answer 23

• Blurry vision
• Sensitivity to glare
• Reduced visual acuity

Question 24

What is phacoemulsification?

Answer 24

A method of cataract surgery that uses ultrasonic devices to remove the lens

Question 25

What does the term 'aphakic' refer to?

Answer 25

A patient without a crystalline lens

Question 26

What is the purpose of ophthalmic medications?

Answer 26

To treat various eye conditions, including glaucoma

Question 27

What does the term 'mydriatics' refer to?

Answer 27

Medications that dilate the pupils

Question 28

What is the main barrier to ophthalmic medication absorption?

Answer 28

The size of the conjunctival sac

Question 29

What are the clinical manifestations of glaucoma?

Answer 29

* Peripheral vision loss * Blurring * Halos * Difficulty focusing

Question 30

What does the term 'legal blindness' refer to?

Answer 30

Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) that does not exceed 20/200

Question 31

True or False: The ability of the eye to absorb medication is high.

Answer 31

False

Question 32

What does the 'clock method' help with in patient care?

Answer 32

Describing the placement of food items for visually impaired patients

Question 33

What is the significance of the visual field testing (perimetry)?

Answer 33

Helps identify blind areas in the visual field

Question 34

What is injected into the space between the cornea and the lens during cataract surgery?

Answer 34

Clear gel ## Footnote This gel prevents the space from collapsing and facilitates insertion of the IOL.

Question 35

What is the term for a patient after removal of the crystalline lens?

Answer 35

Aphakic ## Footnote This term means the patient is without a lens.

Question 36

List the types of lens replacement options available after cataract surgery.

Answer 36

* Aphakic Eyeglasses * Contact Lenses * IOL Implants

Question 37

What preoperative tests may be prescribed based on a patient's medical history?

Answer 37

CBC, ECG, urinalysis ## Footnote These tests are only prescribed if indicated.

Question 38

How long should anticoagulant therapy be withheld before cataract surgery?

Answer 38

5-7 days ## Footnote This is to reduce the risk of hemorrhage.

Question 39

What did a study show about the risk of adverse events for patients continuing anticoagulant therapy before cataract surgery?

Answer 39

Very low risk ## Footnote The study speculated that regular users of these medications may not need to discontinue them prior to surgery.

Question 40

How often should dilating drops be administered before cataract surgery?

Answer 40

Every 10 minutes for four doses ## Footnote This should be done at least 1 hour before surgery.

Question 41

What types of drops may be administered prophylactically before cataract surgery?

Answer 41

* Antibiotic drops * Corticosteroid drops * Anti-inflammatory drops

Question 42

What should postoperative instructions include for the patient?

Answer 42

How to protect the eye, administer medications, recognize signs of complications, obtain emergency care ## Footnote This includes verbal and written instructions.

Question 43

What type of analgesic agent may be recommended for postoperative discomfort?

Answer 43

Mild analgesic agent, such as acetaminophen

Question 44

What types of eye drops or ointments are prescribed postoperatively?

Answer 44

* Antibiotic drops * Anti-inflammatory drops * Corticosteroid ointments

Question 45

What should patients wear for protection after cataract surgery?

Answer 45

* Protective eye patch for 24 hours * Eyeglasses during the day * Metal shield at night for 1 to 4 weeks

Question 46

What should patients wear outdoors during the day after surgery?

Answer 46

Sunglasses ## Footnote This is because the eye is sensitive to light.

Question 47

What symptoms may be expected for a few days after cataract surgery?

Answer 47

* Slight morning discharge * Some redness * Scratchy feeling

Question 48

What complication risk is increased after cataract surgery?

Answer 48

Retinal detachment ## Footnote Patients should notify the surgeon of new floaters, flashing lights, decrease in vision, pain, or increased redness.

Question 49

When is vision stabilized after cataract surgery?

Answer 49

6 to 12 weeks ## Footnote This is when the eye is completely healed and the final corrective prescription is completed.