Eye

Question 1

it is a transparent membrane mucous that covers the anterior surface of the eye

Answer 1

conjunctiva

Question 2

gland that secretes tears

Answer 2

lacrimal gland

Question 2

a small duct that collects the excess tears

Answer 2

lacrimal canaliculi

Question 2

helps maintain the shape of the eye, protects the internal structures andd provides attachments for the sites for eye muscle

Answer 2

sclera

Question 2

very thin structure consists of a vascular network and many melanin-consisting pigments, appearing black

Answer 2

choroid

Question 3

colored part of the eye

Answer 3

iris

Question 4

opening of the eye

Answer 4

pupil

Question 5

type of retina that keeps light from reflecting back into the eye

Answer 5

pigmented

Question 5

two layers of retina

Answer 5

sensory and pigmented

Question 6

type of retina that contains photoreceptor and interneurons

Answer 6

sensory

Question 7

true of false

rods are 20 times more than cones

Answer 7

true

Question 8

photoreceptor cells that can function / require low level of light to stimulate. it does no provide color vision

Answer 8

rods

Question 9

photoreceptor cells that provide color vision and require more light

Answer 9

cones

Question 10

it contains no photoreceptor, called as blind spot

Answer 10

optic disc

Question 11

its presence keeps the eye inflated and maintain the pressure withtin the eye. (it circulates) if the pressure increases above the normal range, it can cause glaucoma

Answer 11

aqueous humor

Question 12

jelly like subtance that helps maintain pressure within the eye and holds the lens and the retina in place. it laso refracts light and does not circulate

Answer 12

vitreous humor

Question 13

a person with vit a deficiency has a condition called?

Answer 13

night blindness

Question 14

is involuntary oscillation of the eyeball

Answer 14

Nystagmus

Question 15

is a condition in which there is deviation
from perfect ocular alignment

Answer 15

Strabismus

Question 16

Visual Acuity Test
 Snellen chart: distance
___: near

Answer 16

Rosenbaum pocket screener

Question 17

This is important when screening patients for ocular trauma or for neurologic disorders

Answer 17

PTOSIS

Question 18

DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATIONS
 The examiner holds the ophthalmoscope in the right hand and uses the right eye to examine the patient’s right eye.

 The examiner switches to the left hand and left eye when examining the patient’s left eye.

 During this examination, the room should be darkened, and pt’s eye should be on the same level as the examiner’s eye.
 Dark room- dilate, red reflex

Answer 18

Direct Ophthalmoscopy

Question 19

(red smudges –
hypertension)

Answer 19

Intraretinal hemorrhages

Question 20

• lipid has yellowish appearance.

Answer 20

Hypercholesterolemia or DM

Question 21

- little red dots, and nevi.

Answer 21

Microaneurysms

Question 22

- Drusen (yellowish areas)

Answer 22

Macular degeneration

Question 23

test to know if there is any color blindness

Answer 23

ishihara test

Question 23

 Used for patients with macular problems, such as macular degeneration.  Each eye is tested separately. The patient is instructed to stare at the central fixation spot on the grid and report any distortion in the squares of the grid itself.

Answer 23

AMSLER GRID

Question 23

 Valuable diagnostic technique when the view of the retina is obscured by opaque media such as cataract or hemorrhage.  Used to identify orbital tumors, retinal detachment, vitreous hemorrhage, and changes in tissue composition  Minimal discomfort for the patient.

Answer 23

ULTRASONOGRAPHY

Question 24

 Technology that involves low-coherence interferometry.  This method is noninvasive and involves no physical contact with the eye.

Answer 24

TOMOGRAPHY

Question 25

 used to detect and document retinal lesions.  Pt’s pupils are widely dilated before the procedure.  Visual acuity is diminished for about 30 minutes as a result of retinal “bleaching” by the intense flashing lights. mydriatics - nagpapadilate ng mata

Answer 25

FUNDUS PHOTOGRAPHY

Question 26

topical medication to dilate the pupil before any procedures

Answer 26

mydriatics

Question 26

 It is an invasive procedure in which fluorescein dye is injected, usually into an antecubital vein.  Within 10 to 15 seconds, this dye can be seen coursing through the retinal vessels.  Over a 10-minute period, serial black-and white photographs are taken of the retinal vasculature.  Dye may impart a gold tone to the skin and urine may turn deep yellow or orange. This discoloration usually disappears in 24 hours  Antecubital - inject the dye

Answer 26

FLUORESCEIN ANGIOGRAPHY

Question 27

 Measures IOP by determining the pressure necessary to indent or flatten (applanate) a small anterior area of the globe of the eye.  The procedure is noninvasive and usually painless. A topical anesthetic eye drop is instilled in the lower conjunctival sac, and the tonometer is then used to measure the IOP.

Answer 27

TONOMETRY

Question 28

Normal eye pressure ranges from

Answer 28

10-21 mm Hg

Question 28

 Can be corrected by lenses that focus light rays on the retina

Answer 28

Refractive errors

Question 28

 Evaluates the field of vision  Visual field testing (ie, perimetry) helps identify which parts of the patient’s central and peripheral visual fields have useful vision.  Helpful in detecting blind areas in the visual field in macular degeneration and the peripheral field defects in glaucoma and retinitis pigmentosa.

Answer 28

PERIMETRY TESTING

Question 28

- handheld device that gently taps the front of the eye to obtain a pressure reading.

Answer 28

TONOPEN

Question 29

nearsighted

Answer 29

Myopia

Question 29

normal vision is also called

Answer 29

Emmetropia

Question 30

farsighted

Answer 30

Hyperopia

Question 31

distortion caused by irregularity of the cornea

Answer 31

Astigmatism

Question 32

 BCVA 20/400 to no light perception  Legal blindness is BCVA that does not exceed 20/200  Financial Assistance

Answer 32

BLINDNESS

Question 33

 Requires devices and strategies in addition to corrective lenses  Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of 20/70 to 20/200

Answer 33

LOW VISION

Question 34

 An opacity or cloudiness of the lens  Leading cause of blindness in the world  Three types 1. Traumatic 2. Congenital 3. Senile cataract

Answer 34

CATARACTS

Question 34

drops to paralyze eye

Answer 34

cycloplegics

Question 34

often is accompanied by functional impairment (cane, guide dog) and should be encouraged to learn  Braille and to use computer aids

Answer 34

Impaired vision

Question 34

all eye conditions are painless except to this one

Answer 34

closed angle glaucoma

Question 34

 Ocular conditions in which damage to the optic nerve is related to IOP caused by congestion of the aqueous humor.  Increased IOP damages the optic nerve and nerve fiber layer, but the degree of harm is highly variable  Glaucoma is the second leading cause of blindness in adults in US.  Loss of peripheral vision  There is no cure for glaucoma, but can be controlled

Answer 34

GLAUCOMA

Question 35

TYPES OF CATARACT SURGERY  In this method of extracapsular cataract surgery, a portion of the anterior capsule is removed, allowing extraction of the lens nucleus and cortex while the posterior capsule and zonular support are left intact.  An ultrasonic device is used to liquefy the nucleus and cortex, which are then suctioned out through a tube  After the pupil has been dilated, a small incision is made on the upper edge of the cornea, clear gel is injected into the space between the cornea and the lens to prevents the space from collapsing and facilitates insertion of the IOL.  Incision is smaller so wound heals more rapidly

Answer 35

PHACOEMULSIFICATION

Question 36

TYPES OF CATARACT SURGERY  After removal of the crystalline lens, the patient is referred to as aphakic (without lens).

Answer 36

LENS REPLACEMENT