Assessment Questions

Question 0

What hormone is responsible for the reabsorption of water only in the nephron?

Answer 0

ADH.
It acts by increasing the number of aquaporins in the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting ducts of the kidney nephron.

Question 1

What is thyroxine an example of?

Answer 1

Amine hormone

Question 2

The cell membrane is more negatively charged than the exterior. True or false?

Answer 2

True

This is due to activity of the Na+/K+ pump, the membranes selective permeability and the presence of large negatively charged proteins in the cell.

Question 3

In the autonomic nervous system is what is the main neurotransmitter substance released at target organ of the parasympathetic nerves?

Answer 3

Acetylcholine

Question 4

During the depolarisation of the nerve cell plasma membrane, what channels open?

Answer 4

Sodium channels - so sodium ions move into the cell

Question 5

The adrenal glands are an example of an endocrine gland. True or false?

Answer 5

True

Question 6

In the sympathetic nervous system, where do the preganglionic nerve fines leave the spinal cord?

Answer 6

Thoraco-lumbar levels

Question 7

Activation of the sympathetic nervous system does what to the pupils?

Answer 7

Dilates pupils - increased diameter. The sympathetic nervous system causes the radial muscles in the iris to contract.

Question 8

What does the anterior pituitary secrete?

Answer 8

ACTH 
TSH
FSH
LH
Prolactin 
Growth hormone

Question 9

What is the plasma membrane freely permeable to?

Answer 9

Steroid hormones

Question 10

How does extracellular fluid differ from intercellular fluid in adults?

Answer 10

Volume is smaller - in an adult male, intercellular fluid contributes to approx 25L (40% of body fluid) whereas extracellular fluid contributes to approx 20% 13-15L

Question 11

In negative feedback control systems what is the effector tissue?

Answer 11

Usually muscle or gland

Question 12

Body temperature is an example of negative feedback. True or false?

Answer 12

True

Question 13

What is the wrist in relation to the elbow?

Answer 13

Distal

Question 14

What are the 3 basic fibre types in connective tissue?

Answer 14

Collagen
Reticular tissue
Elastic

Question 15

Simple cuboidal epithelium can be found in thyroid gland. True or false?

Answer 15

True

Question 16

Haemolysis of the blood cell will occur in what type of solution?

Answer 16

Hypotonic - water will move into the cell by osmosis causing the cell to lyse

Question 17

What cell organelle is responsible for protein synthesis?

Answer 17

Ribosome

Question 18

Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus. True or false?

Answer 18

True

Question 19

Collagen is present in the matrix of the blood. True or false.

Answer 19

False

Question 20

What do arterial baroreceptors do to their discharge rate when there is an increase in arterial blood pressure?

Answer 20

Increase it

Question 21

There is normally no wave associated with atrial repolarisarion. True or false?

Answer 21

True

Question 22

An increase in cardiac output may cause…

Answer 22

…an increase in mean arterial blood pressure

Question 23

Contraction of the heart can be made more forceful in the presence of …?

Answer 23

Adrenaline

Question 24

How do you calculate the mean cell haemoglobin?

Answer 24

Haemoglobin concentration of whole blood/red cell count

Question 25

What does the left ventricle of the heart eject blood into?

Answer 25

The aorta - the aorta carries oxygenated blood from the left side of the heart to the systemic circulation

Question 26

Cardiac output is determined by...?

Answer 26

Heart rate x stroke volume

Question 27

Which neurotransmitter is released by most post-ganglionic sympathetic neurones?

Answer 27

Noradrenaline

Question 28

What connects bone to bone?

Answer 28

Ligaments

Question 29

What connects bone to muscle?

Answer 29

Tendons

Question 30

Which structure prevents food and drink from entering the lungs?

Answer 30

Epiglottis

Question 31

What is the normal average pulse rate for an adult?

Answer 31

80bpm

Question 32

The brain and spinal cord form which part of the nervous system?

Answer 32

Central nervous system

Question 33

What is the average body temperature?

Answer 33

37 degrees Celsius

Question 34

Where are your lungs located?

Answer 34

Thoracic cavity

Question 35

Which hormone is responsible for the increased heart rate, sweaty palms, dry mouth, increased breathing and increased blood pressure that you experience when you are frightened or are stressed?

Answer 35

Adrenaline

Question 36

What are proteins broken down into?

Answer 36

Amino acids

Question 37

How many chromosomes are in an healthy reproductive cell?

Answer 37

23

Question 38

What is the correct order of skin layers from outermost to innermost?

Answer 38

Epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous

Question 39

What is the main role of an erythrocyte?

Answer 39

To carry oxygen and carbon dioxide

Question 40

What is the fluid inside cells called?

Answer 40

Intercellular fluid

Question 41

Where does blood travel to once it has left the lungs?

Answer 41

The heart

Question 42

Is the blood approaching the alveoli high or low in CO2 and O2?

Answer 42

High in CO2 and low in O2

Question 43

What is the most plentiful cation in interstitial fluid?

Answer 43

Sodium

Question 44

Red blood cells contain...?

Answer 44

Haemoglobin

Question 45

Homeostasis means...?

Answer 45

Maintaining a stable internal environment

Question 46

Where do chemical synapses in the nervous release neurotransmitters...?

Answer 46

From presynaptic vesicles

Question 47

How are thyroid hormones transported?

Answer 47

In the blood bound to proteins

Question 48

Are positive feedback mechanisms stimulatory or inhibitory?

Answer 48

Stimulatory

Question 49

Facilitated diffusion across a membrane uses...?

Answer 49

A carrier protein

Question 50

Hydrochloric acid in the stomach is secreted from the ...?

Answer 50

Parietal cells

Question 51

What is the correct order of the layers of the digestive tract?

Answer 51

Mucosa Submucosa Muscularis externa Serosa

Question 52

What is an example of a micronutrient?

Answer 52

Minerals

Question 53

What is the main function of glucagon?

Answer 53

Increases blood glucose

Question 54

Which hormone stimulates gastric motility and secretion?

Answer 54

Gastrin

Question 55

Which class of lipoproteins removes the cholesterol from the blood and returns it to the liver for elimination?

Answer 55

HDLs

Question 56

Which hormone increased substantially after ovulation?

Answer 56

Progesterone

Question 57

Is spermatogonia haploid or diploid?

Answer 57

Diploid - has 23 pairs of chromosomes

Question 58

What is the name of the mucous membrane that changes during the menstrual cycle in response to hormones?

Answer 58

Endometrium

Question 59

What is this flow of lymph?

Answer 59

``` Capillaries Larger vessels Lymph nodes Larger vessels Thoracic duct Left subclavian vein Systemic circulation ```

Question 60

Which cells are involved in the humoural response?

Answer 60

B cells

Question 61

Examples of non-specific defence

Answer 61

Phagocytes Skin Fever

Question 62

What are the movements of the shoulder joint?

Answer 62

``` Flexion Extension Abduction Adduction Circumduction Rotation It is freely moveable ```

Question 63

Side effects of NSAIDs

Answer 63

``` Increased gastric acid secretion Gastric bleeding Nausea Diarrhoea Decreased gastric mucus secretion ```

Question 64

Aspirin is effective against what type of pain?

Answer 64

Mild

Question 65

What are the two functional parts of the somatic nervous system?

Answer 65

Motor and sensory - also known as efferent and afferent

Question 66

Innate immunity has no memory. True or false?

Answer 66

True

Question 67

B cells are part of the innate immune system. True or false?

Answer 67

False

Question 68

What is the main chemical mediator released by mast cells?

Answer 68

Histamine

Question 69

When is the thymus fully developed?

Answer 69

Puberty

Question 70

Immune cells comprise what percentage of the blood's content?

Answer 70

1%

Question 71

Where are macrophages present?

Answer 71

Throughout the body

Question 72

What is the correct pathway for the transfer of sensory information from the nociceptor to the brain?

Answer 72

``` Nociceptor Dorsal horn of spinal cord Spinothalamic tract Ventral posterior lateral nucleus in the thalamus Sensory cortex ```

Question 73

Which cells secrete osteoid and are responsible for mineral deposition?

Answer 73

Osteoblasts

Question 74

Nociceptors are sensitive to...?

Answer 74

Chemical substances released by damaged cells or tissues - substances such as proteases, ATP, K+ ions, and the H+ ions from a build up of lactic acid can cause ion channels on nociceptor to open

Question 75

Diaphragm has what type of muscle?

Answer 75

Striated

Question 76

What are the main functions of the skeleton?

Answer 76

Protects internal organs Provides leverage for movement Produces blood cells Stores calcium

Question 77

Which proteins are involved in the contraction cycle of skeletal muscle?

Answer 77

Troponin Myosin Actin

Question 78

Which protein is involved in the contraction of smooth muscle?

Answer 78

Calmodulin

Question 79

Morphine can cause ...?

Answer 79

Respiratory depression