assmt test Flashcards
(187 cards)
Selective abstraction
Selective abstraction occurs when one focuses on a detail that is taken out of context, at the expense of other information.
Personalization
Personalization is when external events are incorrectly attributed to oneself.
Dichotomous thinking
Dichotomous or polarized thinking is categorizing experiences into one of two extremes, i.e., either/or thinking.
Cross’s (1991) Black Racial Identity Development Model (also known as the Nigrescence Model)
Pre-Encounter: People in this stage prefer White culture, and they may have internalized negative stereotypes of Blacks and blame Blacks for their own problems.
Encounter: The encounter stage begins when an important event or series of events challenges the person’s worldview and causes the person to question his or her positive attitude toward White culture and consider what it means to be a member of a group that is the target of racism.
Immersion-Emersion: Individuals in this stage denigrate White culture and glorify Black culture. They actively seek out opportunities to learn about Black history and culture and prefer associating with individuals of their own race.
Internalization: People in the internalization stage have started to develop a sense of security about their Black identity. Their negative feelings about White culture have declined, and race has become a less salient issue.
Internalization-Commitment: Individuals in this stage have internalized a Black identity and are committed to social activism to improve equality for oppressed groups.
Based on the psychotherapy outcome research, your best estimate of the percentage of therapy clients showing measurable improvement at the end of therapy is:
75%
Joining and restructuring
structural family therapy
Paradoxical directives and reframing
strategic family therapy
Non-directive listening and interpretation
object relations family therapy
Group size
7-10 members
Yalom says group members need
motivation
Guidelines for Asian American clients include the following:
Determine the client’s cultural identity and level of acculturation in the initial session. Keep in mind that, within families, differences in level of acculturation may be a source of conflict.
Explore the client’s beliefs about the contributors to his or her presenting problems. Asian American clients often express psychological problems as somatic symptoms due to a holistic view of mind and body and because doing so is more acceptable to members of their culture.
Be aware that Asian American families tend to be hierarchical and patriarchal, adhere to traditional gender roles, and give family needs precedence over individual needs. Children of Asian parents are likely to have positive dependent relationships with their parents, and these relationships should be supported rather than viewed as problematic and discouraged.
Keep in mind that a fear of losing face and shame are powerful motivators for Asian American individuals. Because disclosing personal problems with individuals outside the family is a source of shame, Asian American individuals tend to avoid professional psychological services and, when they do seek therapy, are hesitant to discuss personal issues. A good strategy is to postpone discussing the client’s problems until he or she is ready to do so.
Maintain a formal style during the course of therapy, and be sensitive to differences in communication style. For Asian Americans, periods of silence and avoidance of eye contact are expressions of respect and politeness.
Establish credibility in the initial session by disclosing information about your educational background and experience.
Asian American clients are likely to prefer a brief structured and solution-focused approach. They expect the therapist to be an authority (but not authoritarian) and to suggest specific courses of action while also fostering their participation by encouraging them to help identify therapy goals and solutions to problems. A behavioral approach is usually appropriate because it is concrete and addresses specific behaviors, and family therapy may be acceptable when it is modified to be consistent with the family’s cultural values.
social displacement syndrome
the tendency of immigrants to initially experience elation and optimism, followed by a period of frustration, depression, and confusion as the reality of the adjustments required by their new lives sets in.
Stress-Buffering Hypothesis
a high level of perceived social support can protect a person against the harmful effects of stress on his or her physical and psychological health.
cultural encapsulation described a culturally-encapsulated counselor as someone who:
-Defines reality according to one set of cultural assumptions, notably in terms of his or her own cultural beliefs and stereotypes;
-Becomes insensitive to (i.e., minimizing or ignoring) cultural variations among clients;
-Disregards evidence disproving their assumptions; is unaware of own cultural biases; and
-Defines counseling in terms of dogmatically-accepted techniques and strategies, depends on quick-fix solutions to problems and judges others from one’s own self-reference criteria.
Helms’ (1995) White Racial Identity Development Model consists of two phases, ‘Abandonment of Racism’ and ‘Defining Non-racist White Identity,’ which are further distinguished sequentially into six identity statuses:
1.) Contact: is characterized by ignorance and disregard of any racial differences. People at this level usually have limited contact with other races, are oblivious to their own whiteness and unaware of the implications of racial/ethnic differences
2.) Disintegration: Increasing cross-racial interactions lead to greater awareness of an individual’s whiteness and of racial inequalities producing emotional, psychological, and moral confusion and conflicts. 3.) Reintegration: People in the reintegration stage resolve their conflicts by adopting the position that Whites are superior and minorities are inferior, and use these beliefs to justify existing inequalities. Helms notes many of America’s racial/cultural norms enable Whites to stay fixated in the reintegration status.
4.) Pseudo-Independence: Pseudo-independence is marked by dissatisfaction with reintegration and a re-examination of beliefs about race and racial inequalities.
5.) Immersion-Emersion: At this level of identity development, people embrace their whiteness without rejecting members of minority groups and attempt to determine how they can feel proud of their own race without being racist.
6.) Autonomy: People achieve autonomy when they internalize a nonracist White identity that is based on a realistic understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of White culture and similarities and differences are acknowledged but are not perceived as threatening. At this level, Whites value and seek out cross-racial interactions.
Janet Helms’ (1984) White and People of Color Racial Identity Models four interaction patterns:
parallel, regressive, progressive, and crossed.
For example, an individual with more social power, in a regressive interaction, operates from a less sophisticated identity status than a person with less social power, resulting in tension and discord.
Sue et al., (1991) found inter- and intra-group differences w/ c/t cultural matching:
with some improvement in all groups but less favorable outcome for African-Americans than Asian-, Hispanic-, or Anglo-Americans
Atkinson, Morten, and Sue’s Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model: The Racial/Cultural Identity Development (R/CID) Model (Atkinson, Morten, & Sue, 1998):
Stage One-Conformity: People in this stage prefer the lifestyle and values of the dominant culture and have strong negative feelings about their own minority group and other minority groups that are similar to their own. They are likely to prefer a therapist from the dominant group and to be uninterested in exploring their cultural identity.
Stage Two-Dissonance: Individuals in the dissonance stage experience confusion and conflict as the result of encountering circumstances that are inconsistent with their cultural beliefs and attitudes. They recognize that the values of the dominant group are not always beneficial for them and begin to have positive attitudes toward their own minority group. In therapy, they are interested in addressing issues related to identity. Although they may prefer a therapist from the dominant group, they want the therapist to be knowledgeable about their culture.
Stage Three-Resistance and Immersion: People in this stage actively reject the dominant culture, strongly identify with and are committed to their own culture, and may feel guilty and angry about their past negative feelings toward their own group. These individuals view psychological problems as the result of oppression and are suspicious of mental health services and other mainstream services and institutions. When they seek therapy, they prefer a therapist from their own minority group.
Stage Four-Introspection: This stage is characterized by a conflict between personal autonomy and the rigid constraints of the previous stage. People in this stage begin to question their unequivocal loyalty to their own culture and absolute rejection of the dominant culture. They may prefer a therapist from their own group but are willing to consider a therapist from another group who understands their perspective, and they’re interested in exploring their new sense of identity in therapy.
Stage Five-Integrative Awareness: People in the integrative awareness stage have resolved the conflicts of the previous stage, appreciate aspects of their own culture and the dominant culture, and have a positive self-image and strong sense of autonomy. They’re motived by a commitment to eliminate all sources of oppression and a desire to become more multicultural. Preference for a therapist is based on similarity of attitudes and worldview rather than race.
According to Beck, suicide risk is heightened by a combination of
hopelessness and poor problem-solving skills.
Detouring
Detouring is a type of boundary problem in which the spouses avoid tensions between themselves by blaming or overprotecting their child. (structural)
Triangulation
Triangulation occurs when each parent attempts to get the child to side with him or her against the other. (structural)
Enmeshment
Enmeshment results from very unclear boundaries that promote dependence. (structural)
Joining
Joining is a therapeutic technique used to blend into the family system. (structural)
phase model of psychotherapy
The phase model of psychotherapy, an extension of the dose-response model of treatment response, was first proposed by Howard et al. in 1993 and is a client stage model that outlines a progressive, 3-stage sequence of change. Research by Howard and his colleagues (1996) found a relationship between number of therapy sessions and therapy outcomes and that outcomes can be described in terms of these three phases.
1)Remoralization: focuses on the client’s subjective well-being and occurs during the first few sessions. The main outcome of this phase is an improvement in the client’s feelings of hopelessness and desperation.
2)Remediation: focuses on symptom reduction and relief. It generally occurs between the 5th and 15th sessions.
3)Rehabilitation: involves a gradual improvement in various aspects of life functioning (e.g., developing new ways of dealing with interpersonal conflicts).
According to this model, effective courses of treatment are initially characterized by a restored subjective sense of well-being then, as a function of this improvement, the client may benefit from interventions to provide symptom reduction or relief (e.g., decrease difficulty concentrating or sleep disruption) and finally, is able to either resume their former level of role functioning (e.g., doing well at work) or initiate new roles (e.g., obtaining a new job). Howard et al. note that the existence of these three phases suggests that different treatment goals, interventions, and outcome measures may be appropriate for different stages of psychotherapy.
