association cortex

Question 1

what is an association cortex?

Answer 1

everything that is not a primary sensory or primary motor area

Question 2

what do association corticies do?

Answer 2

receive input from many areas and connect them in a way that wasn’t possible in the initial sensory area and usually generates a more meaningful response

Question 3

what are the major association cortices?

Answer 3

Temporal (who/what pathway),Parietal (where/when pathway),Frontal

Question 4

what functions does the temporal association cortex involve?

Answer 4

Visual forms, objects, textures
Auditory prosody, syntax
Polymodal/heteromodal - audio/ visual/somatic

Question 5

what functions does the parietal association cortex involve?

Answer 5

Visuospatial awareness (attention)
Visual motor transformations (intention)
Somesthesis (body awareness)

Question 6

what functions does the frontal association cortex involve?

Answer 6

spatial, object working memory
planning
withholding responses

Question 7

what layer of cortex receives input from the thalamus?

Answer 7

layer 4 ( the granular layer)

Question 8

what is the brainstem modulatory system?

Answer 8

Brainstem modulatory systems = 5HT, NE,

DA, etc.

Question 9

what layer(s) do inputs go to in the cortex?

Answer 9

all layers

Question 10

where do Outputs from layers 2 and 3 go?

Answer 10

other cortical areas - layer 3 cells are bigger, can go

to opposite hemisphere

Question 11

where do outputs from layer 5 go?

Answer 11

subcortical structures like the striatum, superior colliculus,
pons, and tegmentum

Question 12

where do outputs from layer 6 go?

Answer 12

the thalamus

Question 13

what does damage from to the Temporal Association Areas / Ventral Stream lead to?

Answer 13

deficits in higher order perception of stimuli, but not necessarily the simple elements:
agnosia, achromatopsia, prosopagnosia, alexia, receptive aphasia, expressive aphasia apraxia,

Question 14

what can result if the primary visual areas are damaged but the temporal association areas are spared?

Answer 14

a “ blindsight” can result and the patient doesn’t know that they can see

Question 15

what is agnosia?

Answer 15

impaired object recognition

Question 16

what is achromatopsia?

Answer 16

impaired color recognition

Question 17

what is prosopagnosia?

Answer 17

impaired face recognition

Question 18

what is alexia?

Answer 18

impaired word recognition

Question 19

what is receptive aphasia?

Answer 19

impaired word interpretation. Input problem, ex. Wernicke’s

Question 20

what is expressive aphasia?

Answer 20

impaired word usage. Output problem, ex. Broca’s

Question 21

what is apraxia ?

Answer 21

object utilization / tool use deficits (impaired motor planning / ability to
carry out learned purposeful movements)

Question 22

what is required to generate intention?

Answer 22

attention is required to generate intention

Question 23

prefrontal cells encode the _______ and _______ of meaningful stimuli that can be used in a response.

Answer 23

location and time

Question 24

*** what does the prefrontal cortex allow us to do?

Answer 24

METACOGNITION

Question 25

*** what is the main function of the prefrontal cortex?

Answer 25

it supports the most meaningful selection of behavior to achieve desirable outcomes and avoid undesirable ones

Question 26

****how does the prefrontal cortex do it's function?

Answer 26

it facilitates metacognition through integration of sensory info and pausing the motor responses and monitoring of outcomes.

Question 27

** what can happen in a prefrontal cortex lesion?

Answer 27

behavior changes, can't control actions, problems withholding improper responses. they are socially inappropriate,could also have motor, oculomotor or verbal problems

Question 28

which common syndromes involve changes in the prefrontal cortex?

Answer 28

schizophrenia and ADHD