Assumptions Flashcards
(23 cards)
What are the three parts of the tripartite personality according to Freud?
ID, ego, and superego
The ID seeks instant gratification, the ego mediates between the ID and superego, and the superego represents moral standards.
What principle does the ID follow?
Pleasure principle
The ID is innate, selfish, and unconscious.
What is the role of the ego in the tripartite personality?
Acts as a referee between the ID and superego
The ego follows the mediator principle.
What does the superego represent?
Right from wrong and our ideal self
The superego follows the morality principle.
What are the five psychosexual stages proposed by Freud?
Oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital stages
Each stage is associated with a libido linked to specific body parts.
What can cause fixation during the psychosexual stages?
Frustration or overindulgence
Fixation can lead to behaviors such as nail-biting or overeating in adulthood.
What analogy does Freud use to describe the unconscious mind?
Iceberg analogy
The unconscious mind is the largest part, hidden beneath the surface.
What are the three parts of the unconscious mind?
Conscious, preconscious, and unconscious mind
The preconscious can be accessed through dreams.
What is the blank slate assumption in behaviorism?
Babies are born with innate and primitive responses
More complex behavior arises from interactions with the environment.
What study illustrates the concept of observational learning in behaviorism?
Bandura’s bobo doll study
Aggressive behavior is learned through imitation of role models.
What are the two types of conditioning in behaviorism?
Classical conditioning and operant conditioning
Classical conditioning involves stimulus-response associations, while operant conditioning involves rewards and punishments.
What did Pavlov’s dogs study demonstrate?
Classical conditioning
The dogs learned to associate a bell with food, leading to salivation.
What is operant conditioning?
Learning through rewards, punishments, and reinforcement
Skinner’s rats study showed this concept in action.
What is the assumption about learning similarities between humans and animals?
Humans and animals learn in similar ways
Basic principles of learning are common across species.
What analogy is used in cognitive psychology to describe human functioning?
Computer analogy
Humans process information like computers with inputs, processes, and outputs.
What are the five stages of internal mental processes?
Attention, perception, thinking, memory, and language
These stages work interdependently when processing information.
What is a schema in cognitive psychology?
A framework or template for identifying experiences
Schemas help us make sense of current and future experiences.
What is the role of neurotransmitters in biological psychology?
Chemical messengers influencing mood and behaviors
They communicate across synapses and can be linked to mental health conditions.
What does the localization of brain function refer to?
Different parts of the brain have different functions
The brain includes lobes like frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital.
What is the evolutionary influence assumption in biological psychology?
Behavior and mood have adapted to environmental demands
This is based on Darwin’s theory of natural selection.
What is one assumption of positive psychology regarding free will?
Humans have control over their actions and emotions
Happiness is not solely due to external factors.
What is the authenticity of goodness and excellence in positive psychology?
Positive states of mind are as authentic as negative ones
Psychology should study happiness alongside mental illness.
What does Seligman propose about the ‘good life’?
It involves positively pursuing activities that engage us
The good life consists of positive connections, traits, and life regulation qualities.
