Therapies

Question 1

What is the psychodynamic approach’s assumption related to dream analysis?

Answer 1

The unconscious mind expresses itself through dreams.

Question 2

What did Freud classify dreams as?

Answer 2

The royal road to the unconscious.

Question 3

What is the aim of dream analysis in the psychodynamic approach?

Answer 3

To make the unconscious conscious by decoding manifest content into latent content.

Question 4

What causes psychological problems according to the psychodynamic approach?

Answer 4

Repressed issues.

Question 5

How does childhood experience influence dreams in the psychodynamic approach?

Answer 5

Traumatic experiences are repressed into the unconscious and can resurface through dreams.

Question 6

What is the tripartite personality assumption in the psychodynamic approach?

Answer 6

The demands of the id are active in dreams, allowing desires to be acted out.

Question 7

What is ‘dreamwork’ in the context of the psychodynamic approach?

Answer 7

A process where the ego protects us from undesirable truths in the unconscious.

Question 8

What is the first main component of dream analysis?

Answer 8

Dreams as wish fulfilment.

Question 9

What does the symbolic nature of dreams imply?

Answer 9

Dreams appear in a disguised form to protect us from the unacceptable truth.

Question 10

What are the two types of content in dream analysis?

Answer 10

• Manifest content
• Latent content

Question 11

What is displacement in dream analysis?

Answer 11

The emotional significance of a dream object is separated from the real object and attached to a different one.

Question 12

What is the purpose of keeping a dream diary?

Answer 12

To record dreams upon waking for discussion in therapy sessions.

Question 13

What is the therapist’s role in dream analysis?

Answer 13

To decode manifest content back into latent content and facilitate free association.

Question 14

What is free association in therapy?

Answer 14

Encouraging the client to verbalize or write down all thoughts that come to mind.

Question 15

What assumption does the behaviourist approach make regarding aversion therapy?

Answer 15

Individuals are born with only innate and primitive responses.

Question 16

What is the principle of classical conditioning in aversion therapy?

Answer 16

Associating an addictive behavior with an unpleasant unconditioned response.

Question 17

What is operant conditioning’s role in aversion therapy?

Answer 17

Negative reinforcement encourages avoidance of the addictive behavior.

Question 18

What is counterconditioning in aversion therapy?

Answer 18

Presenting an aversive stimulus alongside the undesirable behavior.

Question 19

What is Antabuse used for in aversion therapy?

Answer 19

To block the metabolism of alcohol, causing unpleasant effects.

Question 20

What is rapid smoking in aversion therapy?

Answer 20

A technique where a smoker takes puffs until feeling sick.

Question 21

What is covert sensitization?

Answer 21

Imagining an aversive scenario instead of direct exposure.

Question 22

What is the computer analogy assumption in the cognitive approach?

Answer 22

Faulty output is due to irrational or faulty processing.

Question 23

What is a dysfunctional thought diary (DTD)?

Answer 23

A tool for clients to record and challenge irrational thoughts.

Question 24

What is cognitive restructuring in CBT?

Answer 24

Challenging and rebuilding irrational thinking patterns.

Question 25

What is the negative cognitive triad according to Beck?

Answer 25

Irrationally negative schemas about oneself, the world, and the future.

Question 26

What is pleasant activity scheduling (PAS) in CBT?

Answer 26

Planning enjoyable activities to build positive schemas.

Question 27

What are engagement strategies in CBT?

Answer 27

Used to build rapport and discuss worries about therapy.

Question 28

What is empirical disputation in CBT?

Answer 28

Asking the client to provide evidence for their irrational thoughts.

Question 29

What is the role of antipsychotic drugs in drug therapy?

Answer 29

To treat mental disorders by reducing positive symptoms.

Question 30

What are conventional antipsychotic drugs?

Answer 30

First-generation drugs like chlorpromazine that block dopamine receptors.

Question 31

What is the difference between conventional and atypical antipsychotic drugs?

Answer 31

Atypical drugs have a more temporary effect and target additional receptor sites.

Question 32

What are agonist and antagonist substitution treatments?

Answer 32

Treatments that mimic or block effects of addictive substances.

Question 33

What is an example of an agonist drug?

Answer 33

Methadone, used to treat opioid addictions.

Question 34

What is the role of agonist and antagonist substitution treatments in drug therapy?

Answer 34

They are used to treat certain types of addiction by mimicking (agonists) or blocking (antagonists) the effects of addictive substances. ## Footnote Agonists activate receptor sites, while antagonists block them.

Question 35

Give an example of an agonist drug used in addiction treatment.

Answer 35

Methadone ## Footnote Methadone is used to treat opioid addictions like heroin.

Question 36

How does methadone work in treating opioid addiction?

Answer 36

It mimics the effects of opioids by binding to the opioid receptor sites and activating them in a safe way, stimulating dopamine release. ## Footnote This reduces cravings and prevents withdrawal symptoms.

Question 37

What is an example of an antagonist drug used in addiction treatment?

Answer 37

Naltrexone ## Footnote Naltrexone blocks receptor sites and prevents addictive substances from having an effect.

Question 38

What happens when someone takes naltrexone and then uses an addictive substance?

Answer 38

They will not feel the usual 'high' because dopamine is not released. ## Footnote This makes the addiction less rewarding.

Question 39

What is the authenticity of goodness and excellence assumption in mindfulness?

Answer 39

It suggests that positive human traits are just as authentic and natural as negative ones. ## Footnote Individuals can achieve greater life fulfillment by developing their natural strengths and virtues.

Question 40

How does the acknowledgment of free will apply to mindfulness?

Answer 40

It emphasizes that individuals choose to engage in therapy and become consciously aware of their thoughts and emotions. ## Footnote This allows them to exercise control over negative thinking.

Question 41

What does the 'good life' assumption focus on in mindfulness?

Answer 41

Taking control over feelings, which is central to living the good life and increasing life satisfaction. ## Footnote Practicing mindfulness helps in gaining control over thoughts.

Question 42

What is one component of mindfulness (MF)?

Answer 42

Gaining control over thoughts. ## Footnote This aims to help individuals manage uncontrolled negative thinking.

Question 43

What is mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR)?

Answer 43

A therapy developed in the 1970s to treat patients struggling with life's difficulties and mental or physical illnesses. ## Footnote Initially created for hospital patients, it has been effectively used by many.

Question 44

How long is the typical MBSR course and what does it consist of?

Answer 44

An 8-week course consisting of 45-minute group sessions. ## Footnote It aims to build techniques for everyday life.

Question 45

What is one technique used in MBSR?

Answer 45

Meditation and mindfulness breathing. ## Footnote This technique teaches proper breathing by focusing on it in a relaxed position.

Question 46

What is the body scan technique in mindfulness?

Answer 46

A technique where the person directs attention to different body parts to focus on tension or discomfort. ## Footnote It uses breathing techniques to relax those areas.

Question 47

How does yoga promote mindfulness in MBSR?

Answer 47

It incorporates physical movement into mindfulness practice and shows it can be done in everyday life. ## Footnote Yoga can be practiced at home, work, or during daily interactions.

Question 48

What is the purpose of visualizing overwhelming emotions in mindfulness?

Answer 48

To help the person control these emotions by visualizing them as waves that grow, crest, and subside. ## Footnote This technique aids in managing intense feelings.

Question 49

What are informal practices in mindfulness?

Answer 49

Skills developed to engage in mindfulness practices in informal settings without structured sessions. ## Footnote This allows for mindfulness to be practiced at work or home.