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Astronomy > Astronomy up to First Test! > Flashcards

Astronomy up to First Test! Flashcards

0
Q

negative curvature

A

surface is curved so that it does not touch itself

curved down on top, and upside down U on sidesw

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1
Q

positive curvature

A

curved like a sphere, surface meets itself

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2
Q

angstrom

A

10^-10m

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3
Q

1 light year

A

10^16m

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4
Q

space dimensions

A

x, y, z, time

length of space called L

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5
Q

mass

A

scalar value, resistance to acceleration

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7
Q

electric charge

A

unit q. can be either + or -, related to electrical field. opposites attract

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8
Q

angles

A

theta and phi, theta is main angle phi is other. 365 degrees

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9
Q

Units of Arc

A

365° in a circle, 1°=60 minutes (‘), 1 minute = 60 seconds (“). Based on 365 days a year

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10
Q

Angles of Time

A

1 angular unit per hour, 24hrs per circle. 1 hour = 60 minutes, 1 minute = 60 seconds. min and sec instead of ‘ and “. based on 24hr day

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11
Q

vector

A

a quantity with magnitude and direction

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12
Q

scalar

A

a single-quantity number

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13
Q

velocity

A

change in position over change in time. VECTOR quantity.

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14
Q

acceleration

A

change in velocity over change in time. vector value

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15
Q

force

A

f, push or pull. vector

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16
Q

energy

A

the potential to do work, always conserved and converted

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17
Q

Ek

A

kinetic energy, 1/2mv^2

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18
Q

pressure

A

force/unit of area. vector

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19
Q

momentum

A

movingness of something, conserved, vector value. P

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20
Q

momentum equation

A

P = m * v

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21
Q

angular momentum

A

tendency of something to continue rotating, conserved, vector. L

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22
Q

angular momentum equation

A

L=MVR (v and r are vectors)

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23
Q

star formation

A

angular momentum causes ball of gas to collapse into a rotating disk w/ protostar at middle.

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24
Q

changing L (angular momentum)

A

if L and mass stay same, velocity and radius vary inversely

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25
Q

light

A

electromagnetic waves, electric wave perpendicular to a magnetic wave

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26
Q

photon

A

packet of light

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27
Q

field

A

property of space. take a point of space- what fields are there?

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28
Q

amplitude

A

highest to lowest point of a wave

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29
Q

wavelength

A

lambda, trough to trough or peak to peak

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30
Q

long wavelength

A

red

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31
Q

short wavelength

A

blue

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32
Q

time

A

T or t, period of time

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33
Q

gamma rays

A

10^-11 and down

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34
Q

X-rays

A

10^-8

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35
Q

UV

A

4x10^-7

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36
Q

visible

A

7x10^-7

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37
Q

infrared

A

10^-3

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38
Q

microwaves

A

10^-2

39
Q

FM radio

A

10^0 to 10^ 1.5 kind of

40
Q

AM radio

A

10^2.1-10^3

41
Q

long radio

A

10^3

42
Q

spectrum shortest to longest lambda

A

gamma rays, x rays, UV rays, visible rays, infrared, microwave, radio (Fm then AM), long radio

43
Q

opacity

A

inability of certain EM wavelengths to get through different materials

44
Q

atmospheric transparancy

A

in visible spectrum and over radio spectrum

45
Q

angle of incident

A

the angle at which light hits a surface that refracts it, and the same angle bounces of refracts off surface

46
Q

normal line

A

line perpendicular to straight refracting surface, makes angle with incident angle and reflected part of incident angle

47
Q

theta and phi in refraction

A

theta- first refraction angle, phi- reflected part in refracted block

48
Q

beam of light leaving square refracted block

A

leaves at same angle as it went into block

49
Q

axis of lens

A

middle of lens

50
Q

“infinite” source

A

light source is far enough away that light comes in as infinite parallel rays

51
Q

as object recedes

A

image approaches

52
Q

aperture

A

diameter of lens (height of lens in 2d drawing)

53
Q

focal length lens property

A

width of lens

54
Q

focal length

A

F (capital) where image is focused

55
Q

focal ratio

A

F/A (aperture), brightness of image

56
Q

focal ratio names

A

f = f/#, f = 2 == f/2

57
Q

telephoto

A

thin lens, long focal length

58
Q

wide angle

A

thick lens, short focal length

59
Q

camera

A

lens focuses image onto film, kind of lens determines how much of image fits onto the film

60
Q

eye

A

f/2, lens focuses image onto retina (upside down), eye changes thickness of lens biologically

61
Q

pos lens vs neg lens

A

pos lens: curved out

neg lens: curved in

62
Q

eye unable to see small things within focal length

A

use a diff lens/magnifying glass to refocus light

63
Q

objective/primary lens

A

the first lens in a telescope

64
Q

eyepiece/ocular lens

A

sometimes moving lens that focuses light from primary lens onto eye.

65
Q

magnification

A

focal length of ocular/focal length of eyepiece, M = Fo/Fe

66
Q

image reversal

A

going thru a lens makes an image upside down and backwards- BRAIN REVERSES retina image, retina can be upside down

67
Q

star movement

A

stars move 15° west per hour

68
Q

reflecting telescope

A

uses a mirror instead of lens to image focus

69
Q

mirror properties

A

F and A, same as lens, concave mirror focuses to pt in front of mirror

70
Q

newtonian telescope

A

a mirror at bottom of tube reflects light to a point, a second flat mirror a bit below point reflects light out side into eyepiece. second mirror makes image dimmer, not black spot

71
Q

second mirror shape

A

cut at 45°, elliptical shape, to reduce interference with light coming in

72
Q

adaptive optics

A

mirror in reflecting telescope made up of 100s of different mirrors, each can adjust on its own. changes shape/contours of mirror, 100hz changing. counters atmospheric turbulence to help focus light.

73
Q

Why radio dishes are big

A

Radio waves are high wavelength and thus low energy and faint. A large reflective surface is needed to pick up more waves, which also sharpens e image.

74
Q

solar day

A

24 hours mean. time it takes for one transit of the sun.

75
Q

sidereal day

A

23hr 56 minutes. less because earth’s revolution around the sun means that it has to turn a bit farther around to line up perfectly with sun, but distant star’s pos does not change much

76
Q

precession

A

change in the axis of a rotating body.

77
Q

newton’s law of universal gravitation

A

G*(m+m)/r^2 = F, gravitational constant times mass of the two bodies over the radius between them sqaured equals gravitational force, or
(m+m)/r^2 proportional to F. G is the proportion

78
Q

kepler’s 3rd generalized by newton

A

(m+m)p^2 = a^3

79
Q

use of newtons generalization of keplers 3rd.

A

can be used for any gravitational orbit. kepler didn’t notice because mass of sun is so overwhelming its basically just mass of sun. can figure out mass if period and semi-major axis are known.

80
Q

movement of stars

A

move 4 minutes westward each day (due to solar day being longer), moves 15° west/hr at night due to revolution

81
Q

coriolis effect/low pressure areas

A

low pressure areas rotate backwards from their normal coriolis effect direction

82
Q

atmospheric opacity

A

over visual range and over radio range

83
Q

sodium laser for adaptive optics

A

creates an artificial star to calibrate instruments, high in the atmosphere so it also experiences turbulence

84
Q

aricebo space telescop

A

in puerto rico. 1000’ aperture, biggest single telescope in world. moves feed instead of dish to tweak direction

85
Q

hubble space telescope

A

F=189’
A= 94”
1480.49937 fstop

86
Q

triangle on a curved surface

A

pos curve >180°

neg curve < 180°

87
Q

getting spacecraft to mars

A

launch craft into an orbit so that earth is at perihelion and mars is at aphelion

88
Q

beam width

A

width of the circle in the sky that a telescope is able to focus on, smaller means sharper. about half a degree often

89
Q

transit

A

when a body crosses the middle of the sky

90
Q

kinds of energy

A

chemical, potential, nuclear, kinetic, heat

91
Q

mass and gravitational force

A

Fg pro m, Fg pro 1/r^2

92
Q

random astro info

A

radio lobes, flung off axis of galaxy; wmap telescope in lagrange point found microwaves predicted left over from big bang

93
Q

radio telescope layout

A

dish reflects radio waves into feed, feed turns them into oscillating electrical current representing intensity of waves at certain freqs

Astronomy (13 decks)

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