At the organismal level

Question 1

Character vs Trait

Answer 1

Character:
Heritable feature that varies among individuals

Trait:
Each variant for a character

Question 2

Self-fertilization

Answer 2

When pollen lands on carpel and fertilize egg on the same flower

Question 3

Cross-polinating

Answer 3

• Immature stamens are removed
• Pollen from another plant is dusted onto flower
• Creates offspring of different variety

Question 4

True-breeding plants

Answer 4

• Plants that self-pollinated over many generations
• Produced only the same variety as the parent plant
• Always passes down a phenotypic trait for many generations

Question 5

Hybridization

Answer 5

Crossing of 2 true-breeding varieties

Question 6

Law of segregation

Answer 6

• Heritable factor for white flower is hidden when purple-flower factor is present
• Purple flowers are dominant trait
• White flowers are recessive traits
• Reappearance of white was not diluted and the trait has not disappeared
• 3:1 ration (3 for dominant)
• 2 alleles for a character segregate during gamete formation and end up in different gametes
• Egg or sperm gets only one of the 2 alleles present in somatic cells

Question 7

Law of independent assortment

Answer 7

• If plant F1 exhibits both dominant characters must look at F2

Each pair of alleles segregates independently of each other pair of allele during gamete formation

• 2 pairs of alleles segregate independently of each other
• Genes packaged into gametes in all possible allelic combinations
• Each gamete has one allele for each gene

Question 8

Which is dominant and which is recessive?

1. White or Purple
2. Smooth or wrinkled
3. Yellow or green

Answer 8

1. D: Purple
   R: White
2. D: Round/smooth
   R: Wrinkled
3. D: Yellow
   R: Green

Question 9

Monohybrid

Answer 9

• Heterozygous for one character followed in a cross

Question 10

Monohybrid croos

Answer 10

Cross between heterozygotes for one character

Question 11

Dihybrid

Answer 11

• Individuals heterozygous for 2 characters followed in a cross

Question 12

Digybrid cross

Answer 12

Cross between F1 dihybrids

Question 13

Addition Rule

Answer 13

To calculate probaility of monohybrids

Question 14

Multiplication Rule

Answer 14

To calculate probability of dihybrids

Question 15

Complete dominance

Answer 15

When phenotype of heterozygote and domninant homozygot are indistinguishable

Question 16

Incomplete dominance

Answer 16

When phenotype of heterozygote is intermediate between phenotypes of individuals homozygous for either allele

• Looks like adding water to paint
• Faded colours

1:2:1 ratio

Question 17

Codominance

Answer 17

2 alleles affect phenotype in separate ways

Phenotypes of both alleles exhibited in heterozygote

Question 18

Pleiotropy

Answer 18

• Ability of a single gene to have multiple phenotypic effects
• A gene that will affect more than 1 phenotypic effect

Question 19

Epitasis

Answer 19

• Phenotypic expression of gene at one locus alters that of gene at second locus
  ex. Colour and pigment

Question 20

Polygenic inheritance

Answer 20

• Additive effect of at least 2 genes on single phenotypic character
• Converse of pleitropy which is one gene affecting several characters

ex. skin colour

Question 21

Pedigree analysis

Answer 21

Diagram of family tree showing occurrence of heritable characters in parents and offspring over multiple generations

Question 22

Wildtype

Answer 22

Phenotype most commonly observed in natural populations

Question 23

Cystic fibrosis

Answer 23

Recessive disease

Question 24

Tay-Sachs disease

Answer 24

Recessive disease

Question 25

Sickle-cell anemia

Answer 25

Recessive disease

• May have some advanages of being a carrier (Prevents to malaria)

Question 26

Achondroplasia

Answer 26

Dominant disease

Question 27

Huntington’s disease

Answer 27

Dominant disease

Question 28

Sex-linked X-linked disorders

Answer 28

• Colour blindness
• Duchenne muscular dystrophy
• Hemophilia