Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

247 > ATI - TEST 1 > Flashcards

ATI - TEST 1 Flashcards

1
Q

The human ovum can be fertilized —hrs after fertizilation?
Motile sperms ability to fertilize the ovum lasts an average of

A

24hrs
48-72hrs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are factors that affect the female in fertility?

A

-Greater than 35
-Atypical secodary sexual characteristic (Abnormal body fat or hair growth)
-Pelvic/abdominal procedures
-Past spontaneous abortions
-abnormal uterine contours
-History of sti
-Exposure to teratogenic
-Overweight/underweight. Nutritional deficiencies
-Substance use

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the factors that affect male fertility?

A

Mumps, after adolescence. Endocrine disorder, genetic disorder. Anomales in reproductive system
-Substance abuse & STI
-Exposure to teratogenic & scrotum to high temp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the female diagnostic prodecures for fertility?

A

Pelvic exam -
Hormone analysis
Postcoital test
Ultrasound
Hysterosalpingography - dye used to test patency of fallopian tubes
Hysteroscopy - Uterus is examinated for scar/defect
Laparoscopy - gas insufflation to observe internal organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the diagnostic tests for male for fertility?

A

Semen analysis
Ultrasound - visualize testes and scrotum. Transrectal to assess ejaculatory ducts, seminal vesicles and vas deferens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are some medications for ovulation
Ovarian stimulation?
Support ovulation?

A

Ovarian stim - Clomiphene citrate & letrozole
Ovarian support - metformin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the assisted reproductive technologies?
Intrauterine insemination
IVF-ET
Gamete intrafallopian transfer
Donor oocyte
Donor embryo
Gestational carrier
Surrogate mother
Therapeutic donor insemination

A

Intrauterine insemination - place sperm in uterus at ova
In vitro fetilization- embroyo transfer - Collect eggs, fertilize in lab, transfer embroyo to uterus
Gamete intrafallopian transfer - oocytes are retreived and placed with sperm. Gamests are injected into fallopian tubes via laparoscopy
Donor oocyte: Donated eggs. eggs inseminated, Embryos placed in uterus. Pt undergoes hormonal therapy
Donor embroyo - Donated embryo placed in uterus. Hormonal therapy
Gestation carrier - Embroyo placed in another person
Surrogate mother - Person inseminated with semen and carries until birth
Therapeutic donor insemination: donor sperm is used

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Majority of birth defects occure between what weeks gestation?

A

2-8weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the inital lab tests drawn and cultures at initial prenatal visit?

A

Hemoglobin
hematocrit
WBC
blood type and Rh
rubella titer
urinalysis
fenal function test
pap test
cervical cultures
HIV antibody
Hep b
toxoplasmosis
RPR or VDRL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Routine prenatal lab tests

What does Blood type, Rh factor, presence of irregular antibodies determine?

A

risk for maternal-fetal blood incompatibility or neonatal hyperbilirubinemia

Indirect coombs test ids - clients sensitized to Rh-positive blood.
*negative results are repeated between 24-28weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Routine prenatal lab tests

CBC with differential, Hgh, Hct

A

Detects infection and anemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Routine prenatal lab tests

Hgh electrophoresis

A

id’s hemoglobinopathies (sickle cell anemia and thalassemia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Routine prenatal lab tests

Rubella titer

A

Determines immunity to rubella

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Routine prenatal lab tests

Hep B screen

A

Ids carriers of Hep B

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

GBS - Group B streptpcpccus

A

Obtain vaginal/anal culture at 35-37 weeks to assess for infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Routine prenatal lab tests

Urinalysis with microscopic exam of pH, specific gravity, color, sediment, protein, glucose, albumin, RBC, WBC, casts, acetone, and human chorionic gonadotropin

A

Identified pregnancy, DM, gestational hypertension, renal disease, and infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Routine prenatal lab tests

One-hour glucose tolerance
(oral ingestion with venous sample taken 1hr later) Fasting not necessary

A

Ids hyperglycemia, done at initial visit for at risk clients and at 24-28 for all pregnant clients

greater than 140mg/dl requires follow up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Routine prenatal lab tests

3 hr glucose tolerance
(fasting overnight prior to oral ingestion or IV of concentrated gluocse with venous sample taken at 1,2,3 hours later

A

Used in clients who have elevated 1hr glucose test as screening for DM. Diagnosis of gestational diabetere requires 2 elevated blood glucose readings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Routine prenatal lab tests

Papanicolaou test (PAP)

A

Used as a screening tool for cervical cancer, herpes simplex 2 or human papillomavirus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Routine prenatal lab tests

Vaginal/cervical culture

A

Detects streptococcus beta hemolytic, bacterial vaginosis, or STI gonorrhea and chlamydia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Routine prenatal lab tests

PPD (TB screening), chest X-ray after 20wks with PPD Test

A

Ids exposure to TB

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

VDRL - Veneral disease research laboratory

A

Syphilis screening mandated by law

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Routine prenatal lab tests

HIV

A

Detects HIV infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Routine prenatal lab tests

Toxoplasmosis, other infections, rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpes virus (TORCH) screening when indicated

A

Screening for group of infections capable of crossing the placenta and adversely affecting fetal development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
MSAFP - Maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein
Screening occurs between 15-22wks. Used to rule out down syndrome, neural tube defects. Provider might opt for quad screen at 16-18wks, which is more reliable and includes AFP, inhibin-A, combo analysis of human chorionic gonadotropin and estriol
25
What are the danger signs during first trimester
Buring during urination (infection) Severe vomiting Diarrhea Fever/chills Ab cramping/bleeding (miscarriage, ectopic)
26
What are danger signs in 2nd and 3rd trimesters
Gush of fluid prior to 37 wks Vag bleeding **(placental problems)** Ab pain **(premature labor, abrupto placenta, ectopic)** Changes in fetal activity **(fetal distress)** Persistent vomiting (**hyperemesis gravidarum)** Severe headaches **(Gest HTN)** Elevated temp **(infection)** Dysuria **(UTI)** Blurred vision **(Gest HTN)** Edema of face/hands** (Gest HTN)** Epigastric pain **(Gest HTN)** Concurrent occurance of flushed, dry skin, fruity breath, rapid breathing, increased thirst/urination and headache (**hyperglycemia)** Concurrent occurance of clammy pale skin, weakness, tremors, irritability, lightheadedness **(hypoglycemia)**
27
What is the recommended weight gain during pregnancy
25-25lbs
28
What is the general rule for weight gain 1st trimester last 2 trimesters
1st - 1-4.4lb 2nd/3rd 0 1lb/wk
29
What can excessive weight gain lead to
macrosomia and labor complications
30
What can inability to gain weight lead to
low birth weight
31
What is client education for nutrition during pregnancy
Increase calories: 340/day during 2nd. 452/day during 3rd Increase protein: Folic acid: crucial for neurologic develop and prevention of neural tube defects. Iron supplements: Increase in maternal RBC Calcium: invovled in bone and teeth formation Fluid: 8-10 glasses a day
32
What foods are high in folate
leafy veg, dried peas and beans, seeds, orange juice. Fortified with folic acid: breads, cereals, other grains nonpreg of childbearing age: 400mcg Preg: 600mcg
33
Food sources of iron When is iron best absorbed What interfers with iron absorption
Food: beef liver, red meats, fish, poultry, dried peas, beans, fortified cereals and breads Iron is best absorbed between meals with a vit C source Milk and caffeine interfere with absorption of iron supplements
34
What are sources of calcium
milk calcium fortified soy milk fortifiied orange juice nuts legumes dark green veg *1000mg/day 19-50years 1300mg/day under 19
35
How much caffeine should a pregnant woman have
no mor ethan 200mg Excessive intake can lead to infertility, spontaneous abortion, intruterine growth restriction
36
What is Maternal phenylketonuria (PKU)
maternal genetic disease in which high levels of phenylalanine pose a danger to fetus (intellectual disability, behavioral problems)
37
What is a PKU diet and when should a woman start
3 months before preg Foods high in protein (fish, poultry, meat, eggs, nuts, dairy) MUST be AVOIDED due to high phenylalanine Also avoid aspartame
38
What is a high frequence sound wave used to visualize internal organs and tissues producing a real-time, 3d image of developing fetus and maternal structures?
Ultrasound
39
What is a safe noninvasive procedure where ultrasound transducer is moved over clients abdomen to obtain an image
External abdominal ultrasound | More useful after 1st trimester / bladder should be full
40
WHat is an invasive procedure in which a probe is inserted vaginally to allow for more accurate evaluation
Transvaginal ultrasound
41
When is a transvaginal ultrasound useful
Obese, 1st trimester, in 3rd trimester in conjunction with abdominal scanning to eval for preterm labor
42
In 1st trimester what are they looking for when doing a transvaginal ultrasound?
ectopic pregnancy, identify abnormalities, establish gestational age
43
What is a noninvasive external ultrasound method to study maternal-fetal blood flow my measuring velocuty at which RBCs travel in uterine and fetal vessels using a handheld device that reflects sound waves from a moving target?
Doppler ultrasound blood flow analysis
44
When is doppler ultrasound blood flow analysis especially useful
Fetal intrauterine growth restriction, poor placental perfusion, adjunct in at risk preg for HTN, DM, multiple fetuses, preterm labor
45
What are some client presentations you would do an ultrasound to determine? (all ultrasounds)
Vaginal bleeding eval Questionable fundal height measuring in relation to gestational weeks Reports of decreased fetal movement Preterm labor Questionable rupture of membranes
46
What uses a real-time utrasound to visualize physical and physiological characteristics of fetus and observe for fetal biophysical responses to stimuli? *combines FHR Monitoring and fetal ultrasound
Biophysical profile
47
What would be the potential diagnosis for biophysical profile?
Nonreactive stress test Suspected oligohyframnios or polyhydraminos Suspected fetal hypoemia or hypoxia
48
What would some symptoms of pt be in order to do a biophysical profile>
Premature rupture of membranes Maternal infection Decreased fetal movment Intrauterine growth restriction
49
# How to interprete findings on biophyscial profile FHR FETAL BREATHING MOVEMENTS GROSS BODY MOVEMENTS FETAL TONE QUALITATIVE AMNIOTIC FLUID VOLUME
**FHR** - Reactive = 2 nonreactive = 0 **FETAL BREATHING MOVEMENTS **= AT least 1 episode of greater than 30 sec in 3mins = 2 Absent or less than 30 sec = 0 **GROSS BODY MOVEMENTS** - At least 3 body/limb extensions with return to flexion in 30 min = 2 Less than 3 episodes = 0 **FETAL TONE **- AT least 1 episode of extension with return to flexion = 2 Slow extension and flexion, lack or absent movement = 0 **QUALITATIVE AMNIOTIC FLUID VOLUME **- AT least 1 pocket of fluid that measures at least 2cm in 2 perpendicular planes = 2 Pockets absent or less than 2cm = 0 | Total score 8-10 NORMAL, 4-6 ABNORMAL. less than 4 ABNORMAL - suspect ch
50
Noninvasive procedure that monitors response of the FHR to fetal movement, uses doppler transducer (to monitor FHR) and tocotransducer (to monitor uterine contraction) to obtain tracing strips. Patient pushes down on button when they feel fetal movement
Nonstress test
51
What are disadvantages of NST
High rate of false nonreactive results with fetal movement response blunted by sleep cycles, fetal immaturity, maternal medications and nicotine use disorder
52
WHat would be potential diagnosis for nonstress test
ASsessing for intact fetal CNS during 3rd trimester Ruling out risk for fetal death for moms who have DM (used twice a week 28-32 weeks)
53
What would pt symptoms be to order Nonstress test?
Decreased fetal movment Intrauterine growth restriction Postmaturity Gestational HTN or DM Systemiatic lupus erythematosus Kidney disease Intrahepatic cholestatis oligohydraminos multple gestation
54
How to interpret NST results
Reactive is FHR is accelerated at least 15/min for at least 15 sec and occurs 2 or more times in 20 min (10/min prior to 32wks) Nonreactive - does not demonstrate at least 2 qualifiying accels in 20 min window - further assessment is needed
55
What are the 2 types of contraction stress tests?
Nipple-stimulated contraction test Oxytocin stimulated contraction test
56
What test is lightly brushing plan across nipple for 2 min then stopping when contraction begins
Nippple stimulated contraction test
57
How are nipple stimulated contraction test results analyzed
Analysis of FHR response to contraction determines how fetus will tolerate stress of labor Patter of at least 3 contractions within 20 min period with duration of 40-60 sec must be obtained for data Avoid tacysystole of uterus by allowing rest periods and stim of only 1 nipple
58
What test consist of IV admin of oxytocin to induce contractions
Ocytocin stimulated contraction test
59
What are warnings and contraindications for oxytocin stimulated contraction test?
- Can be difficult to stop once started - lead to preterm labor - - Contra- placenta previa, vasa previa, preterm labor, multiple gestation, previous incision from c-section, reduced cervical compentence
60
# Contraction stress test results Negative CST (Normal) Positive CST (abnormal)
**Negative** - 10 min 3 uterine contractions and no late decels **Postive** - persistent and consistent late decels with 50% or more of contractions, SUGGESTIVE of uteroplacental insufficiency, variable - cord compression, early decel - head compression.
61
Aspiration of amniotic fluid for analysis by insertion of needle transabdominally into pt uterus and amniotic sac under direct ultrasound guidance
Amniocentesis
62
Alpha fetoprotein can be measured in amniotic fluid between what weeks? and determine what
15-20wks Neural tube defects and chromo disorder
63
When would an amniocentesis test be indicated
Previous birth with chromo anomaly Parent who is a carrier Family history of neural tube defects Prenatal diag of genetic disorder AFP level for abnormalities Lung maturity assessment FEtal hemolytic disease
64
How to interpret findings of amniocentesis? Alpha-fetoprotein Fetal lung maturity
**Alpha-fetoprotein** - high levels - assoc wtih neural tube defects also with multifetal preg low levels - chromo disorders or gestational trophoblastic disease **Fetal lung maturity** - gestation less than 37 weks. L/S ratio - 2:1 ratio indicated fetal lung maturity (3:1 for DM) PG - absence of PG is assoc with respiratory distress
65
What are complications with amniocentesis?
Amniotic fluid emboli Materal/fetal hemorrhage infection Inadvertent fetal damage or anomalies involving limbs fetal death Inadvertent maternal intestional or bladder damage premature rupture of membranes leakage
66
Obtains fetal blood from umbilical cord by passing fine-guage, fiber-optic scope into amniotic sac using amniocentesis technique
Percutaneous umbilical blood sampling
67
What do blood studied from Percutaneous umbilical blood sampling consist of
Kleihauer betke test confirms fetal blood was obtained CBC count with differential Indirect coombc for Rh Karyotyping Blood gases
68
What can info from Percutaneous umbilical blood sampling tell us
Isoimmune fetal hemolytic anemia Assess need for fetal transfusion Determine specifics regarding genetic mutations
69
Assesement of portion of developing placenta which is aspirated through a thin sterile catheter or syringe inserted through ab wall or cervix
Chorionic villus sampling
70
Why would they do chorionic villus sampling
Risk for giving birth to neonate who has genetic chromo abnormality
71
What are complications for chorionic villus sampling
SPontanous abortion risk for fetal limb loss miscarrage chorioamniontitis and rupture of membranes
72
blood test that ascertains info about likelihood of fetal birth defects. has 3 test
Quad marker screening
73
WHat test are in quad marker screening
hCG AFP Estriol Inhibin A
74
What are interpretation of findings of quad marker screening
Low levels of AFP - risk for down syndrome high AFP - risk for neural tube defect Hgiher HCG and inhibin A - down syndrome Low levels of estriol - down syndrome
75
Screening tool used to detect neural tube defects
MSAFP Maternal alpha-fetoprotein
76
How to interpret MSAFP
High levels - neural tube defect or open abdominal defect Low - down syndrome
77
Spontaneous abortion
Occurs when pregnancy ends as the result of natural causes before 20 weeks Threatened, inevitable, incomplete, complete, missed
78
What are the expected findings for sponaneous abortion
Ab cramping/pain Anomalies in fetus or placenta Dilation of cervix Fever manifestations of hemorrhage (hypotension, tachycardia)
79
What are causes of bleeding during 1st trimester?
Spontaneous abortion Ectopic abortion
80
What are causes of bleeding during 2nd trimester?
Gestational trophoblastic disease - uterine size increasing abormally fast, abnormally high levels of HCG, nausea, increased emesis, no fetus on ultrasound, scant or profuse dark brown or red bleeding
81
What are causes of bleeding during 3rd trimester?
Placenta previa Abruptio placentae Vasa previa
82
Ectopic pregnancy
abnormal implantation of a fertilized ovum outside of uterine cavity usually in fallopian tube
83
What are expected symptoms of ectopic pregnancy
Unilateral stabbing pain and tenderness in lower abdominal quad Menses that is delayed and lighter Scant, dark red or brown vaginal spotting 6-8 weeks after last normal menses; red is rupture has occured Referred shouldr pain Findings of hemorrhage and shock (hypotension, tachycardia. pallor dizziness)
84
How to treat ectopic pregnancy
**Methotrexate** - inhibits cell division and embryo enlargement, dissolving pregnancy (AVOID folic acid!!) **Salpingostomy** - done to salvage fallopian tube if not ruptured **Laparoscopic salpingectomy -** removal of tube if ruptured
85

247 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions