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Chemistry > Atomic Structure > Flashcards

Atomic Structure Flashcards

1
Q

What does the periodic table show and around how many elements are there?

A

All the elements that have been discovered; there are approximately 100.

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2
Q

What is an atom?

A

The smallest part of an element that can exist.

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3
Q

What is an element?

A

A substance made up of only one type of atom.

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4
Q

What is a compound?

A

Two or more different elements that are chemically combined in a fixed proportion.

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5
Q

How do you separate compounds?

A

With a chemical recaction

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6
Q

What is a mixture?

A

Two or more different elements or compounds not chemically combined

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7
Q

How do you separate mixtures?

A

Using physical processes

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8
Q

What are examples of processes that can separate mixtures? (5)

A
  • Filtration
  • Crystallisation
  • Simple distillation
  • Fractional distillation
  • Chromatography
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9
Q

What is a molecule?

A

Two or more elements held together by a chemical bond (whether the same or different).

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10
Q

What is a miscible?

A

Liquids that dissolve in each other, mixing completely.

e.g., ethanol + water, lemonade, wine etc.

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11
Q

What is shown in a chemical equation?

A
  • The reactants (what you start with).
  • The products (the new substance).
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12
Q

What does it mean to have a balanced symbol equation?

A

There’s the same number of each atom on both sides of the equation.

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13
Q

What’s the law of conservation of mass?

A

Total mass of the products formed in a reaction is equal to that of the reactants.

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14
Q

What are the state symbols?

A

S, L, G, AQ

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15
Q

What does the state symbol ‘S’ stand for?

A

Solid

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16
Q

What does the state symbol ‘L’ stand for?

A

Liquid

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17
Q

What does the state symbol ‘G’ stand for?

A

Gas

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18
Q

What does the state symbol ‘AQ’ stand for?

A

Aqueous solution (substances dissolved in water)

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19
Q

What is filtration?

A

The physical process which separates insoluble solids from a solution/liquid.

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20
Q

What is the process of filtration?

A
  1. Put the solution into the filter paper, in the filter funnel
  2. The solvent passes through the tiny pores in the filter paper
  3. The insoluble particles remain on the filter paper, in the filter funnel, as a residue
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21
Q

What is crystallisation?

A

The physical process which separates soluble solids from a solution [liquid] using evaporation.

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22
Q

What is the process of crystallisation?

A
  1. Gently heat the solution to evaporate the solvent.
  2. Crystals will form in the evaporating dish.
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23
Q

What is simple distillation?

A

The physical process which separates soluble solids from a solution [liquid], if you want to keep the liquid.

24
Q

What is the process of simple distillation?

A
  1. The solution is boiled to evaporate the solvent
  2. The vapour of the solvent is cooled so it condenses
  3. The liquid is collected in a beaker and the crystal solids are left in the flask
25
Q

What is fractional distillation?

A

The physical process which separates miscible liquids with different boiling points.

26
Q

What is the process of fractional distillation? (NN)

A

Go watch a video its too much for me to write about (freesciencelessons)

27
Q

What is paper chromatography?

A

The physical process which separates mixtures of substances due to their different solubilities.

28
Q

What is the process of paper chromatography?

A
  1. Get the chromatography paper; draw a pencil line near the bottom.
  2. Draw a dot with each colour at a fair distance on the pencil line.
  3. Place the bottom of the paper into the solvent
  4. As the solvent moves up, so will the substances in each dot due to the solvent dissolving it.
29
Q

How do you determine whether the ink in a pen [object] is a pure substance or a mixture of substances?

A

If it is pure, there will only be one colour that goes up as the solvent moves up the paper, if it is a mixture, there will be several colours (two or more) coming after another.

30
Q

What is a miscible?

A

Liquids that dissolve in each other, mixing completely.

e.g., ethanol + water, lemonade, wine etc.

31
Q

What did the plum pudding model suggest?

A

The atom is a ball of positive charge with negative electrons embedded randomly in it.

– JJ Thompson

32
Q

What did the alpha particle scattering experiment conclude?

A
  • Mass of an atom was concentrated at the centre (nucleus)
  • Nucleus was charged - contained dense positively charged protons.
  • There were empty spaces.
  • Electrons orbited the nucleus.

– Ernest Rutherford

33
Q

Why did scientists conclude that an atom was mainly empty space?

A

Most of the alpha particles went straight through the gold atoms.

34
Q

Why did scientists conclude that the centre of an atom [nucleus] was positively charged?

A

Some of the alpha particles were deflected; they were repelled and changed direction (due to their +2 charge).

35
Q

Why did scientists conclude that the centre of an atom contained most of the mass [concentrated] of an atom?

A

Some alpha particles bounced straight back.

36
Q

What did Neils Bohr discover that improved the nuclear model? (2)

A
  • Discovered that the positive charge at the centre were protons.
  • Proposed that electrons orbited the nucleus at specific distances [energy shells/levels].
37
Q

What did James Chadwick discover that improved the nuclear model? (1)

A
  • Discovered that the nucleus also contained neutral particles called neutrons
38
Q

What is the charge of atoms?

[include reason]

A

It has no overall electrical charge because the number of protons = number of electrons, cancelling the charge.

39
Q

What is the size of an atom?

[include radius]

A

Very small.

approximate radius = 0.1nm (1x10-10m).

40
Q

What is the radius of a nucleus?

A

Radius of nucleus is less than 1/10,000 of the atom.

approximate radius = 1x10-14m.

41
Q

What are the three subatomic particles?

A

Protons, neutrons, electrons

42
Q

What is the relative charge of the subatomic particles?

A
  • Protons = 1+
  • Neutrons = 0
  • Electrons = 1-
43
Q

What is the relative mass of the subatomic particles?

A
  • Proton = 1
  • Neutron = 1
  • Electron = nearly 0 (1/2000)
44
Q

What is the atomic number?

A

The number of protons in an atom of an electron.

45
Q

Which subatomic particles are (normally) the same?

A

Protons and electrons

46
Q

What is the atomic mass number?

A

The total sum of protons and neutrons in an atom of an element.

47
Q

What does the larger number of an element represent? What about the smaller number?

A

The atomic mass number; the atomic number

48
Q

What is an isotope?

A

An atom of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.

49
Q

What is different between element?

A

They have different numbers of protons

50
Q

What is an ion?

A

An atom of an element with an overall charge which are formed when atoms gain or lose electrons.

51
Q

What is the relative atomic mass?

A

The average of the mass of different isotopes of the same element.

52
Q

How do you calculate the relative atomic mass?

A

(mass number of isotope 1 × percent abundance of isotope 1) + (mass number of isotope 2 × percent abundance of isotope 2) ÷ 100

53
Q

Where are electrons arranged?

A

In energy levels or shells

54
Q

How many electrons can each shell hold?

A
  • 1st shell can hold 2 electrons.
  • 2nd and 3rd shell can hold 8 electrons.
  • 4th shell can hold 18 electrons.
55
Q

What is shown in the electronic structure?

A

It notes the number of electrons in each shell, separated by commas.

56
Q

What is the electronic structure of Na (11) ?

A

Sodium’s electronic structure is 2,8,1

Chemistry (16 decks)

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