Attachment Flashcards

Question

Link to pavlovs conditioning

Answer 1

Food - happy baby Food - mum - happy baby Mum - happy baby

Answer 2

- Babies cry for comfort which builds attachment as it leads to caregiver response. If correct response is given crying is reinforced - drive reduction theory suggests that hunger makes the infant uncomfortable which results in crying

Answer 3

- Lorenz geese imprinted before they were fed - Harlows monkeys preferred cloth mother over wire mother with food - Schaffer and Emerson found many babies developed primary attachment to their mother even though others feed them

Answer 4

- reciprocity and interactional synchrony - good attachment was shown when infants were responded to - if attachment was only for food why are there play mates ? - attention is part of conditioning which is a crucial part in attachment

Answer 5

Suggests parents teach children to love the, through imitation of behaviour (social learning theory)

Answer 6

- according to bowlby, attachment is a behaviour that has evolved because of its survival value - infants form and intense attachment called monotrophy to their mother or mother substitute - law of continuity and accumulated separation suggest that mothers should be with their child at all times - babies form an attachment after 3-6 months but if they haven’t by 2-2.5 years they may be severely damaged - babies have social releasers which allow adults to care for them as it enhances survival (releasers are both behavioural and physical) - through monotrophic attachment the infant would form an IWM which enables the child to influence caregiver behaviour and act as a template for future relationships

Answer 7

- doesn’t happen in all infants - Schaffer and Emerson found that a minority of infants form multiple attachments at the same time - Suess (1992) attachment to the mother is important in predicting larger behaviour

Answer 8

- Brazelton (1975) observed mothers and babies during their interactions reporting the existence of interactional synchrony - when primary attachment figures were instructed to ignore social releasers, babies showed distress and then laid motionless showing the importance of infant social behaviour

Answer 9

- socially sensitive - poor quality attachment will disadvantage the child later on in life - Burman (1994) says it places a large burden on the mothers setting them up to take the blame

Answer 10

Bailey (2007) 99 mothers and 1 year old children showed poor parent mother relations birthed infants with poor children mother attachments

Answer 11

- an infants temper men is a result of their genetic makeup and will determine their later social behaviour - Kagan (1982) some babies are more anxious and some are more sociable

Answer 12

- Ainsworth was interested in exploring the differences in childhood attachment - she would have the children play with the mother, mother and a stranger and then just a stranger and recorded their reactions - when the mother left babies showed separation distress and stranger anxiety. 12% of infants were wary even when mother was present - babies would want to be picked up but also put down and would fight mothers contact

Answer 13

- differences in attachment depended on the sensitivity of the mother. Sensitive mothers had infants who were securely attached, less responsive mothers had insecurely attached infants - infant attachment is affected by the quality and sensitivity of the caregiver

Answer 14

+ good validity as babies who were secure were more successful in school and social situations + good reliability - Bick (2012) attachment types were agreed on 94% of the time - ethnocentric as only one ethnicity/culture was involved in the research - culture bound as different cultures act differently with infants I.e. Japanese mothers spend more time with children - kagan (1982) suggested that temperament is the most important influence on a child’s behaviour - Main and Solomon (1986) some children don’t fall into either of the 3 attachment types. Instead show disorganised attachment

Answer 15

- many cultures bring up children differently e.g. in Germany children were less clingy - Simonella (2014) more recent strange situation had less securely attached as mothers now work longer hours (Italy) - Jin (2012) Korean study had many more in securely attached like Japan - Sagi (1991) high rates of insecure resistant attachment in Israeli children

Answer 16

- Bowlby believe that infants who were deprived of maternal care for too long had worse intelectual development (lower IQ) - those who remained in institutions instead of becoming adopted had lower IQ

Answer 17

- Emotional development was worse, Bowlby identified those with poor attachment as affection less psychopaths. This prevents the development of future relationships and has be found to be associated with criminality - poor evidence as evidence was from ww2 orphans which was a long time ago and has trauma associated with it. Children in orphanages were deprived of all care - counter evidence-a history of early prolonged separation didn’t predict criminality or difficulty forming close relationships - Kuluchova (1976) critical period is more of a sensitive period as after 6.5 years many children recovered + animal studies show MD, levy (2003) showed separating baby rats from mothers had an effect on social development - Bowlby was muddles as what he believes is deprivation is different to what Ritter (1981) believed. Believed Bowlby was talking about privation

Answer 18

- desinhibited attachment is when you are equally friendly with strangers as those you are affectionate with - in some institutions you may not make a secure attachment with your carer - if adopted before 6 months then you can recover but if not the chances of retardation and dwarfism from lack of care so less production of growth hormones are quite high - gardener (1972) however found an 8 month old girl who with hospital attention returned to normal + real life application as studies have led to improvement in child care in these situations - fewer extraneous variables makes it difficult to effects of institutionalisation in isolation

Answer 19

- conditions were far whose so cannot be applied to children who experience deprivation - unusual situational variables Lacked generalisability - ethical issues as children were not randomly the conditions and consent could not be given - can’t show long term affects as it was not done long enough ago - validity issues as interviews and questions were done years later - Clarke and Clarke (1998) influences on attachment are probabilistic - self report is conscious but IWM is not so there is reliance on conscious understanding when completing a self assessment

Answer 20

Reciprocity is a form of interaction between infant and caregiver involving mutual responsiveness, with both infant and mother responding to each other's signals and each elicits a response from the other

Answer 21

Children who show some distress when their caregiver leaves but are able to compose themselves quickly when the caregiver returns. Children with secure attachment feel protected by their caregivers, and they know that they can depend on them to return

Answer 22

Children are willing to explore but do not seek proximity to the caregiver. The infant seems not to care about the caregivers presence

Answer 23

An infants anxiety and uncertainty are evident, as when the infant becomes very upset at separation from the caregiver it both resists and wants the caregivers contact and attention

Answer 24

A type of attachment that is marked by an infants inconsistent reactions to the caregivers departure and returns

Attachment Flashcards

(48 cards)