attachment Flashcards

Question

stranger anxiety

Answer 1

the distress shown by an infant when approached or picked by someone who is unfamiliar

Answer 2

indiscriminate attachments the begginings of attachment discriminate attachment multiple attachments

Answer 3

from birth-2 months infant produces similar responses to all objects- animate or inanimate towards end- show greater preference for social stimuli - smiling face reciprocity and interactional synchrony are involved in establishing infants relationship with others

Answer 4

2-4 months 4 months- infant becomes more social prefer human company to inanimate objects and can distinguish between familiar and unfamiliar people no stranger anxiety general sociability

Answer 5

4-7 months by 7 months infants show separation anxiety joy at reuinion wih particular person- formed their primary attachment figure shows stranger anxiety

Answer 6

7-9 months after main attachment made the infant develops a wider circle of multiple attachments

Answer 7

attachment devellops in stages with different behaviours exhibited at different stages led to stages of attachment theory

Answer 8

some mothers may have been more sensitive to infants protests and reported them more than those less sensitive- challenges internal validity and basis of stage theory social desirability bias may also be an issue- tendancy to under report socially undesirable attitudes and behaviours and to only report more desirable attributes

Answer 9

stage theory based in the uk- a individualist culture collectivist cultures where children cared for in communities eg Kibbutz Israel found children less likely to show close attcachment to a parent lacks cross cultural validity

Answer 10

degree of sensitivity type of attachment with own parents marital intimacy supportive co parenting

Answer 11

more secure attachments to their children are found in fathers who show more sensitivity to childrens needs

Answer 12

single parent fathers tend to form similar attachments with their children that they had with their own parents

Answer 13

the degree of intimacy a father has within his relationship with his partner affects the type of attachment he will have with his children

Answer 14

the amount of support a father gives to his partner in helping to care for children affects the type of attachment he will have with his children

Answer 15

fathers play interactions are more exciting and pleasurable than mothers mothers are more nurturing and affectionate- supports idea of fathers being playmates rather than caregivers

Answer 16

children prefer interacting with fathers when in a posotive emotional state- seeking stimulation- mothers preferred when children are distressed and seeking comfort- supports idea of fathers being preffered as playmates but only in certain conditions also found that fathers who become main care providers seem to be able to quickly develop more sensitivity to childrens needs and become a safe base from which to explore which suggests sensitive responsiveness isnt a biological ability limited to women

Answer 17

assessed attachment patterns in 68 families with infants aged 12-13 months and found high levels of supportive co parenting related to secure attachment types between infants and fathers but not between infants and mothers- suggests supportive co parenting is important for fathers in developing posotive attachments with their children

Answer 18

children who grow up without fathers have been seen to do less well at school and have higher levels of risk taking and aggression especially in boys- suggests fathers can help prevent negative developmental outcomes Pederson pointed out that most studies focused on female single mothers from poor socio economic backgrounds- so it may be a social factor related to poverty that produces these outcomes not the absence of fathers

Answer 19

Lorenz Harlow

Answer 20

mechanisms by which newborn rhesus monkeys bond with their mothers infants were highly dependent on their mothers for nutrition, comfort and socialisation

Answer 21

behavioural theory would suggest an infant would form an attachment with a caregiver that provides food harlows explanation was that attachment develops as a result of the mother providing 'tactile comfort' suggesting infants have an innate (biological) need to touch and cling to something for emotional comfort

Answer 22

two wire monkeys- one with milk and one with cloth 8 monkeys useed to see which one they would spend most time with scared the monkey and put it into a different environment with lots of stimuli

Answer 23

monkeys spent most time with the cloth covered mother when frightened all monkeys clung to the cloth covered mother ]attachment behaviour was demonstrated towards the cloth mother when frightened

Answer 24

attachment is based off contact comfort

Answer 25

problem with using non human animals in research their cognitive capacity differs from humans- is it appropriate to generalise the research from findings

Answer 26

confounding variable- any variable that hasnt been controlled for and may influence the findings- affects internal validity lab experiment- highly controlled

Answer 27

the evolutionary explanation of attachment suggesting infants are pre programmed to form attachments from the second they are born

Answer 28

to investigate the mechanisms of imprinting where youngsters follow and form an attachment to the first large moving object they meet

Answer 29

split greylag goose eggs into two batches one hatched naturally with mother and other in an incubator- lorenz being first moving object they saw goslings behaviour recorded marked goslings so he knew whih had hatched in incubator and which had natched naturally placed goslings in upturned box and released them and behaviour was recorded

Answer 30

after birth naturally hatched baby goslings followed their mother whilst incubator hatched goslings followed Lorenz- showed no bond to natural mother bonds proved to be irreversible process of imprinting occured a short time after birth- between 4 and 25 hours

Answer 31

imprinting is a form of attachment exhibited mainly by nidifugous birds- ones who have to leave the nest early - contact is kept with the first large moving object encountered

Answer 32

an innate readiness to develop a strong bond with the mother (carer) which takes place during a specific time in development- 48 hours according to Lorenz he said if it didnt happen then it never would

Answer 33

findings have been highly influential within developmental psychology eg the fact that imprinting is seen to be irreversible suggests attachment formation is under biological control and attachment formation happens within a specific time frame lead to developmental psychologists (Bowlby) develop well recognised theories of attachment suggesting attachment formation takes place during a critical period and is a biological process- such theories have been highly influential in the way child care is administered today

Answer 34

learning theory (a behaviourist approach) Bowlbys monotropy theory (an evolutionary approach)

Answer 35

all behaviour is learned attachment is a learned behaviour- as opposed to it being innate behavioursists believe food is gthe basis of attachment and can be explained therough classical and operant conditioning

Answer 36

learning occurs through association mother becomes associated with food=pleasure

Answer 37

food is UCS elicits UCR of pleasure from infant mother is a NS when repeatedly paired with food becomes associated with it and becomes a conditioned stimulus elicits now conditioned response of pleasure carer then becomes a source of pleasure without the food and an attachment forms

Answer 38

based on principles of reward and punishment increasing and decreasing the likelehood of a behaviour recurring

Answer 39

something in the environment that strengthens a particular behaviour and so makes it more likely to recur

Answer 40

a posotive consequence to a behaviour is added eg food

Answer 41

something unpleasant is removed as a conseuqence to a behaviour eg hunger

Answer 42

an undesirable consequence follows a behaviour making it less likely to recur

Answer 43

drive reduction theory (drives motivate behaviour) hunger is an uncomfortable drive so we are motivated to remove it when baby is fed the unpleasant hunger drive is reduced/removed and this is rewarding as it produces pleasure= negative reinforcement food is primary reinforcer and the person supplying the food is a secondary reinforcer who eventually becomes a source of pleasure and attachment

Answer 44

is food really the basis of attachment? Harlows findings on contact comfort Schaffer and Emersons findings on feeding and primary attachments learning theory largeley based on studies with non human animals such as skinners research with pigeons- may lack validity and be an over simplified version of human behaviour

Answer 45

no longer used by psychologists can only explain a limited number of behaviours many things have nothing to do with reducing discomfort - some things people do increase discomfort eg bunjee jumping theory doesnt adeuately explain how secondary reinforcers work

Answer 46

innate-promotes survival equipped with social releasers- ways of getting attention eg smiling- will enhance interactional synchrony and reciprocity leads to child forming a template for future relationships- would give them an internal working model-lead to development of his contuniuty hypothesis- expectations for future relationships

Answer 47

monotropy means one infant will form one attachment that is more significant than any other - do this withinn a critical period

Answer 48

attachment most likely to tale place between 3-8 months later changed to be called a sensitive period suggesting this was their optimal point for forming attachments could be stretched to 2-3 years but after they would be unable to form one if they hadnt alrwady

Answer 49

what a child should get from a relayionship negative experience- negative working model ]if they didnt form relationships they probably never would (2-3 years)

Answer 50

attachment is adaptive and very important in emotional development however it is questionable whether ir is needed for survivak, as it is developed at 3 months so this is a late mechanism to protect infants human infants start crawling at 6 months so attachment is vital and thats when attachment develops

Answer 51

evidence to suggest secondary attachments have a role in development the multiple attachment model proposes all attachments are simply integrated into one single internal working model bowlbys theory- secondary attachments contribute to social development but healthy development requires a central person 'higher' than others grossman- research on infant-father attachment suggests a key role of fathers as secondary attachments and in social development prior and glaser- research review evidence points to the hierarchal model

Answer 52

proposes an infants innate emotional personality (temprament) may explain attachment behaviour infants with an easy temprament are more likely to become strongly attached this is because they are easier to interact with whereas those who are 'difficult' tend to be securely attached

Answer 53

infants 1-3 days old who had signs of behaviour instability (more tempramentally difficult) were later judged to be more likely to have developed a insecure attachment supporting research for kagans view- found mothers perception of their infants temprament influenced mothers responsiveness

Answer 54

Hazan and Shaver

Answer 55

to test the internal working model ''continuity hypothesis''

Answer 56

advert in local newspaper had to answer questions on early attachment experience current relationship style correlational research- looking to see if there was a correlation between early attachment experience and later relationship style

Answer 57

early attachment style was similar to current attachment within relationship ie posotive correlation between early attachment type and current love experience eg if classified as securely attached as infants they were likely to be more trusting, accepting of partners and have more enduring relationships

Answer 58

support for continuity hypothesis from hazan and shaver also support from sroufe in the minesota parent-child study

Answer 59

challenge for continuity hypothesis from zimmerman shaffer and emerson found multiple attachments was the norm sensitive period rather than a critical period more appropriate

Answer 60

mary ainsworths strange situation

Answer 61

test and classify individual differences in attachment and so developed the strange situation

Answer 62

a controlled laboratory observation to test nature of attachment by putting infants between 9 and 18 months under mild stress to see their reactions and classify their attachment type each stage lasts 2-3 minutes identify attachment behaviours essential reunion behaviour

Answer 63

secure insecire resistant insecure avoidant

Answer 64

consists of 8 episodes each designed to highlight certain behaviours caregiver and stranger alternatively stay with infant/leave enables infants response to separation from caregiver (separation anxiety) reunion with caregiver (reunion behaviour) response to a stranger (stranger anxiety) the novel environment which aims to encourage exploration-tests secure base concept

Answer 65

combined data from studies- 106 middle class infants observed similarities and differences in ways infants behaved similarity- exploratory behaviours declined in all infants from episode 2 onwards but amount of crying increased differences- found 3 main patterns of behaviour in infants observed secure attachment insecure attachment insecure resistant

Answer 66

strong and contented attachment of an infant to his or her caregiver develops as a result of sensitive responding by the caregiver to the infants needs securely attached infants are comfortable with social interaction and intimacy secure attachment is related to healthy subsequent cognitive and emotional development

Answer 67

a type of attachment which describes those children who tend to avoid social interaction and intimacy with others

Answer 68

a type of attachment which describes those infants who both seek and reject intimacy and social interaction

Answer 69

reliable measure of attachment- good test restest, good inter rater observations had high reliability reliability important in observational studies measurements confirmed as meaningful there is agreement among observers- inter rater reliability ainsowrth found a 0.94 agreement between raters when rating exploratory behaviour

Answer 70

cultural differences grossman and grossman found high levels of insecure avoidant attachment in german infants compared to other cultures suggests differences in childcare practices in german culture creating interpersonal distance between parent and infant no proximity seeking behaviour shown

Answer 71

strange situation with 60 middle class Japanese infants infants showed similar secure attachment as the original US infant study Japanese infants showed no sign of insecure avoidant but high insecure resistant 90% of Japanese infants showed extreme stress so study had to end found cultural variations in attachment may be a result of different childcare practices Japanese children rarely separated from moter- US infants more likely to experience separation from mothers

Answer 72

arguement that maternal reflective functioning is key to the attachment type ainsworth suggested that secure attachment was linked to maternal sensitiity has been criticised by later researchers Raval found low correlations between measures of maternal sensitivity and strength of attachment Slade found a greater role for maternal reflective functioning maternal reflective functioning is the ability to understand what someone else is thinking and feeling suggests maternal reflective thinking rather than sensitivity may be the cetral mechanism in establishing attachment type

Answer 73

The circle of security project teachers/caregivers to better understand their infants signals of distress and to increase their understanding of what it feels like to feel anxious showed a decrease in no. of caregivers classed as disordered from 60% to 15% increase in infants classed as securely attached from 32% to 40% this supports research on attachment types- research can be used to improve childrens lives

Answer 74

variations in social practices between groups and its effects

Answer 75

a social practice unique to the group

Answer 76

Van ijzendorn and kroonenberg grossman and grossman takahashi

Answer 77

when a researcher examines the findings of a number of studies and creates a statistic to represent the overall effecy

Answer 78

when a community prioritises the individual over the community

Answer 79

emphasises the needs and goals of the group as a whole rather than the needs and desires of each individual

Answer 80

the way in which different groups of people differ in relation to their social practices and how this impacts development and behaviour

Answer 81

differences of the findings between different countries/cultures

Answer 82

differences of the findings within the same culture

Answer 83

is a form of cultural bias when a researcher has devised a measuring tool in one culture and assume it can be measured in another culture

Answer 84

conducted meta analysis in 1988 of findings from 32 countries who had explored attachment behaviour over 2000 studies which hd used the strange situation in over 8 countries were explored

Answer 85

to understand whetger inter cultural and intra cultural variations existed

Answer 86

found small differneces between cultures/countries secure attachment was the most common classification in every country insecure avoidant was the second most common attachment in every ciuntry except israel and japan

Answer 87

variation within countries was 1.5 times greater than the variation between cultures- could be to do with childcare practices

Answer 88

higher levels of insecure avoidant attachment amongst german infants compared to other cultures suggest this may be due to different childcare practices such as german culture involves interpersonal distance between parent and child results in infant not displaying proximity seeking behaviour and so appears to have an insecure attachment in strange situation

Answer 89

conducted strange situation with 60 middle class japanese infants

Answer 90

infants showed siilar secure attachment as the original study conducted with USA infants however japanese infants showed no insecure avoidant attachment but high rates of insecure resistant (32%)- show lots of distress and dont know what to do in situation

Answer 91

similarities in global culture bowlbys theory of attachment suggests attachment is universal because attachment is an innate mechanism and therefore is not influenced by culture ]van ijzendoorn and kroonenberg suggest cultural similarities of attachment may be a result of media influences which project ideas about parenting and therefore children aross world are exoosed to similar influences suggests attachment isnt relatrd to a biological process byt global culture

Answer 92

all of the research investigating attachment patterns has used the strange situation to measure and this has been criticised as an 'imposed etic' as strange situation ias based on western values and childcare practices can be argued the tool isnt measuring attachment style just infants reaction to a strange and stressful situation

Answer 93

hypothesis about the conseuqences of a child becoming separated from their primary attachment figure for frequent and/or prolongued periods suggested the consequences would be negative and irreversible

Answer 94

importance of a continuos warm relationship between the infant and primary attachment figure- at the time it was thought cleanliness and food were most important to child development but Bowlby introduced the idea that psychological care and nurturing were equally important to healthy development without this care the child can become emotionally disturbed and development would suffer interllectually emotionally and socially critical period- for this con tinuous relationship was the forst 2 and a 1/2 years altho he maintained the risk could continue up to 5 years bowlby suggested this emotional maladjustment would be irreversible and permanent and could result in juvenile delinquency

Answer 95

to test his maternal deprivation hypothesis

Answer 96

bowlby analysed history of patients in child guidance clinic all children in the clinic were emotionally maladjusted half had been caught stealing and other half were a control group bowlby suggested that some 'thieves' were affectionless psycopaths- lacked normal signs of affection, shame or sense of responsibility

Answer 97

bowlby founs those diagnosed as affectionless had experienced early separations from their mothers (86%) almost no control participants experienced early separations early separations- consistent/repeated stays in foster homes or hosiptals

Answer 98

suggests that early separayions are linked to affectionless psychopathy lack of continuouscare may cause emotional maladjustment or mental disorders

Answer 99

rsearcher buyace- conducted all himself- developed hypothesis and research, expectancy effects he assumed cause and effect- shouldnt have dome as this was correlational research- other things could influence findings- was just after the war- many things could affect kids becoming delinquent

Answer 100

found that of women who had experienced separation from mothers for at least a year 25% later developed depression or an anxiety disorder there wree greater mental health problems in those who had experienced this before age 6- supporting the notion of a critical period and vulnerability

Answer 101

not just phsycial separation- emotional separation may also risk deprivation eg Yarrow found that when mothers experience depression- 55% of those children were insecurely attached compared to 29% in controls

Answer 102

research has shown children who are securely attached may cope better with separation eg Bolwbys 1956 TB study found of those children isolated with TB 63% were emotionally maladjusted howeever there were no singificant intellectual differences between them and controls he concluded that those who coped better may have been more securely attached and therefore had more resilience

Answer 103

romanian orphans study

Answer 104

physical underdevelopment intellectual under functioning disinhibited attachment poor parenting

Answer 105

children in institutional care are physically small research (Gardner) showed that lack of emotional care rather than poor nourishment is the cause of deprivation dwarfism

Answer 106

cognitive development is affected by emotional deprivation

Answer 107

form of inseure attachment children dont discriminate between the people they choose as attachment figures so they will treat strangers with innapropriate familiarity (overfriendliness) and may be attention seeking

Answer 108

harlow suggested that monkeys raised with surrogate mothers went on to become poor parrents supported by Quinton- compared 50 women reared in institutions (childrens homes) with a control group of 50 women reared in their 20s, it was found that the ex institutional women were experiencing extreme difficluties acting as parents more of the ex institutional women had children who spent time in care

Answer 109

Rutter and Sonuga Barke 2010

Answer 110

165 romanian children living in institutions during their early years and who thus suffered the effects of instiutionalisation 111 of tjem were adopted before 2 years and a further 54 were adopted by age of 4 their physica; congitive and social development was tested at age 4,6,11,15 with info from parents and teachers progress was compared to a group of 54 english children who were adopted within the uk before 6 months

Answer 111

their progress was behind that od the english adoptees at ever age eg they were smaller, weighed less and were classified as mentally retarded at age two however by 4 some had cought up with english adoptees- true for almost all whp had been adopted by age of 6 months those adopted after age 6 months had significant deficits such as disinhibited attachment and problems with peer relationships findings suggest that long term effects of instiutionalisation may not be so severe if the children are adopted by age 6 months- giving them cance to form attachments but if not given this opportunity the consequences are likely to be severe

Answer 112

looked at romanian children who had spent an average of 90% of their lives in an orphanage and compared them to romanian controls who had not been in institutions for instances of disinhibited attachment disorder this disorder was found in many of the orphans

Answer 113

lack of physical growth resulting from a lack of emotional care is an effect of instiutionalisation

Answer 114

childhood friendships romantic relationships mental health poor parenting

Answer 115

the Minesota child-parent study found continuity between early attachment and later emotional/social behaviour securely attavhed in infancy were highest rated for social competancy later in childhood, because securely attached infants have higher expectations

Answer 116

Hazan and Shaver love quiz a link between early attachment type and later relationships securely attached individuals had longer lasting romantoc relationships found others more trusting- more enduring relationships

Answer 117

lack of attachment in critical period would result in lack of internal working model children with disinhibited attachment disorder have no preferred attachment figure, an inability to interact and relate to others and ezperience severe neglect or frequent change of caregivers happens before age of 5h

Answer 118

showed a link between poor attachment and later difficulties with parenting- Harlows research with monkeys Quinton et al showed that the same is true in humans the lack of internal working model means individuals lack a reference point to subsequently form relationships with their children

Answer 119

to investigate the relationship between early attachment type and (early years) social and emotional development

Answer 120

those classified as having early secure attachments were later rated as more socially competent- made friends, better at resolving disputes suggests their posotive internal working model was to trust, have high expectations of relationships and they had higher self esteem

Answer 121

to test the role of the internal working model on adult relationships

Answer 122

found that 65% were classified as secure, 25% as avoidant and 19% as resistant from a self report found a posotive correlation between attachment type and love experiences securely attached adults- love experiences happy and trusting- endured longer 10 years less jealousy and insecurity with those who were securely attached lasted 5 and 6 years for resistant and avoidant found a relationship between the conception of love (the internal working model) and attachment type- securely attached individuals had a posotive internal working model

Answer 123

social desirability bias- people might want to write what they think is soccially acceptable retrospective data- may forget older childhood memories or may exagerrate them and their severity they are at risk of incorrect memory recall

Answer 124

support from research eg hazan and shaver

Answer 125

methodolgocial issues in research and much of the research is correlational so its hard to establish cause and effect eg other factors could be influencing the childs ability to form attachments like individual temprament- kagans temprement theory

attachment Flashcards

(150 cards)