Attachment Flashcards
(181 cards)
1
Q
What is the definition of attachment?
A
An emotional tie between 2 people
2
Q
What is attachment needed for?
A
- Needed for survival
- Physical, cognitive, neurological, emotional and psychological development
3
Q
Who discovered the 4 behaviours which shows that two people are attached and when?
A
Maccoby (1980)
4
Q
What are the 4 behaviours which shows that two people are attached?
A
- Seeking proximity
- Separation distress
- Joy on reunion
- General orientation
5
Q
What are the two further behaviours which show 2 people are attached?
A
- Reciprocity
- Interactional Synchrony
6
Q
What is the definition of seeking proximity?
A
Desire to be physically close
7
Q
What is the definition of Separation Distress?
A
Upset or anxiety at separation
8
Q
What is the definition of Joy on Reunion?
A
Happy and excited before and on being reunited
9
Q
What is the definition of General Orientation of Behaviour?
A
Effectively attempts and maintains the attachment
10
Q
What is the definition of Reciprocity?
A
Interactions between parent and offspring are a two-way process
Mother and Infant respond to each other’s signals, and each elicits a response from the other
11
Q
What is the definition of Interactional Synchrony?
A
Mother and infant reflect both the actions and emotions of the other (biologically in sync)
12
Q
Why are care giver interactions important?
A
- Allows positive relationships to be formed
- Physical development
- Psychological development
- For survival
- For socially
13
Q
Why aren’t care giver interactions important?
A
- Learning can take place via other forms
- Learning can take place without interactions
- Can lead to greater independence
- Relationships with others are more important
14
Q
Why are infant interactions important?
A
- Take place straight from birth so infants can signal their needs
- They help form how good or bad the attachment is
- The more sensitive everyone is to each other, the deeper (positive) the relationship
- Helps with development
15
Q
Why aren’t infant interactions important?
A
- There is evidence of individuals who lack a parent and infant relationship with no adverse effects, i.e., feral children
- Children can have other significant figures in their lives, and these are not always their caregivers
16
Q
Which psychologists came up with how attachments are formed and when?
A
Schaffer and Emerson (1964)
17
Q
Where did the Schaffer and Emerson research take place?
A
Glasgow
18
Q
What research methods did Schaffer and Emerson use in their study and how long did they go on for?
A
Interviews and observations
19
Q
What were the 4 main stages Schaffer and Emerson discovered about how attachments occur?
A
- Indiscriminate of attachments (A-Social)
- Beginning of attachments (Indiscriminate)
- Discriminate attachments (specific)
- Multiple attachments
20
Q
What happens within the first stage of attachment (indiscriminate of attachments)?
A
- Occurs from birth - around 2 months
- Infants produce similar responses to animate (real people) and inanimate objects (toys)
- Infants are more content around people
- Interactional Synchrony and Reciprocity are key in playing a role in the formation of the attachment
21
Q
What happens within the second stage of attachment (Beginning of attachments)?
A
- Occurs around the age of 2-4 months
- Infants are much more social
- Prefer human company to company of inanimate objects
- Can distinguish between familiar people and unfamiliar people but comforted by anyone
22
Q
What happens within the third stage of attachment (Discriminate attachments)?
A
- Occurs around 4-7 months
- Has formed an attachment to one primary attachment figure
- Shows separation anxiety from PAF
- Shows joy on reunion
- Shows stranger anxiety
23
Q
What happens within the fourth stage of attachment (Multiple attachments)?
A
- Occurs from 7 months to 12 months
- Starts to develop multiple attachments with other consistent people in their lives
- Starts to have Separation Anxiety from Secondary/Multiple Attachment Figures
24
Q
What are the positives of the stages of attachment proposed by Schaffer and Emerson?
A
+ Stages were identified from the research conducted in the real world with Mothers and Infants over 12 months
+ Used to see the different developmental milestones an infant will go through, highlights expected behaviours
25
What are the negatives of the stages of attachment proposed by Schaffer and Emerson?
- Stages are not generalisable as the formation of attachment is open to individual differences
- Stages are open to the blurring of age boundaries meaning it is hard to distinguish the actual stage a child is in
- Doesn't represent infants globally
- Stages can be criticised for being reductionist as we are simplifying the complexity of attachment to a fixed stage process
26
What did psychologists writing in the 1940s - 1950s suggest about the tole of the Father?
ignored the role of a Father and only saw the role of the mother as crucial, superior and needed for attachment
27
What did Bowlby argue in relation to the role of the Father?
- Bowlby (1944) argued that maternal deprivation (lack of care by a mother) in the first 2 to 3 years of life would lead to irreversible consequences
- He discarded the role of a father and focused solely on the relationship between a mother and an infant
28
What does research suggest referring to the role of the Father being important?
Research shows there are also consequences for those who face paternal deprivation, particularly for boys with no male role model
29
What did Schaffer and Emerson find out about the role of the Father?
- Schaffer and Emerson (1964) found that fathers were less likely to be the primary attachment figure but that fathers were joint attachment figures in around 1/3 of infants - Father is important
30
What was the role of the Father like in the pre-1990s?
- Breadwinner - less time with children
- Sole disciplinarians
- Children not seen or heard
- Sons wanted to pass down wealth and follow into employment
- No physical care
- Lack of emotional care
31
What is the role of the Father like in 2024?
- Much more active - emotional and physical care
- Paternity leave now shared
- Quality time is important
- House husbands
- Not a disciplinarian
- Some families, two significant Father figures (same-sex families)
32
What are the 3 key factors psychologists state when looking at the role of a Father when forming attachments?
1. Interaction - engagement with infant
2. Accessibility - is the Father emotionally and physically accessible?
3. Responsibility - Does the Father take responsibility for caregiving?
33
What is imprinting?
- A reciprocal mental image in the animal kingdom between mother and infant based on sight and smell
34
What is the idea held by imprinting?
It’s the idea that some animals will follow the first moving objects they see
35
Who devised the idea of imprinting?
Konrad Lorenz
36
What was Lorenz?
An ethologist
37
What is ethology?
Ethology is the study of animal behaviour in their natural environment
38
What does imprinting ensure?
- Imprinting ensures a bond between mother and infant in the animal world is made and increases the chance of survival
39
Why do animals need to imprint?
- Animals need to imprint on one another to survive
40
What did Lorenz's study demonstrate?
- It demonstrated that animals are not born with a ready-made image of their parents
41
Which year did Lorenz's study take place and what experiment was used?
- 1952
- Field experiment
42
What was the procedure of Lorenz's experiment?
- Lorenz took a clutch of gosling eggs and divided them into two groups
- One group was left with their natural Mother, while the other eggs were placed in an incubator
- When the incubator eggs hatched, the first living (moving) thing they saw was Lorenz and they started following him around
- To test the effect of imprinting, Lorenz marked the two groups to distinguish them and placed them together
- The goslings quickly divided themselves up, one following their natural mother and Lorenz’s brood followed him
- Suggest an animal infant imprints on the first moving object seen
43
Where was the notion of imprinting also studied?
Also tested in laboratory/controlled conditions
44
What was the replication test of Lorenz's ideas?
To see if imprinting could occur via inanimate objects
45
When did Harlow's study take place and what type of experiment is used?
1959
Lab experiment
46
What did Harlow's study aim to do?
- Examined whether food or comfort was more important when forming an attachment
47
What animals did Harlow use in his study?
- Examined how long 8 rhesus monkeys spent with a ‘wire or cloth ‘mother’.
48
Harlow's study - Which Mother did all 8 monkeys spend the most time with?
Cloth mummy
48
What type of experiment was Harlow's study?
Lab experiment
49
Over what time period did Harlow's study take place?
165 days
50
Harlow's study - On being frightened, which mummy did the monkeys return to?
Cloth mummy
50
What did Harlow's study suggest?
- Suggested comfort/security is much more important than food when forming an attachment
- Food only deals with the biological need of hunger
51
What are the positives of Harlow's study?
:) Lab experiment - variables controlled
:) Highlights that comfort and security are important
:) Complements Schaffer and Emerson (1964) – quality of care and comfort are essential
52
What are the negatives of Harlow's study?
:( Ethical issues
:( Used rhesus monkeys, inapplicable to humans and their attachment behaviour
:( Lab experiment so artificial and can’t be applied to RLA
53
What are the similarities between human and animals in attachment behaviour?
* Critical period
* Needed for survival
* Needed for Learning
* Connection/bond
* Care is important
54
What are the differences between human and animals in attachment behaviour?
* Animals can imprint on inanimate objects
* Humans attach
* Animals imprint
* Human attachment is longer
* Quality of attachment is essential in humans
55
Who proposed the learning theory of attachment?
Dollard and Miller (1950s)
56
What does the learning theory focus on?
Focuses on the idea of food and being fed allows for attachment to occur
57
What did Dollard and Miller suggest happens in the first year of life?
Estimated that in the first year of life, a child is fed on average 2000 times (most likely PCG)
58
How do we learn to love/attach according to Dollard and Miller?
They argued that we learn how to love because love is paired with the food that we are given, which comes from cupboards (cupboard love theory)
59
What does attachment occur by according to Dollard and Miller?
Operant and Classical Conditioning
60
How does operant conditioning work within Dollard and Miller's Learning Theory?
- Hungry infant = distress so infant cries to signal hunger
- Mum motivated for infant to stop crying (NR)
- Feeding infant = pleasurable and rewarding as hunger is gone (+ reinforcement for an infant and Mum)
- Food = primary reinforcer, it stamps out the hunger and discomfort
- Mum = secondary reinforcer, as a child learns to associate food with a person
- Happy mum + Happy Infant = Attachment!
61
How does classical conditioning work within Dollard and Miller's Learning Theory?
- Food (US) = Infant (UR)
- Mother (NS) + Food (UCS) = Infant (UR)
- Mother (CS) = Infant (CR)
62
What are the positives of Dollard and Miller's Learning Theory?
:) Food is needed to survive - plausible that attachments will occur because of food
:) Contradictory evidence i.e., Harlow showing care is more important – disproves the theory
:) Universal as all infants will be fed – feeding is why attachment occurs
63
What are the negatives of Dollard and Miller's Learning Theory?
:( Disregards the importance of comfort by only focusing on food
:( Written in the 1950s at a time when females met their offspring’s needs via staying at home
:( Limited/no supporting evidence
64
What viewpoint does Bowlby's theory take?
Evolutionary
65
When was Bowlby's theory written?
Mid 20th century
66
What does Bowlby's theory suggest?
- Believed that attachments are formed because of evolutionary advantages as attachments/imprinting is seen in a variety of species
67
What is the other name for Bowlby's theory and why?
Monotropic theory because it emphasises the one special relationship a child has with its PAF
68
Which psychologists were used to form the theory?
- Lorenz
- Freud
69
What ideas did Bowlby take from Lorenz in his monotropic theory?
1. The critical period - The time in which imprinting must take place (3-30 hours)
2. Proximity Seeking - The desire to be physically close
70
What ideas did Bowlby take from Freud in his monotropic theory?
1. The idea that the main carer (Mother) is very important in development
2. The quality of the first relationship (mother-child) would affect the quality of all future relationships (monotropic) - serves as a prototype for IWM
70
What did Bowlby change about Lorenz's critical period?
- Bowlby believed that the attachment should occur in the first 3-6 months of life (critical period) but extended it to the first 2-3 years of life (sensitive period)
71
What did Bowlby say about Lorenz's proximity seeking?
- Bowlby argued that Attachments occur by infants being physically close to their PAF in their first few years of life
72
What did Bowlby say about Freud's monotropic relationship?
- Parents (mother via the monotropic relationship) being sensitive to their child’s needs was important in their first two years of life
73
What else did Bowlby suggest not taken from Lorenz or Freud in his monotropic theory?
- Babies are born with pre-programmed behaviours (social releasers) to encourage attention from adults by releasing instinctive parenting behaviour
74
What is the equation for social releasers and attachment?
Social Releasers (Sucking, crying, gripping) + Parental Instinct = Attachment between parent & child
75
What happens if the parent doesn't respond to the infants social releasers during the sensitive period according to Bowlby?
If the parent does not respond to social releasers during the sensitive period, then Bowlby suggested that the opportunity to form attachments is lost and could cause developmental consequences for the child
76
What occurs if developmental consequences carry on into adulthood?
Continuity Hypothesis
77
What are the positives of Bowlby's theory?
:) Uses existing theories to base his on
:) Provides us with an explanation for the attachment
:) Bowlby’s theory is thorough – it explains how we form attachments and the consequences we face if we don’t
78
What are the negatives of Bowlby's theory?
:( Dated – societal change
:( Freud’s research has been criticised
:( Gender and cultural bias – focus on the mother being an attachment figure and written in London
79
Who proposed the strange situation and in what year?
Mary Ainsworth (1970s)
80
What did Ainsworth suggest about attachment?
She believed that the quality of care provided by the PCG was most important when forming an attachment
81
What was the outline of Ainsworths experiment?
Observed children’s behaviour, as they interacted with their main carers and strangers, Ainsworth proposed that babies and toddlers aged 12-18 months would be divided into 3 attachment types
82
What were the 3 attachment types Ainsworth came up with?
1. Type A – Insecure Avoidant
2. Type B – Secure
3. Type C – Insecure Ambivalent / Resistant
83
What were the 5 behaviours that were measured in the strange situation classified within the 3 attachment types?
1. Secure Base
2. Proximity Seeking
3. Separation Anxiety
4. Joy at Reunion
5. Stranger Anxiety
84
What does secure base mean?
Refers to the mother/caregiver from which an infant will explore their environment but will return regularly for comfort
85
What type of experiment and RM was the strange situation?
Lab-based participant observation
86
What was the procedure of the strange situation?
- A child was placed in an unfamiliar (strange room) with their PCG and their reactions were assessed
- It was aimed to simulate everyday events
87
How many episodes did the strange situation have and how long did they last for?
The procedure had eight episodes and the seven key episodes would last for 3 minutes each
88
What happened within Stage 1 of the strange situation?
Proximity seeking: the child and carer are placed in an empty room
89
What happened within Stage 2 of the strange situation?
Secure base: the child is left free to explore
90
What happened within Stage 3 of the strange situation?
Stranger anxiety: A stranger enters, greets the carer and attempts to play with the child
91
What happened within Stage 4 of the strange situation?
Stranger Anxiety and Separation Anxiety:
The carer leaves the child with the stranger
92
What happened within Stage 5 of the strange situation?
Joy at reunion: The carer re-enters and the stranger leaves
93
What happened within Stage 6 of the strange situation?
Separation Anxiety: The carer leaves the child alone
94
What happened within Stage 7 of the strange situation?
Stranger Anxiety: The stranger re-enters
95
What happened within Stage 8 of the strange situation?
Joy at reunion: The stranger leaves and the carer re-enters
96
What are the characteristics of Type A attached infants and how many are classified in the Uk %?
* No proximity seeking
* No secure base behaviour
* Don’t show distress at separation
* No stranger anxiety
* No joy at the reunion
* Those children are not bothered!
* Estimated 15% classified as Type A (UK)
97
What are the characteristics of Type B attached infants and how many are classified in the UK %?
* Play independently
* Proximity Seeking
* Regularly return to their secure base
* Separation Anxiety
* Stranger Anxiety
* Requires and accepts comfort in stage 8
* Estimated 70% classified as Type B (UK)
98
What are the characteristics of Type C attached infants and how many are classified in the UK %?
* Explores much less
* No secure base and with PCG
* Intensely seek proximity
* Separation anxiety
* Stranger anxiety
* Wants joy at reunion but rejects/resists
* Estimated 15% classified as Type C (UK)
99
Who proposed a 4th attachment type and in what year?
Main and Solomon - 1986
100
What is the name of the Type D attachment?
Insecure disorganised
101
What is the name of the Type A attachment?
Insecure Avoidant
102
What is the name of the Type B attachment?
Secure
103
What is the name of the Type C attachment?
Insecure Resistant Ambivalent
104
What was the type D attachment for?
- This was for the children that didn’t fit into types A-C
- These children alternated between A (Avoidant) & C (Resistant/Ambivalent) behaviours
105
What is an example of Type D attachment children?
Maintaining proximity (C) yet resisting when cuddled and being avoidant in play (A)
106
What are the positives of Ainsworth's strange situation?
:) RLA
:) Reliable – controlled experiment (internal validity)
:) Replicable
107
What are the negatives of Ainsworth's strange situation?
:( Ethical issues – No consent
:( Reductionist – Babies won’t fall only into 3 groups
:( Artificial Environment - Lab
108
What is a culture?
Rules, Laws, Customs, morals, Religion & Language that bind members of a society together
109
What is a cultural variation?
This refers to the differences found between cultures or places.
110
What is the link between culture and attachment?
- If attachments vary across cultures, it could also be down to differing parental and child-rearing strategies due to cultural differences
111
In which cultures are there key differences in attachment behaviour?
Individualistic (those that are independent and focus on having autonomy) and Collectivist cultures (those that see dependence as positive)
112
What was one way to investigate the link between culture and attachment?
The strange situation
113
What did the strange situation identify about culture and attachment?
This identified that there were differences in attachment types across different countries and cultures
114
What is a key study for culture and attachment and what year did it occur?
Van Izjeendoorn and Kroonenberg (1988)
115
What is the research design used in Van Izjeendoorn and Kroonenbergs study?
Meta-analysis
116
What is a meta-analysis?
- A tool whereby results from several similar studies are examined within one topic area and an overall statistic is used to represent the overall outcome
- Used to establish statistical significance with studies that for example may have conflicting results
- Secondary research
117
What did Van Izjeendoorn and Kroonenberg identify?
There were cultural variations in the types of attachment between and within different countries and cultures
118
Which type of attachment did Van Izjeendoorn and Kroonenberg find was the most common overall?
Type B
119
Which type of attachment did Van Izjeendoorn and Kroonenberg find was the most common overall in individualistic cultures?
Type A
120
Which type of attachment did Van Izjeendoorn and Kroonenberg find was the most common overall in collectivist cultures?
Type C
121
Did Van Izjeendoorn and Kroonenberg find more intracultural differences (within) or intercultural ones (between)?
There are more intracultural differences with an average of 1.5 times more intracultural differences
122
What are the positives of meta-analysis?
:) Objective as concluding a specified topic area
:) Secondary research –information is already published so it is less expensive and time-consuming than conducting Primary Research
:) Analysing the results from a group of studies rather than from just one, can allow more reliable conclusions to be drawn
123
What are the negatives of a meta-analysis?
:( Secondary Research – so reliant on the quality of others’ work and this may not always be possible
:( Some pieces of research examined may produce conflicting results, which impacts the overall conclusions that can be drawn
124
When was Bowlby's MD study drawn up?
Written in 1951 before the Monotropic theory in 1957
125
What does the material Deprivation Hypothesis focus on?
Focuses on how the effects of early experiences may interfere with the usual processes of attachment formation
126
Qhat did Bowlby propose within his MD theory about separation or deprivation from the Mother or substitute?
It would have a serious impact on the physical, psychological and emotional development of a child - short term or long term consequences
127
What are the 3 main areas of Bowlby's MD theory?
Separation, Deprivation and Maternal Deprivation
128
What is deprivation and what is it in attachment terms?
- Not having the things or conditions that are considered necessary
- The loss or lack of emotional and physical care is usually provided by PCG during critical and sensitive periods
129
What is separation and what is it in attachment terms?
- The action or state of moving or being moved apart
- This is a period spent away from PCG once the attachment has been formed. It can be in the short-term and long-term
130
What is maternal deprivation?
- The emotional and intellectual consequences of having short or long-term separation/deprivation between an infant and its’ PCG during the critical or sensitive period.
131
What are the key concepts of Bowlby's Maternal Deprivation?
- Bowlby believed that a child needed the continuous care of the mother (PCG) for approx. the first 2 years (sensitive period) of life AKA monotropic relationship
- He claimed that there was a critical period for attachment and mothering is useless if it is delayed or not formed
- He believed that a child would suffer from irreversible long-term consequences (never recover) due to MD within their critical and sensitive periods
132
What are the 5 consequences of MD that Bowlby identified?
1. Delinquency (criminal behaviour)
2. Low IQ
3. Increased levels of aggression
4. Higher rates of depression
5. Affectionless psychopathy
133
What is the definition of affectionless psychopathy?
A behavioural pattern shown by an inability to show affection or concern for others
134
What are the positives of Bowlby's MD Theory?
:) Supporting evidence showing the effects of MD (Bowlby, Goldfarb, Spitz + Wolf)
135
What are the negatives of Bowlby's MD Theory?
:( Reflects a time when the maternal relationship was superior, ignores the 21st-century norms
:( Researcher bias – Bowlby’s theory - in his supporting research, he was the psychiatrist diagnosing AP
:( Reductionist – only focuses on MD, ignores PD
136
Why were infants transferred from Romanian institutions to the UK, USA etc to be adopted?
The rearing conditions in these institutions were deplorable and the children were extremely deprived in all respects. Malnourished, they spent most of their days alone in cribs lacking in physical, social, auditory and visual stimulation
137
What is an institution?
- A place dedicated to a particular task
- This could have been a children’s home for children without families or for those who are unable to look after them
138
What is institutionalisation?
- The impact of institutional care is seen in those individuals who have been institutionalised beyond their control
- Focuses on the amount of time an individual has been institutionalised and the social, mental and physical developmental effects some of which are irreversible
139
What is privation?
- the failure to form an attachment due to maternal deprivation
- Often seen in children who have been placed in institutions where there is no monotropic relationship
140
Why would institutionalisation take place?
- Orphan and no other living or suitable relatives or guardians
- Parents unable to look after physically and emotionally
- Children removed from family home because they’re at risk of abuse or neglect
141
What are the effects of being institutionalised?
- Developmental delay and developmental dwarfism
- Low IQ
- Disinhibited attachment
- Poor parenting themselves and links to IWM
- Lack of positive relationships with peers and adults
142
What are the two key studies for institutionalisation?
1. Rutter (2007)
2. La Mare and Audet (2010)
143
What did Rutter examine?
Institutionally deprived adoptees were compared at 11 years with those who hadn't experienced institutionalisation adopted into the UK before the age of 6 months
144
How did Rutter assess institutionalisation?
- Strange situation
- Parental interests
- Investigator ratings of behaviour
145
What did Rutter conclude in his study on institutionalisation?
- The sooner the children were adopted, the faster their developmental progress
- Disinhibited attachment was associated with institutional rearing but there wasn't a significant increase about the duration of institutional deprivation beyond the age of 6 months
- Only mild disinhibited attachment was more frequent in non-institutionalised adopted children
146
What did La Mare and Audet examine?
Examined Romanian orphans into Canada and compared their development with 2 other groups of children (36 total)
147
What were the 2 groups of children La Mare and Audet studied?
1. Canadian born non adopted children
2. Romanian children adopted early without institutionalisation
148
What type of study was used in La Mare and Audet's study and what was it used for?
Longitudinal study used for physical growth and health
149
What were the results of La Mare and Audet's study?
- Orphans physically smaller than the control group at 4 and a half
- The difference disappeared by age 10 and a half (same for health)
150
What was the conclusion of La Mare and Audet's study?
Recovery is possible from physical effects of institutionalisation
151
How can early life attachment impact future childhood and adult relationships?
- Poor early life experiences impact the quality of IWM
- Types of childhood attachment will lead to certain personality characteristics
- Continuity hypothesis – early life experiences are repeated/seen at other life stages
- A lack of quality care can lead to privation – failure to form an attachment
- Institutionalisation (MD) can also lead to consequences in the long-term
152
What did Bowlby describe the importance of?
IWM
153
What is the IWM based on?
This is based on the relationship to the PAF based on early experiences
154
What does the IWM do?
- The IWM contains information about how available and reliable the PCG was/is
- IWM influences a child’s expectations about future relationships
155
What is the key research on the influence of early attachment on childhood and adulthood and what year was it in?
Hazen and Shaver (1987)
156
What was the basis of Hazen and Shavers's theory?
- Love Quiz in an American newspaper with nearly 100 questions
- Collected information about early attachment experiences and their current romantic attitudes and experiences
157
How many replies did Hazen and Shaver analyse?
620 replies
158
What were the results of Hazen and Shavers research?
- Those assigned as insecurely attached infants were more likely to report difficulties in their adult relationships, reporting that true love was rare
- Those assigned as securely attached infants were more likely to report happy and long-lasting relationships in adulthood, believing that love was enduring and based on trust
- Similarities were identified between attachment type in childhood (A, B or C) and adult relationships/experiences
159
What does Hazen and Shavers's research provide evidence for?
Provides evidence for the IWM, and the claims made by Bowlby that early experiences influence later relationships
160
What are the positives of Hazen and Shavers research?
:) Provides evidence for IWM
:) Large sample size, first 620 replies
:) In-depth research method collecting lots of quantitative and qualitative data
161
What are the negatives of Hazen and Shavers's research?
:( Retrospective data, so unreliable as cannot verify
:( Self-selecting sample = volunteer bias
162
What does the research by Rutter positively tell us about institutionalisation?
- Romanian orphans made notable development over the years after deprivation
- Some ROs were functioning normally in all respects by 11
- Being undernourished was said only to have a minor effect on psychological outcomes
163
What does the research by Rutter negatively tell us about institutionalisation?
- RO adopted after 6 months displayed difficulties not seen in English-born adoptees
- RO experienced more inattention, overactivity and poor mental functioning
- RO is more likely to display autistic-like qualities, problems forming appropriate attachments
164
What does the research by La mare and Audet tell us about institutionalisation?
- Evidence of Developmental Dwarfism in RO at 11 months post-adoption
- Evidence of poor physical health in RO at 11 months post-adoption
- Evidence of Developmental Dwarfism in RO AT 4.5 years
- Evidence of poor physical health in RO at 4.5 years
165
What are the positives of Rutter and La Mare & Audet’s research?
:) Provides evidence for the IWM and Continuity Hypothesis
:) Highlights the importance of the critical period
:) Shows short- and long-term effects of institutionalisation
166
What are the negatives of Rutter and La Mare & Audet’s research?
:( Adverse effects may be due to the conditions, not because of institutionalisation
:( Studied RO orphans so the effects may have been down to cultural differences
:( Physical, emotional and psychological recovery is open to individual differences which research ignores
167
What are the positives of Early Life on Adulthood?
:) Research by Hazen and Shaven shows a correlation between early-life and later-life relationships
:) Research by Hazen and Shaven provides some evidence for Bowlby’s theories - credibility
168
What are the negatives of Early Life on Adulthood?
:( Research is correlational, but is not always that early life will impact and cause problems in later life
169
What study was used for material deprivation and what year was it conducted in?
Bowlby's 44 Thieves Study (1944)
170
What happened within Bowlby's 44 thieves study?
- 44 thieves were compared to 44 non-thieves from a delinquency centre
171
What type of data collection was used for Bowlby's 44 Thieves Study?
Collected data via interviews and questionnaires from 88 juveniles
172
What did Bowlby find through his 44 Thieves study?
- 17/44 thieves had experienced prolonged separation from their Mothers before 5 years
- 15/44 thieves were diagnosed with affectionless psychopathy
- 2/44 non-thieves experienced such separation
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What are the positives of Bowlby's 44 thieves study?
:) Practical applications
:) The study highlighted the importance of the maternal bond during the first five years
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What are the negatives of Bowlby's 44 thieves study?
:( Investigator effects
:( A cause-and-effect relationship cannot be established as this was not an experimental study
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What is the key study on Care Infant Interactions?
Meltzoff and Moore (1977)
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What is the outline of the Meltzoff and Moore study?
Controlled observational study of interactional synchrony in infants as young as 2 weeks
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What was the procedure of the Meltzoff and Moore study?
- Adult model displayed one of 3 facial expressions or gestures
- Infants responses were filmed
- Association was found between expression or gesture displayed and actions of the infant
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What did Meltzoff and Moores study suggest?
Suggests an infants imitation may indicate we innate ability to aid formation of attachment, especially when it was seen in infants younger than two weeks old
