Memory

Question 1

What is coding?

Answer 1

The format in which info is stored

Question 2

Who did research on coding?

Answer 2

Baddeley (1966)

He gave different lists of words to 4 groups of participants to remember

Question 3

What is capacity?

Answer 3

The amount of time info can be held for

Question 4

What is the duration?

Answer 4

Length of time info can be held

Question 5

How is STM coded?

Answer 5

Acoustically

Question 6

How is LTM coded?

Answer 6

Semantically

Question 7

What is the capacity of the STM?

Answer 7

7+/-2 seconds

Question 8

What is the capacity of the LTM?

Answer 8

Unlimited

Question 9

What are some characteristics of the LTM?

Answer 9

• potentially permanent memory store
• unlimited capacity
  -can last up to a lifetime
  -info is coded semantically

Question 10

What are some characteristics of STM?

Answer 10

• limited capacity
• info coded acoustically
• lasts about 18-30 secs unless rehearsed
• if we rehearse it long enough, it’ll pass to LTM

Question 11

What is maintenance rehearsal?

Answer 11

when we repeat material to ourselves over and over again

Question 12

Who developed the MSMoM?

Answer 12

Atkinson and Shiffin

Question 13

What is the MSMoM?

Answer 13

• Describes how info flows through the memory system
• Suggests memory is made up of 3 stores, linked by processing
• It also describes how info is remembered and forgotten

Question 14

MSMoM
What is the sensory register?

Answer 14

• The environmental stimulus will pass through into the sensory register
• It has high capacity, a duration less than a second and very little info that enters goes any further

Question 15

What are the 2 stores within the sensory register?

Answer 15

Iconic - coded visually
Echoic - coded acoustically

Question 16

Who came up with the idea of there being 3 LTM stores?

Answer 16

Tulving (1985) realised the view of LTM was too simplistic and flexible

Question 17

What are the 3 LTM stores?

Answer 17

Episodic memory
Semantic memory
Procedural memory

Question 18

What is episodic memory?

Answer 18

• memories of events from our lives
• memories from this store have to be retrieved consciously and with effort
• Memories are time stamped

Eg what you ate for breakfast this morning

Question 19

What is semantic memory?

Answer 19

• Our knowledge of the world (facts)
• Memories aren’t time-stamped
• Usually need to recall these memories deliberately

Eg knowing the taste of an orange

Question 20

What is procedural memory?

Answer 20

• Actions, skills, how we do things
• Can be recalled without conscious awareness or a great deal of effort

Eg driving a car, changing gear without thinking about it

Question 21

Who was the working memory model proposed by?

Answer 21

Baddeley and Hitch (1974)

Question 22

What is the working memory model?

Answer 22

• Explains how STM is organised and how it functions
  -Looks at the part of the mind which is active when we are temporarily storing and manipulating info

Question 23

What are the different components in the WMM?

Answer 23

Central Executive
Phonological loop
Visio spatial sketchpad
Episodic buffer

Question 24

What is the central executive?

Answer 24

• Directs attention and makes decisions
  -Allocates slave systems to tasks
• Info arrives from senses or the LTM
• Very limited capacity
• Modality free loading

Question 25

What is the phonological loop?

Answer 25

- Deals with auditory info - Preserves order of info - Limited capacity - Coded acoustically

Question 26

What is the phonological loop further divided into?

Answer 26

Phonological store Articulatory Process

Question 27

What does the phonological store do?

Answer 27

Holds the words we hear

Question 28

What does the articulatory process do?

Answer 28

Used for maintenance rehearsal Words we read or hear are silently repeated in a loop Capacity of ~2 seconds worth of words

Question 29

What does the episodic buffer do?

Answer 29

Temporary overspill for info received by the CE Integrates info from all the stores Limited capacity - approx 4 chunks

Question 30

What does the visuospatial sketchpad do?

Answer 30

Holds static images and manipulates them Deals with visual and spatial info Limited capacity ~3-4 objects Coded visually

Question 31

What is the VSS further divided into?

Answer 31

Visual cache Inner scribe

Question 32

What does the visual cache do?

Answer 32

Holds colours, shapes and quantities

Question 33

What does the inner scribe do?

Answer 33

Deals with spatial info e.g distances

Question 34

What are the stages of a cognitive interview?

Answer 34

1. Report everything 2. Reinstate the context 3. Reverse the order 4. Change perspective

Question 35

What is retrieval failure?

Answer 35

When info is initially placed into memory cues and stored at the same time If the cues aren't present at the time of recall, it may appear info is forgotten In fact, the info is still there, but it can't be accessed

Question 36

What is an eye witness testimony?

Answer 36

The ability for people to remember details of events which they have observed. Accuracy can be affected by factors such as leading questions, misleading info or anxiety

Question 37

What is misleading info?

Answer 37

Incorrect info given to eyewitnesses in forms like leading questions and post-event discussion

Question 38

What is a leading question?

Answer 38

Question which suggests a certain answer because its phrased in a particular way

Question 39

What is post-event discussion?

Answer 39

More than one witness to an event may influence accuracy of recall

Question 40

What is a piece of research surrounding leading questions?

Answer 40

Loftus and Palmer (1974) - students watched clips of a car accident and were given questions about the accident however, there were different verbs in each question

Question 41

What were the different questions asked in the Loftus and Palmer research?

Answer 41

1. How fast were the cars travelling when they hit each other? 2. contacted 3. bumped 4. collided 5. smashed

Question 42

What were the findings of the Loftus and Palmer research?

Answer 42

Mean speed was calculated for each group Contacted was the slowest speed- 31.8 Smashed was the highest- 40.5

Question 43

What happens when interference takes place as an explanation for forgetting?

Answer 43

It occurs when 2 pieces of info conflict which can result in forgetting one or distortion of the memory] Interference is mainly concerned with LTM

Question 44

What are the two types of interference?

Answer 44

Proactive: interferes with a newer memory Retroactive: new memory interferes with an older one

Question 45

Who did research on interference?

Answer 45

McGeoch and McDonald

Question 46

What did McGeoch and McDonald do?

Answer 46

Measured retroactive interference by changing the amount of similarity between 2 sets of materials Participants had to remember a set of words so they could recall all of them, then learned a new list - 6 lists

Question 47

What were the 6 groups in McGeoch and McDonalds research?

Answer 47

1. synonyms 2. antonyms 3. words unrelated to others 4. consonant syllables 5. 3-digit numbers 6. no new list to learn

Question 47

What were the findings of McGeoch and McDonalds research?

Answer 47

Recall was worse when 2 lists were similar in meaning - synonyms

Question 48

Who is the research by for misleading info?

Answer 48

Gabbert et al - participants in pairs watched a video of the same crime but from different points of view

Question 49

What were the findings of Gabberts research?

Answer 49

71% mistakenly recalled aspects of the event they didn't see but picked up in discussion 0% for the control group

Question 50

What was the conclusion for Gabberts research?

Answer 50

Witnesses go along with each other