Attachment

Question 1

What is reciprocity?

Answer 1

Interactions between caregiver and infant involving a two way/mutual responsiveness

Question 2

What is interactional synchrony?

Answer 2

Interactions synchronised so that responses reflect each other

Question 3

Outline Schaffer and Emerson’s study on attachment

Answer 3

Measured levels of separation protest in 60 infants by asking mother to describe intensity of protest when left on own in 7 situations.
Level of stranger anxiety assessed by infants response to interviewer at every visit

Question 4

Results of schaffer and Emerson’s study on attachment

Answer 4

by 7 mths 29% had formed several attachments
BY 10 mths, 50% had more than 1 attachment and by 18 months 87% did
Subsequent attachments not as strong as primary attachments
39% of infants formed primary attachment with someone other than who regularly changed fed or bathed them

Question 5

What are Schaffer and Emerson’s 5 Stages of Attachment

Answer 5

1) Asocial Stage
2) Indiscriminate Attachment
3) Discriminate Attachment
4) Multiple Attachment

Question 6

Outline Hrdy regarding role of the father

Answer 6

Fathers less suitable as primary caregivers as they are less likely to pick up distress in infants

Question 7

Outline Frodi in regard to role of the father

Answer 7

No biological difference in men and women in ability to pick up on stress of infant

Question 8

Outline Geiger in regard to role of the father

Answer 8

Fathers play interractions more pleasurable and exciting whereas mothers more nurturing and affectionate

Question 9

Outline Lorenz (1935)

Answer 9

Split 12 geese eggs - 6 natural, 6 incubator with Lorenz being first seen large mammal
All placed under box, natural follow mother, others follow lorenz
Imprinting only occur between 4 and 25 hours of hatching
imprinting and following must last for at least 10 minutes

Question 10

Outline Harlow (1958)

Answer 10

16 Monkeys seperated from mother at birth and placed in 4 seperate conditions with a wire monkey and a cloth monkey, that which provides milk different in each.
Then placed in larger cage with two mothers adnd explorative natures observed.
Went to cloth mother more for comfort even if doesn’t provide food
Explored more with cloth mother
Supports bowlby’s theory that comfort more important than food

Question 11

What is the learning theory to attachment?

Answer 11

Attachments learnt through nurture rather than nature

Question 12

What is classical conditioning?

Answer 12

Learning through association

Question 13

What is operant conditioning?

Answer 13

Learning through consequences/reinforcement
(Negative reinforcers, Primary/Secondary reinforcers)

Question 14

Bowlby’s Monotropic theory

Answer 14

Infants form a primary attachment which is more important than all secondary attachments
Sensitive period of 3 years after which it is hard to create primary attachment
Internal Working Model

Question 15

Outline Strange Situation

Answer 15

Infant placed into 8 strange situations and assessed in
1)Proximity Seeking Behaviour
2)Reunion Behaviout
3)Exploration and Secure Base Behaviour
4) Separation Anxiety
5) Stranger Anxiety

PRESS

Question 16

What are the 3 attachment types and what % of UK population?

Answer 16

Avoidant - 15%
Secure - 70%
Resistant - 15%

Question 17

Key findings of Van LJzendoorn’s meta analysis

Answer 17

Across all countries most common attachment type is secure
Western cultures (W Germany,UK USA) more likely to be avoidant if insecure
Collectivist Cultures (Japan, ISrael) More likely to be resistant if insecure

Question 18

Outline Bowlby’s theory of Maternal Deprivation

Answer 18

The removal of a maternal attachment could cause
Affectionless Psychopathy
Developmental Retardation
Delinquency
Increased Aggression
Depression

Question 19

AO1 44 Thieves study to support maternal deprivation

Answer 19

17 of 44 thieves identified as affectionless psychopaths an 87% of them experienced prolonged separation from mother

Question 20

What is institutionalisation?

Answer 20

The effects of being raised in an orphanage or residential childrens home. E.g disinhibited attachment, developmental retardation, deprivation dwarfism

Question 21

Outline Tronick’s still face experiment

Answer 21

Tronick found that after 3 mins of attmpted interraction with non-responsive mother, infants became wary and distressed. Showing reciprocity to be a key interraction

Question 22

Outline Meltzoff & Moore

Answer 22

After being shown, 12-21day old infants could imitate facial and manual gestures. This suggests that infants could be biologically programmed to engage with behaviours to aid development

Question 23

Outline results of bowlby’s 44 thieves study

Answer 23

17/42 thieves were affection-less psychopaths
87% of APs had experienced Maternal Deprivation

Question 24

Deprivation vs privation - Rutter

Answer 24

Believed bowlby confused maternal deprivation with privation and that affects were actually from privation

Question 25

Outline Hazen and Shaver's love quiz

Answer 25

The distribution of adult attachment styles was similar to Ainsworth's: Secure 56%, Avoidant 25%, Anxious 19% Securely Attached: Described their most important love relationship as happy, friendly, and trusting. Believed in loving and trusting r ships Avoidantly Attached: Reported fear of intimacy, emotional highs and lows in relationships, and were more likely to believe that true love is rare and that they don't need love to be happy. Anxious Attached: Described love as involving obsession, a desire for reciprocation and union, emotional highs and lows, and jealousy. They tended to have shorter relationships and reported feeling misunderstood and unappreciated. Also found relationship between early attachment type and later, adult styles of romantic love

Question 26

How does Kagan contradict bowlbys monotropic theory?

Answer 26

Suggests continuity between early attachment and later relationships maybe due to other factors such as received parenting or even innate influences

Question 27

How does koluchova's study of Czechoslovakian twins contradict bowlbys theory of deprivation?

Answer 27

When returned to father and stepmother, the twins were locked in a basement. They were rescued at 7. However, by 14 IQ returned to normal; by 21 they did national service suggesting emotional stability; in their 30s they were married with kids. This suggests recovery is possible dependent on interventions.

Question 28

What was the results for physical development of the romanian orphan study conducted on a sample of 165 adoptees before age of 3.5?

Answer 28

At assessments aged 4,6,11,15 and young adults Over half of the Romanian kids showed evidence of severe malnourishment and were in the bottom third of the population for weight and head circumference. By the age of 4 years, many had caught up with their peers.

Question 29

What was the results for intellectual development of the romanian orphan study conducted on a sample of 165 adoptees before age of 3.5?

Answer 29

At assessments aged 4,6,11,15 and young adults By the age of 11, the Romanian kids showed differences in recovery related to the age of adoption, and many showed signs of learning disabilities: Adopted before 6 months : Mean IQ 102 Adopted between 6 months and 2 years: Mean IQ 86 Adopted after 2 years : Mean IQ 77 Hence, a negative correlation between time in orphanage and IQ.

Question 30

What was the results for emotional development of the romanian orphan study conducted on a sample of 165 adoptees before age of 3.5?

Answer 30

At assessments aged 4,6,11,15 and young adults At 6, 70% of those adopted after 6 months showed signs of disinhibited attachment (attention seeking, clinginess and indiscriminate attachment behaviours) compared to only 47% of Romanian children adopted before 6 months. PLUS, 45% of those measured as showing disinhibited attachments at 6, continued to show this behaviour at 11 years. This 45% were also far more likely to be receiving help for special educational needs or poor mental health.

Question 31

Outline Myron Wilson smith (1998)

Answer 31

Found those with secure attachments less likely to be involved with bullying. Avoidant attachments more likely to be bullied Resistant attachments more likely to be bullies

Question 32

Outline Kerns (1994)

Answer 32

Examined peer relationships at school in relation to early attachment. Secure Attachment and Positive Peer Relationships: Children who were securely attached as infants tended to exhibit more positive and competent social behaviours with peers. e.g more friends,empathy,popularity Insecure-Avoidant Attachment: Associated with being less engaged in social interaction, appearing withdrawn or aloof, and potentially displaying aggression or hostility. They might struggle with intimacy and closeness in friendships. Insecure-Resistant/Ambivalent Attachment: Linked to being more anxious and dependent in peer-interactions, potentially being clingy or easily distressed in social situations. They might experience difficulties with social competence and be more prone to victimization.