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Memory Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 3 stores of the multi store model

A

Sensory
Short Term
Long Term

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2
Q

What 3 components does the sensory store break down into?

A

Iconic (Sight)
Echoic (Sound)
Haptic (Touch)

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3
Q

What is the duration of the Sensory Store?

A

0.5s

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4
Q

How is the Sensory Store encoded?

A

Info is processed from the senses

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5
Q

What is the capacity of the sensory store?

A

Unlimited

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6
Q

How is information transferred from the sensory store to the short term store?

A

By paying attention to it

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7
Q

What is the duration of the short term store?

A

18-30s

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8
Q

What is the encoding of the Short Term Store?

A

Maintenance Rehearsal

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9
Q

What is the capacity of the Short Term Store?

A

5-9 pieces of information

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10
Q

How is information transferred from the Short Term store to the Long Term Store?

A

Through elaborative rehearsal

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11
Q

How is information transferred from the Long Term Store to the Short Term Store?

A

Through retrieval

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12
Q

How is the Long term store encoded?

A

Semantically
(Remembered by meaning)

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13
Q

What is the capacity of the Long Term Store?

A

Unlimited

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14
Q

What part of the brain contains long term information?

A

Hippocampus

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15
Q

How can the multi Store Model be described?

A

Sequential and Linear

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16
Q

What study flashed images of letter O twice and found at 0.5 seconds, participants reported that they only saw one flash.

A

Walsh and Thompson

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17
Q

Outline the Findings of Walsh and Thompson (1978)

A

Duration of sensory store =0.5s
Decreases with age

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18
Q

What study investigated the capacity of the sensory store?

A

Sperling (1960)

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19
Q

Participants describing seeing more letters from a grid of 12 than they could report describes which study? How does this support Multi Store Model?

A

Sperling (1960)
Sensory store took in all the information however only some of it was paid attention to and transferred into short term memory.

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20
Q

What experiment found a 80% recall of nonsense trigrams after a 3 second interference task and 10% after 18 Seconds? What does this suggest?

A

Peterson & Peterson (1970)
That duration of STM is limited and that longer delay led to less recall as there was no chance for maintenance rehearsal.

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21
Q

Which experiment found that on immediate recall, words that sounded similar were the hardest? What does this suggest?

A

Baddeley (1966)
STm is learnt acoustically, hence trouble on words sounding similar.

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22
Q

Which experiment (1887) found that the in immediate recall, 9.3 numbers could be recalled in order, letters 7.3? What does this suggest?

A

Jacobs (1887)
Capacity of STM = (2-)7(+2)

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23
Q

Which experiment found that Ex US high schoolers could identify former classmates from 50 photos. 90% after 14 years and 60% after 47 Years? What does this suggest?

A

Bahrick et al (1975)
LTM can last a lifetime
LTM accuracy decreases with age

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24
Q

Which experiment found after a delay of 20 minutes, words with similar meanings were hardest to remember. What does this suggest?

A

Baddeley (1966)
LTM is semantically encoded, relies on meaning to understand.

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25
Name 3 strength of the multi store model.
Lab research to support Naturalistic Research to support Practical application
26
Name an example of naturalistic supporting research of MSM
HM Temporal lobes removed, leaving him with intact STM however no LTM. Suggests separate parts of brain control different parts of memory.
27
Name 2 Weaknesses of the Multi Store Model
Alternative theories that explain features more effectively. Case study research that disputes validity of the theory (KF)
28
What does the Central Executive do?
Supervises and controls the sub components/Slave systems
29
Name the components of the multi store model.
Central Executive Phonological Loop Visuo-spatial sketchpad Episodic Buffer
30
Who created working memory model?
Baddeley and Hitch (1974)
31
What research supports central executive and what practical application does it have?
Bunge (2000), used MRI scans to show which areas of brain active in tasks. Same areas for single and dual task. Dyslexic,ADHD have trouble processing information
32
What is the visuospatial sketchpad?
Deals with and holds visual and spatial information
33
What study supports Visuo-spatial sketchpad?
Brookes 1968 (Letter K Study) When answering by pointing, slower due to same component/ interference
34
Which study contradicts Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad?
Liebermen (1980) Argues blind people have excellent spatial awareness despite having never recieved visual information
35
How does the phonological loop work?
Holds auditory information and is rehearsed through the articulatory process
36
What study supports the phonological loop?
Baddeley (1975) Pts could recall more short words than long words which shows capacity is set by how long it takes to say words, not number of words
37
What is the purpose of the episodic buffer?
To fill gap in model and acts as general storage Brings memories together into single episodes
38
What supports the theory of the episodic buffer?
Brain scans, appears to be in both hemispheres but particularly in hippocampus,showing memories are being transformed into 'episodes'
39
What is a weakness of the episodic buffer?
Little information and not understood fully
40
Give 3 strengths of the working memory model
Naturalistic research to support (KF) Lab research to support Practical Applications
41
Give 3 weaknesses to the working memory model
Contradictory evidence (Lieberman 1980) Theoretical flaws (Oversimplified) Lacks ecological validity
42
Give similarities between MSM and Working model of memory
Rehearsal is important to process info STM has limited capacity Link between STM and LTM
43
Give differences between MSM and Working model of memory
MSM believes STM is simple storage buffer whereas WMM believes STM is storage and workspace MSM suggests STM is unitary whereas WMM suggests STM is more than one store
44
Give three types of LTM
Procedural Semantic Episodic
45
What is Semantic Memory?
Responsible for factual information e.g london is the capital of England
46
What is procedural memory?
Responsible for motor skills e.g swimming
47
What is episodic memory?
Responsible for remembering events e.g 18th Birthday
48
How are Procedural and Semantic Memory similar and different?
Procedural in cerebellum whereas semantic in Hippocampus Procedural does not involve conscious thought, Semantic does Both types of Long Term Memory
49
How are Procedural Memory and Episodic Memory Similar and Different?
Procedural = unconscious whereas episodic = conscious Knowing how vs knowing that Have to Learn Both
50
How are episodic and Semantic Memory Similar and Different?
Both involve conscious thought Semanic = factual whereas episodic = experiences
51
What is retroactive retrieval failure? Give examples
New memories interfering with old memories Using older version of phone Playing guitar again after learning piano Unable to remember old password after changing to new one
52
What is proactive retrieval failure? Give examples
Using a new phone Remembering a friends new number after learning old Changing routes when driving
53
Give research supporting Pro/retro active interference
Baddeley & Hitch (1977) Rugby players who played more games had more problems remembering games than those who missed due to injury
54
Give Strengths of Retro/Proactive Interference
Ecological Validity Practical Applications Research to support (Baddeley&Hitch rugby union)
55
Give weaknesses of retro/proactive Interference
Most experiments take place in lab e.g keppel & underwood (trigrams) Reductionist
56
Retrieval Failure due to absence of cues refers to three types of cues, which are...
Context State Organisational Cues
57
Gives strengths of retrieval failure due to absence of cues
Real Life application (Tip of Tongue experience) Practical Application (CCTV,Reconstruction of Crime Scenes) Research to support (Godden & Baddeley, Scuba Divers)
58
Give three factors that affect EWT
Leading Questions Post Event Discussion Anxiety
59
Give strengths of leading question theory
Practical Applications ( Development of enhanced cognitive interview) High Internal Validity
60
Give Weaknesses of leading question theory
Research lacks population validity Lacks ecological Validity
61
Give strengths of the post event discussion theory
Research to support (Gabbert 2003, 2 vids of girl (not) stealing) Practical Applications(Police now separate witnesses)
62
Give Weaknesses of the post Event Discussion theory
Low External Validity of studies Ignores other variables affecting EWT
63
What shows anxiety and memory are directly related?
Yerkes Dodson Law
64
Give Strengths of Anxiety affecting EWT theory
High internal Validity (Lab studies such as Loftus and Burns) High reliability of research
65
Give Weaknesses of anxiety on EWT theory
FIndings are inconsistent (Christianson and Hubinette, Bank robberies, more stress= more memory) Low in external Validity
66
What are the 4 stages of the cognitive interview?
Mental Reinstatement of context Report Everything Change Order Change Perspective
67
Give Strengths of the cognitive interview.
Research to support (Kohnken 1999, CI gives 81% increase in recall) Milne and bull (2002) found RE +CR combination led to far more recall
68
Give Weaknesses of the Cognitive Interview
Police do not have sufficient training (only 4 Hours received) Takes lots of time + can still lead to incorrect info (Kebbel & Wagstaff,1999) Milne and Bull (2002) found only 2 stages needed Kohnken found accuracy rate same in CI and Standard
69
Name and explain a study supporting retrieval failure due to absence of cues
Godden and Baddeley Scuba divers recalled words better when external environments were the same Over 10% better
70
Deffenbacher 2004 found support for Yerkes Dodson Law
anxiety increases to a certain. Point and then eyewitness identification and recall of crime related events drops significantly
71
Johnson and Scott supporting the weapon focus effect
49% recall when overhearing a low key discussion and seeing someone walk out with pen covered in grease 33% recall when overhearing a heated argument and seeing letter opener covered in blood
72
Loftus and Burns supporting High Anxiety affecting EWT
Group who saw violent video of bank robbery recalled significantly less than group who saw non violent crime
73
Yuille and Cutshaw natural study on witnesses of shooting contradicting anxiety affecting
Found that there was no negative effects on memory from stress levels at the time of the event
74
Christianson&Hubinette contradicting anxiety and EWT
Victims of bank robbery had much better recall than bystanders
75

Psychology (10 decks)

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