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attachment Flashcards

1
Q

what is attachment

A

A close two way emotional bond between two individuals, where they see each other as essential to their own emotional security

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2
Q

what are the attachment behaviours

A

Proximity, Separation, Secure base behaviour

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3
Q

what are the carer-infant interactions

A

Reciprocity and Interactional synchrony

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4
Q

what is reciprocity

A

the infant and care giver respond to each other and elicit a response from the other

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5
Q

who is the psychologist that created the stages of attachment

A

Schaffer

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6
Q

explain the method of the Schaffer and Emerson study

A

-60 infants from working class families in Glasgow
-Ranging from 5-23 weeks old
-Studied once every 4 weeks
-mother reports infants response to separation and describes the intensity (rated on a 4 point scale) of any protest

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7
Q

what were the findings of the Schaffer and Emerson study

A

-Between 25-32 weeks old about 50% showed signs of separation anxiety usually towards the mother
-By the age of 40 weeks 8%of the babies had a specific attachment and almost 30% displayed multiple attachments

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8
Q

what is the first stage of attachment and what age does it occur?

A

Asocial, 0 to 8 weeks

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9
Q

What is a description of behaviour for the first stage of attachment?

A

recognise specific faces, happier in presence of humans, prefer familiar people, prefer faces to non-faces and smile at everyone

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10
Q

What is the second stage of attachment and what age is it?

A

Indiscriminate attachment and 2 to 7 months

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11
Q

What is a description of behaviour for the second stage of attachment?

A

Recognise and prefer familiar people, smile at familiar people more, preference of people objects, except comfort from any adult

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12
Q

What is the third stage of attachment and for what age?

A

Specific attachments and 7 to 12 months

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13
Q

Description of behaviour for third stage of attachment

A

Primary attachments to one individual, show stranger anxiety and separation anxiety, use familiar adults as secure base

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14
Q

What is the fourth stage of attachment and for what age?

A

Multiple attachments and one year and over

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15
Q

Description of behaviour for the fourth stage of attachment

A

Secondary attachment with familiar adults with whom they spend time with

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16
Q

Explain the procedure for Grossmans study

A

It was a longitudinal study with 44 families which looked at both parents behaviour and relationship to the quality of children’s attachment experience from babies to teenagers

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17
Q

What was the aim of Grossmans study?

A

To find how important fathers are in children’s development and whether they have a distinct role from mothers

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18
Q

What are the findings of Grossmans study?

A

Attachment with mothers related to emotional stability and adolescence, suggesting that fathers attachment is less important to children. However, they also found that fathers play a different role in attachment linking to play and stimulation.

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19
Q

What did Grossman argue that overall children need?

A

Mothers as primary caregiver with nurturing and father as secondary caregiver with play

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20
Q

What was found in relation to fathers as primary caregivers by field

A

Field found that when Dad is in the role of primary caregiver, there was no different interacting with babies compared to mothers and levels of oxytocin were the same in the mother and father

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21
Q

What is suggested from fields research?

A

The role of the father is determined by cultural norms, rather than a real biological difference

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22
Q

What were the aims of Harlows study

A

To demonstrate that loving your mother was not based on the feeding bond between mother and infant but on contact comfort

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23
Q

Explain harlows procedure

A

Separated 8 baby monkeys from their mothers at birth, who were then split into 2 conditions. One had a cloth covered mother with a milk bottle and the other a wire mother with a milk bottle he measured the amount of time the money spent with each mother and hello their reactions to things like being scared

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24
Q

What did Harlow measure

A

The amount of time each infant spent with two different mothers, and their responses when frightened

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25
What were Harlows findings
The monkeys all spent more time with the cloth mother, those who were fed by the wire mother only spent a short time feeding with her and then moved to the cloth mother. When scared all monkeys cling to the cloth mother. He found that if separated from natural mothers before 90 days it resulted in abnormal social and sexual development of the monkeys, however if returned within 90 days they were able to recover
26
What were Harlows conclusions
That contact comfort was more important to attachment that feeding. The critical period for attachment was 90 days and that’s it it isn’t formed within this time then it will lead to abnormal social and sexual development
27
What was the aim of Lorenz’s study
To investigate the effects of imprinting in nonhuman animals
28
Explain lorenz’s procedure
Randomly divided 12 goose eggs, so half hatched with their mother, and the other in an incubator so the first moving thing they saw was Lorenz Mixed the goslings together to see who they would follow, Lorenz or their mother
29
What were lorenz’s findings
He found that the incubator group followed him and the control group followed their mother He identified a critical period where imprinting must take place, that being a few hours If attachment did not occur during this time, they would never attach to the mother figure He found that they also looked for desirable characteristics in a mate that they found in who they imprinted on
30
What is imprinting?
Readiness to develop a strong bond with the mother, which takes place a few hours after birth
31
What is sexual imprinting
A desire to mate based on imprinting
32
Explain What 3 things does Bowlby believe attachment is
Inate so is an instinct, adaptive as improves chances of survival, monotropic so form attachment with one specific caregiver
33
Explain attachment being monotropic
Special attachment to one care giver, called primary attachment, assumed to be with mother, can also form secondary attachment’s but are not as important
34
Explain social releasers
Behaviours displayed to encourage care givers to care for them, pre programmed to display, e.g. smiling, crying etc
35
Explain Bowlbys critical period
Inspired by Lorenz and claimed that human attachment needed to happen within a set critical period (2 and a half years) otherwise it is damaging for later life
36
Explain internal working model
Babies form a mental template of what healthy attachment and relationship is based on primary attachment, so forms the basis of their future interactions and relationships
37
Explain continuity hypothesis
The idea that your primary attachment will continue to influence and affect your behaviour in the long term, so secure child attachment will cause secure adult relationships
38
Explain classical conditioning in attachment
Attachment is formed through associating the pleasure of eating with the caregiver
39
Explain classical conditioning in attachment in terms of stimuli and responses
Before food is an unconditioned stimulus and produces pleasure an unconditioned response, along with the caregiver who is a neutral stimulus producing no response. During food is an unconditioned stimulus with the caregiver who is a neutral stimulus causing pleasure, an unconditioned response After the mother is a conditioned stimulus who produces pleasure as a conditioned response
40
Explain drive reduction theory and what reinforcements punishment it is
When someone is uncomfortable they have a desire to reduce this discomfort, this behaviour that reduced discomfort is therefore reinforced as its negative reinforcement
41
Explain operant conditioning in attachment in infants
When an infant cry's it is feel which produces Al feeling of pleasure, this means that the behaviour or crying was positively reinforced so is more likely to be repeated. Attachment occurs because the child seeks the person who supply's the reward
42
Explain operant conditioning in attachment to do with caregivers
The caregiver is negative reinforced as the baby stops crying and positively reinforced by the baby being happy
43
What is a secondary reinforcer in attachment
A person who reinforces a behaviour after they have been associated with a primary reinforcer
44
What was the aim of Ainsworth's strange strange situations study
observe the quality of attachment in infants to their caregiver
45
What was the procedure of Ainsworth's study
Room was marked into gird of 16 squares, 106 infant observed, 8 episodes each 3 minutes, data was collected through a one way mirror in relation to separation, reunion and response to a stranger, behaviour was split into 5 categories and scored on intensity 1-7
46
What is an example of exploration being assessed
. Caregiver and infant playing
47
What episode is an example of parent as secure base
Caregiver sits while infant plays
48
What episode is an example of assessing stranger anxiety
Stranger entering
49
What episode is an example of separation anxiety being assessed
Caregiver leaves infant alone
50
What episode is an example of reunion behaviour
Caregiver returns and greets infant
51
What were Ainsworth's findings
3 attachment styles: Secure attachment (type B) Insecure avoidant (type A) Insecure-resistant (type C)
52
Explain secure attachment
- Infants snow secure base behaviour - moderate stranger and separation anxiety - reunion behaviours include need for comfort from care giver
53
Explain insecure avoidant attachment
- Don't show secure base behaviour - little to no reached when caregiver leaves+ no stranger anxious - don't seek caregiver upon reunion, avoidance of care giver observed
54
Explain insecure resistant attachment
- Increased proximity seeking behaviour - High levels of stranger anxiety and separation distress - resist coupon when reunited
55
What is culture
Shared beliefs and values of members of a particular society
56
What is the difference between collectivist and individualist culture
Collectivist culture uses group effort while individualist emphasises personal achievement
57
What was ijendoorn and kroonenberg method
Completed a meta analysis of 32 studies across 8 counties looking at attachment types both within and between cultures
58
What were the key findings of the cultural variations study
Secure attachment was the most common in au cultures, Germany had the highest number of avoidant children, Japan and Israel have very few avoidant children but high proportion of resistant chicaren. They also found one and a half times more variation within cultures than between cultures
59
Why might Japan have high levels of insecure resistant children
Children are rarely left by their mothers so although cutoragised as resistant it may just be a normal response
60
Why does Germany have high levels of avoidant behaviour
German parents seek children who are not clingy, and independent
61
What were the conclusions of the cultural variations study
1) findings support that attachment is innate and biological as secure attachment is the most common 2) supports that most children regardless of cultural differences are securely attached 3) shows that any differences between cultures are due to cultural differences not inadequate parenting
62
What is bowlbys maternal deprivation theory
Examines the negative consequences of a failed primary attachment based on his research on the 44 juvenile thieves
63
What is deprivation
Prolonged disruption of the attachment between a child and primary caregiver
64
What are the two consequences of maternal deprivation theory
Delayed intellectual development and affection-less psychopathy
65
What is delayed intellectual development characterised as
Abnormally low IQ
66
What is affection-less psychopathy characterised by
Lack of guilt/empathy or emotion
67
What was the aim of bowlbys 44 juvenile thieves study
Find if there was a link between maternal deprivation and effectionless psychopathy
68
What was bowlbys procedure
- Had 88 case study's - 44 were receiving treatment for emotional problems (control group) - 44 were referred by courts as they were accused of stealing - he interviewed them and their parents, gave them IQ tests, read their school reports, etc
69
What were bowlbys findings
- 14/44 thieves were affectionless psychopaths, where's 0/44 in control group - 12/14 affection-less psychopaths had experienced prolonged separation - 17/44 thieves suffered from maternal deprivation - 2/44 in control group
70
What did Bowlby conclude
There was a link between maternal deprivation and affection-less psychopathy
71
What is an institution
A place where children live for a long time, with often little emotional care provided
72
What can institutionalisation lead to
Mental, emotional, and social problems
73
Why were so many Romanian children in institutions
Communist rule banned abortion and access to contraceptives in order to increase the population, many were abandoned due to not being able to afford them
74
Explain Rutters procedure
Longitudinal study that started in 1990 Followed 165 Romanian adoptees- 111 adopted by 2, 54 adopted by 4 Compared them to a control British group where 52 were all adopted before 6 months Children were assessed at 4,6,11,15 years Were compared on physical, social, and cognitive development
75
What were rutters findings
At adoption- Romanian children were really behind British counterparts At age 4- most adopted at 6 months had caught up Later follow ups- almost all children had caught up, but still had problems with peer relationships, a minority still had significant impairments
76
What was Rutters conclusion
Effects of institutionalisation can be reverted if the children are able to form attachments later
77
Procedure of Zeanah et al
Compared Romanian children who had spent 90% of their lives in institutions to a control group of Romanian children who had not Children were aged between 12-30 months He assessed using the strange situation and interviews with careers
78
What were Zeanah et als results
Control group had 74% securely attached Institutionalised group had 19% securely attached and 65% disinhibited attachment
79
Explain 4 effects of institutionalisation
1) Disinhibited attachment- lack of boundaries due to no insecure attachment so clingy and attention seeking 2) Damage to intellectual development- slowed by lack of emotional care 3) Physical underdevelopment-deprivation dwarfism as your body needs love and care to physically grow 4) poor parenting- grow up to become poor parents (has link to Harlows monkeys)
80
According to Bowlbys continuity hypothesis what determines our quality of relationships later in life
Internal working model
81
What kind of relationships would someone whos IWM was formed on secure attachment have in future
Healthy relationships and would be able to function adequately in them
82
What relationships would someone who’s IWM was formed on an insecure attachment (either type)
Toxic relationships
83
What was the procedure for Hazan and Shavers love quiz
Placed it in an American small town publication and had 620 responses The quiz addressed the following: Current attachment experiences Attachment history Attitudes towards love
84
What did Hazan and Shaver find from the love quiz
They found attachment types were similar to those found in infancy 56% secure 25% avoidant 19% resistant
85
What were Hazan and Shavers conclusions
Results support Bowlbys monotropic theory: Childhood infancy attachment becomes IWM and can be used to predict adult attachment behaviours
86
Why was the love quiz created
To test the internal working model
87
What is research to support IWM in childhood friendships
Kerns: securely attached infants form the best quality childhood friendships while insecurely attached infants also end up with difficult friendships
88
What is research to support IWM in adult relationships and friendships
Hazan and Shaver love quiz
89
What is research to support IWM in parenting
Harlow and his monkeys

psychology (7 decks)

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