Attachment

Question 1

Define attachment

Answer 1

2 way emotional bond where each sees the other as essential for their own emotional security

Question 2

Define reciprocity

Answer 2

How 2 people interact, such as responding to signals and eliciting responses

Question 3

What did Feldman and Eutelman suggest

Answer 3

Babies have alert phases (ready for interaction) which mothers pick up 2/3 of the time

Question 4

What did Jaffe suggest

Answer 4

Infants and caregivers coordinated actions

Question 5

Define interactional synchrony

Answer 5

Two people carrying out the same action at the same time

Question 6

What did Meltzoff and Moore suggest

Answer 6

Infants imitated hand gestures of parents

Question 7

What 4 key behaviours did Maccoby identify

Answer 7

Proximity seeking, separation anxiety, pleasure when reunited, general orientation

Question 8

What is a disadvantage of studying infants

Answer 8

Babies cannot talk so behaviour is inferred, can lead to observer bias

Question 9

What is a method to reduce this negative effect happening

Answer 9

Put infants in comfortable situations and use more than 1 observer

Question 10

What is an advantage of studying infants

Answer 10

Can develop importance of interactions and aid economic implications such as maternity leave

Question 11

What did Tronick suggest

Answer 11

Non responsive mother led to distressed baby - shows importance of reciprocity

Question 12

What was the procedure of Schaffer and Emerson’s study

Answer 12

60 infants observed every 4 weeks for a year then again at 18 months. Measured separation protest and anxiety

Question 13

What were the findings of Schaffer and Emerson’s study

Answer 13

Separation protest shown at 6-8 months and anxiety a month later. 87% had more than 1 attachment and 39% of main attachments were not to primary caregivers

Question 14

What are the 4 stages of Schaffer and Emerson’s theory

Answer 14

Asocial (0-5 weeks)
Indiscriminate attachment (2-7 months)
Discriminate attachment (7-11 months)
Multiple attachments (11 months +)

Question 15

What did Geiger suggest about role of the father

Answer 15

Have different roles to mothers, more exciting and pleasurable - goes against Bowlby

Question 16

What was the procedure of Lorenz’s study

Answer 16

12 geese eggs hatched and 6 placed under mother and 6 placed under Lorenz imitating mother and imprintment time was measured

Question 17

What is the IV and DV of Lorenz’s study

Answer 17

IV - what caregiver baby saw when hatched
DV - time taken to imprint

Question 18

What were the findings of Lorenz’s study

Answer 18

Geese followed both Lorenz and mother, found critical period (4-25 hours) for imprinting to occur

Question 19

What was the procedure of Harlow’s study

Answer 19

16 monkeys split into 4 cages and frightened by loud noise to choose a mother
1 . Wire mother (milk) and towel mother (no milk)
2 . Wire mother (no milk) and towel mother (milk)
3 . Wire mother (milk)
4 . Towel mother (milk)

Question 20

What is the IV and DV for Harlow’s study

Answer 20

IV = cage they are in
DV = Mother preference

Question 21

What were the findings of Harlow’s study

Answer 21

All 16 spend more time with towel (fed from either but went back to towel). Motherless monkeys developed socially and sexually abnormally (lifetime effects)

Question 22

What are the 2 explanations for attachment

Answer 22

Bowlby’s monotropic theory, learning theory

Question 23

What is the learning theory

Answer 23

Suggests attachments are learnt (nurture) through classical and operant conditioning

Question 24

What did Pavlov suggest

Answer 24

Classical conditioning:
1 . Food (UCS) = Salivation (UCR)
2 . Food (UCS) + bell (NS) = Salivation (UCR)
3 . Bell (CR) = Salivation (CR)

Question 25

What is stimulus generalisation

Answer 25

Similar stimuli as to that a person has learned to respond to may produce the same response

Question 26

What 5 factors are associated with operant conditioning

Answer 26

Negative reinforcement - increase behaviour by removing negative stimulus Positive reinforcement - increase behaviour by introducing positive stimulus Punishment - reduce behaviour by introduction of negative stimulus Primary reinforcer - innate response to a stimulus Secondary reinforcer - stimulus that is reinforced by association to the primary reinforcer

Question 27

What is a study that can contradict the learning theory

Answer 27

Harlow - chose comfort over food Schaffer and Emerson - 39% primary attachment was not main figure

Question 28

What is Bowlby's monotropic theory

Answer 28

Behaviours are genetic (as increases chance of survival) and an infant should have 1 primary attachment figure

Question 29

What are the 8 factors of Bowlby's monotropic theory

Answer 29

Law of continuity - more time spent, better attachment Law of accumulated separation - caregiver separation adds up Social releases - encourage caregiver to respond to needs, e.g crying Sensitive/critical period - attachment must form in 3 years or will never Monotropy - should be 1 primary attachment Secure base - can explore and come back whenever (safe) Internal working model - provides template of how relationships work (later life) Continuity hypothesis - clear link between attachment and later emotional behaviour

Question 30

What research supports Bowlby

Answer 30

Lorenz - sensitive/critical period Harlow - safe base more important than food

Question 31

What was the procedure of Ainsworth's strange situation

Answer 31

100 middle class USA infants aged 9-18 months put in 10 foot room and observed to measure proximity seeking, reunion behaviour, secure base, separation/stranger anxiety and define by attachment type

Question 32

What were the 8 episodes of the strange situation

Answer 32

1 - Caregiver and child introduced to room 2 - Left alone to explore (secure base) 3 - stranger enters (stranger anxiety) 4 - Caregiver leaves (separation anxiety) 5 - Caregiver re-enters and stranger leaves (reunion) 6 - Caregiver leaves child alone (separation anxiety) 7 - Stranger re-enters and interacts (stranger anxiety) 8 - Stranger leaves and caregiver re-enters (reunion)

Question 33

What does PRESS stand for

Answer 33

Proximity seeking Reunion behaviour Exploration (secure base) Separation anxiety Stranger anxiety

Question 34

What are the 3 attachment types

Answer 34

Type A - insecure avoidant (nonchalant) Type B - secure Type C - insecure resistant (clingy but mean)

Question 35

What did Van Ijzendoorn do

Answer 35

Meta analysis of 8 countries and 2000 strange situations found that: Secure - 75% GB and Sweden, 50% China Avoidant - 35% Germany, 5% Japan Resistant - 29% Israel, 3% GB

Question 36

What did Bowlby suggest were the 5 effects of maternal deprivation

Answer 36

Affectionless psychopathy - no affection or concern for others Developmental retardation - lack functional intelect Delinquency - tendency to commit minor crimes Aggression - violent and angry Depression - irreversible effects