Issues and debates - gender and cultural bias Flashcards
(19 cards)
Define universality
Refers to when research assumes findings can be applied to both genders / cultures equally
Define gender bias
Bias being made towards one gender then having behaviour applied to both genders
What is the main cause of gender bias
A sample of one gender in a study, then applying findings to everyone
What are the 3 types of gender bias
Androcentrism, gynocentrism, alpha/beta bias
What is androcentrism
Theories focused on males only but applied to both genders
What is an example of an androcentric study in psychology
Freud’s psychodynamic theory, Milgram, Asch, Zimbardo
What is alpha bias
Differences between genders being exaggerated
What is an example of alpha bias being used in psychology
Evolutionary explanations for relationships
What is beta bias
Where differences between men and women are minimised often through androcentrism
What is an example of beta bias in psychology
Biological research into the fight of flight response - Taylor
What is gynocentrism
Theories focused on females only but applied to both genders
What is an example of gynocentrism in psychology
Moscivici - minority influence study used all female sample
Define cultural bias
Assessing behavioral and psychological characteristics of one culture by holding them to the standards of your own
What are the 4 main components of culture bias
Ethnocentrism, emic approach, etic approach, cultural relativism
What is ethnocentrism
Assumption that our own country should be the basis for judgement, and considered “normal and right”
What are examples of ethnocentrism in psychology
Ainsworth and Van Ijzendoorn
What is an etic approach
Aims to amplify ethnocentrism by developing theories spanning across all cultures
What is an emic approach
Aims to reduce ethnocentrism by applying findings to the culture they were measured in, rather than generalising
What is cultural relativism
Principle of regarding actions of a culture from the viewpoint of the culture itself. Avoids ethnocentrism
