Attachment

Question 1

Around how many times do mothers respond to babies periodic alert phases

Answer 1

Two thirds of the time

Question 2

What is interactional synchrony

Answer 2

The coordination of micro-level behaviour (Feldman)

Question 3

When does interactional synchrony take place

Answer 3

When mother and infant interact in such a way that their actions and emotions mirror the other

Question 4

Who did a study on interactional synocrhony

Answer 4

Meltzof and Moore

Question 5

What did the Meltzof and Moore study entail

Answer 5

Observed interactional synchrony in infants as young as two week old.
An adult displayed one of three facial expressions and the child’s response was filmed and an association was found between these

Question 6

Why is synchrony important for the development of mother/infant attachment

Answer 6

Provides the necessary foundation for the connection which cns br built upon in subsequent years

Question 7

What is reciprocity

Answer 7

Each person responds to the other and elicits a response form them like a conversation

Question 8

When in a babies life do interactions become reciprocals

Answer 8

Around three months

Question 9

How are traditional views of childhood changed in recent years

Answer 9

Have seen the baby in a passive role recieving cafe from the adult but it seems the baby takes an active role.

Question 10

Limitation of observing infants

Answer 10

Hard to know what it happening when observing children. It is difficult to be certain what is taking place from the infants perspective like if their immitation or adult signals is conscious and deliberate or not. Means we can not know for certain if behaviours seen in mother infant interactions have special meanings

Question 11

Strength of research into mother infant interactions

Answer 11

Involved well controlled procedures. They are usually filmed from multiple angles to ensure the fine details of behaviour can be recorded and analysed. Also babies don’t know they are being observed do their behaviour does not change in response to controlled observation. A strength because it means the research has good validity

Question 12

Limitations of observations in mother infant interactions

Answer 12

Observations don’t tell us the purpose of interactional synchrony and reciprocity. It simply describes behaviours that occur st the same time but it does not tell us what the infant is learning. However there is evidence that they are helpful in the development of mother infant attachment.

Question 13

What did Schaffer and Emerson find

Answer 13

The majority of babies became attached to their mother first and this happens around the age of 7 month.

In only 3% of cases the father was the first sole object of attachment.

In 27% the mother and father were joint.

75% of infants had a secondary attachment to their father by 18 months

Question 14

Key study in mother infant interaction

Answer 14

Schaffer and Emerson

Question 15

What is a sign of attachment

Answer 15

Protesting when someone walks away

Question 16

What did Grossman find

Answer 16

Carried out a longitudinal study looking at parents behaviour and it’s relationship to the quality of children attachment into their teens. Research suggest e that the father attachment was less important to the attachment type of teenagers

Question 17

What suggests that fathers have a different role in attachment

Answer 17

The quality of fathers play with infants was related to the children’s attachments so their role is more to do with play and stimulation rather than nurture

Question 18

When a father does take on the role of main caregiver what happens

Answer 18

They adopt behaviours more typical of mothers

Question 19

What is the key to the attachment relationship

Answer 19

Level of responsiveness not the gender of the parent

Question 20

What seem to be important actions in building an attachment with an infant

Answer 20

Smiling
Imitating
And holding infants

Question 21

Limitation of the role of mothers in caregiver interactions

Answer 21

Important economic implications. Mothers feel pressured to stay at home because of research that says they are vital for healthy development. In some families this is not economically viable. Social implications.

Question 22

Limitations of the role of fathers in caregiver interactions

Answer 22

Socially sensitive. The idea that fathers have distinctive roles is undermined by the evidence. Gross man found that fathers as a secondary attachment figure had important roles but other studies found that children with same sex families do not develop any differently. Suggest that a fathers role is not important

Question 23

Limitation of fathers becoming primary attachment figures

Answer 23

They can become them but the answer of why they don’t remains unanswered. Could be result of traditional gentler roles therefore fathers may feel they shouldn’t act in a nurturing ways or it could be female hormones create higher levels of nurturing and therefore woman are biologically pre-disposed to be the primary attachment figure

Question 24

Key study into the stages of attachment

Answer 24

Schaffer and Emerson

Question 25

What are the four stages provided by Schaffer and Emerson

Answer 25

1. Asocial stage (first few weeks)
2. Indiscriminate attachment (2-7 months)
3. Specific attachment (around seven months)
4. Multiple attachment (by one year)

Question 26

What happens in the asocial stage of Schaffer and Emerson’s theory

Answer 26

Baby’s behaviour towards non human objects and humans are quite similar. Babies show some preference for familiar adults and are happier in the presence of other humans

Question 27

What is the indiscriminate stage of Schaffer and Emerson’s theory

Answer 27

Shoe preference for people rather than inanimate objects and recognise and prefer familiar faces. Usually accept comfort from any adult and don’t show Stranger anxiety or separation anxiety.

Question 28

What is stranger anxiety

Answer 28

Distress shown by infant when approached by unfamiliar person

Question 29

What is separation anxiety

Answer 29

Distress shown by infant when separated form an attachment figure

Question 30

What is the specific attachment in Schaffer and Emerson’s theory

Answer 30

Babies start to display anxiety towards stanrgets and become anxious when separated from one particular adult. (The mother in 65% of cases).

Question 31

Who is usually the primary attachment figure

Answer 31

The person who offers the most interaction and responds to the baby’s signals with the most skill

Question 32

What is the multiple attachments stage in Schaffer and Emerson’s study

Answer 32

Attachments form with other adults whom they spend time with, called secondary attachments. 29% had secondary attachments within a month of forming a primary attachment.

Question 33

Procedure of Schaffer and Emerson’s study

Answer 33

60 Scottish babies from Glasgow. The babies and mothers were visited at home every month for a year and again at 18 months. Measured separation anxiety by asking mothers questions about their child’s behaviour during separation and stranger anxiety by observing the infants response to unfamiliar adults

Question 34

Findings of Schaffer and Emerson’s study

Answer 34

50% formed specific attachments at 25-32 weeks.
Attachment tended to be the caregiver who was most interactive and sensitive to infant signals and facial expressions not necessarily who the infant spent the most time with.

Question 35

Strength of Schaffer and Emerson’s study (external validity)

Answer 35

It has good external validity. Carried out in families own homes and most of the observations were done by the parent during everyday activities and reported back later. Means the behaviour of babies was unlikely to be affected by the presence of observers. Means participants behaved naturally increasing the validity of the data.

Question 36

What is external validity

Answer 36

The degree to which research findings can be generalised to for example other settings (ecological validity) other groups people (population validity) and over time (historical validity)

Question 37

Strength of Schaffer and Emerson’s study (longitudinally)

Answer 37

Carried out longitudinally. Same children were followed up and observed regularly. The quicker alternative would have been to observe different children at each age this is called cross-sectional design. However longitudinal studies have better internal validity because they do not have the confounding variable of individual differences between participants

Question 38

What is cross-sectional design

Answer 38

One group of participants representing one section of society compared to participants from another group

Question 39

What is participant variables

Answer 39

Characteristics of individual participants like age that might influence the outcome of a study

Question 40

Limitation of Schaffer and Emerson’s study (asocial)

Answer 40

Problems studying the asocial year. Describe the first few weeks as asocial yet important interactions take place in those weeks. Problem is that babies that are young have poor coordination and are generally pretty immobile. Therefore it’s difficult to make judgment based on observations of their behaviour. May be that babies are asocial but can’t be sure because the method of measurement lacks validity

Question 41

What are two animal studies of attachment

Answer 41

Lorenz

Harlow

Question 42

What is the key study for imprinting

Answer 42

Lorenz

Question 43

Key study for the importance of contact comfort

Answer 43

Harlow

Question 44

Procedure of Lorenz’ study

Answer 44

Divided a clutch of goose eggs and half the eggs were bathed with the mother goose in the natural environment the other half hatched in an incubator and first saw Lorenz.
To investigate the relationship between imprinting Lorenz also observed birds and their later courtship behaviour

Question 45

Findings of Lorenz’ study

Answer 45

The incubator group followed Lorenz around whereas the control group followed the mother. When the toe groups were mixed the experimental group still followed Lorenz.
There was a critical period where imprinting needed to take place and if it did not occur within a few hours the chicks would not attach themselves to a mother figure.
Birds who attached to a human would display courtship behaviour towards humans.

Question 46

Limitation of Lorenz research

Answer 46

Problem in generalising findings about birds to humans. The mammalian attachment system is different to that of birds. Mammalian mothers shoe more emotional attachment to young than birds do so it is not appropriate to generalise any findings

Question 47

Strength of Lorenz study

Answer 47

Further research supports the concept of imprinting. Guiton found the chicks imprinted in a yellow washing up glove would try to mate with them as adults. Supports the view that the young animals are born with an innate mechanism to imprint on some sort of moving object that is present in the critical period. Supports Lorenz conclusion and increases validity of the research findings

Question 48

Procedure of Harlows study

Answer 48

16 monkeys with two wire model mothers. In one condition milk was dispensed by plain wire monkey whereas a second condtion the milk was dispensed by the cloth covered monkey.
Frightening situations were also used and the reactions of the monkeys were observed. They also followed the monkeys who had been deprived of their real mother into adulthood

Question 49

Findings of harlows study

Answer 49

Monkeys preferred contact comfort to food. The monkeys cuddled with the soft one when scared regardless of who gave the food.

Question 50

Conclusions of harlows study

Answer 50

There was a critical period for this behaviour as a mother figure had to be introduced within 90 days for an attachment to form. After this attachment was impossible and the damage done by deprivation became irreversible

Question 51

What is deprivation

Answer 51

The emotional and intellectual consequences of separation between a child and his mother or mother substitute.
When he followed the monkeys into adulthood he discovered severe consequences from maternal deprivation; more agressize, less socialsble and less skilled in mating. They also neglected and sometimes killed their offspring

Question 52

Limitations of harlows study

Answer 52

Faced severe Criticism for the ethics of his research. The monkeys suffered emotionally as a result of the study. The specifies is considered similar enough to humans to be able to generalise the findings so it is possible their suffering was human like. Harlow knew the suffering he was causing and referred to the iron monkeys as ‘iron maidens’ a form of torture device. The counter argument is that harlows research was sufficiently important to justify this.

Question 53

Strntgrh of Harlows research.

Answer 53

Important practical applications. It helped social workers understand risk factors in child neglect and abuse and intervene to prevent it. Also important in the care of captive monkeys so zoos now can give proper attachment figures. The usefulness of harlows research increases its value as it’s important when considering ethical costs versus benefits

Question 54

Who provided the learning theory

Answer 54

Dillard and miller

Question 55

Why is the learning theory sometimes called ‘cupboard love theory’

Answer 55

Emphasis the importance of the caregiver as a provider of food. The children learn to love wherever feeds them

Question 56

Wha does classical conditioning involved

Answer 56

Learning to associate two stimuli together so that we begin to respond to one in the same way as we respond to the other

Question 57

How does clsssicsl conditioning work in the learning theory by Dollard and Miller

Answer 57

Food is an unconditioned stimulus creating a feeling a pleasure as an unconditioned response.

The mother is a neutral stimulus and be aimed associated with food becoming a conditioned stimulus. Once condtioning has taken place the caregiver produced a conditioned response.

According to the learning theory this is the basis of attachment.

Question 58

How does operant conditioning work in Dollard and Millers learning theory

Answer 58

Crying from the baby leads to a response from the caregiver like feeding. As long as the caregiver provides the correct response the crying is positively reinforced because it produces a pleasurable consequence.

Also the caregiver is negatively reinforced because the crying stops - escaping from something unpleasant. This interplay of positive and negative reinforcement strngthens attachment

Question 59

What is drive reduction in relation to the learning theory

Answer 59

Animal is motivated to act in order to satisfy biological needs, once satisfied the result is drive reduction

Question 60

What is a primary drive

Answer 60

Innate drives (motivators) such as food, water and sex

Question 61

What does the learning theory say about human and attachment

Answer 61

Hunger is a primary drive

Attachment is a secondary drive

Question 62

What is a secondary drive

Answer 62

Learned drives acquired through association with a primary drive

Question 63

What did Sears suggest

Answer 63

Caregivers provide food so the primary drive of hunger becomes generalised to them. Attachment is this a secondary drive learned by an association between the cetegiver and the satisfaction of a primary drive

Question 64

Weakness of the learning theory (animal)

Answer 64

Animal studies provide evidence against food as the basis of an attachment. Harlows monkeys attached to a soft surrogates in preference to a wire one that gave milk. It is clear that attachment does not develop as a result of feeding. Therefore it must be the same for humans as learning theorists believe that humans and non-humans are equivalent

Question 65

Weakness of the learning theory (other fsctors)

Answer 65

Learning theory ignores other factors associated with forming attachments. Early research into caregiver interaction suggests that the quality of attachment is associated with factors like developing reciprocity and interactionsl synchrony. It’s hard to reconcile these findings with the idea that attachment develops through feeding.

Question 66

Strength of learning theory

Answer 66

Problem with learning theory is that feeding provides the unconditioned stimulus, reinforcment or primary drive. However we believe that may aspects of human development are affected by conditioning so it seems plausible that it could still play a role in attachment just not in relationship to feeding. Association bretern the primary caregiver and the provision of comfort could build attachment

Question 67

What is the new learning explanation based on social learning

Answer 67

Social learning theory - based on the idea that social behaviour is acquired largely as a result of modelling and imitation behaviour

Question 68

Who suggested the social learning theory

Answer 68

Hay and Vespo

Question 69

What does the social learning theory suggest

Answer 69

Parents teach children to love them by modelling attachment behaviour e.g by hugger them and other family members and instructing and rewarding them with approval when they display attachment behaviour of the their own.

Question 70

Why is the social learning theory a better theory of attachment than the learning theiry

Answer 70

Good explanation of why studies suggest interaction and reciprocity are important factors in the development of attachment

Question 71

Who theorised ASCMIC

Answer 71

Bowlby

Question 72

What does ASCMIC stand for

Answer 72

Adaptive 
Social releasers
Critical period
Monotropy
Internal working model
Continuity hypothesis

Question 73

What idea did bowlby propose for his monotropic theory

Answer 73

Evolutionary explanation: attachment was an innate system that gave a survival advantage much like imprinting

Question 74

Why did imprinting and attachment evolve

Answer 74

They ensure young animals stay close to their caregivers and this protects them from hazards

Question 75

Why is bowlbys theory described as monotropic

Answer 75

He placed great emphasis on a child attachment to one particular caregiver and he believes their attachment is different and more important that others

Question 76

What is monotropy

Answer 76

Mono means one and Indicates that one particular attachment is different from all others and of central importance to child’s development

Question 77

What were the two reasons Bowlby believe the more time spent with the primary attachment figure the better

Answer 77

1. Law of continuity: the more constant a child’s care the better quality of attachment
2. Las or accumulated separation: the effects of every separation add up

Question 78

What is separation

Answer 78

Physical loss of a mother-figure but not necesssrily maternal care as other people may continue to provide emotion care

Question 79

What are social releasers and some examples

Answer 79

A social behaviour or characteristic that elicits a caregiver reaction like smiling, cooing and gripping to encourage attention from adults

Question 80

Why did Bowlby call cute behaviour social releasers

Answer 80

Because their purpose is to activate the adult attachment ststem to make the adult feel love towards the baby

Question 81

When is the critical period

Answer 81

Around two years (30 months)

Question 82

What is a critical period

Answer 82

The time within which an attachment must form if it is to attach at slob

Question 83

What is a sensitive period

Answer 83

Biologically determined period of time during which a child is particularly receptive to a specific form of stimulation, resulting in the development of a specific response or characteristic

Question 84

What’s the difference between a critical period and a sensitive period

Answer 84

Sensitive period is a little less definite than a critical period as it implies behaviours can be learned upside of the sensible period but less easily

Question 85

What is the internal working model

Answer 85

Mental representations we all carry with us of our attachment to our primary caregiver. The affect our future relationships because they carry our perception of what relationships are like (continuity hypothesis)

Question 86

Limitation of Bowlbys monotropic theory

Answer 86

Socially sensitive because of the implications for mothers lifestyle choices. Law or depression states that having substantial time apart from the mother risks a poor quality attachment that will disadvantage the child later in life. Feminists like Burman have said this places a terrible burden of responsibility on mothers, setting them up to take the blame if something goes wrong. Also means mothers may not return to work. Wasn’t bowlby intention he wanted to highlight their importance.

Question 87

Strength of Bowlbys monotropic theory

Answer 87

Clear evidence to support the existence and value of social releasers. In an experiment on mother and baby interaction the mother had to ignore the babies signals and the babies showed distress and some responded by curling up and lying motionless. Such a strong reaction supports Bowlbys ideas about the significance of social releasers.

Question 88

Strength of Bowlbys monotropic theory (IWM)

Answer 88

Support for the internal working model. Mothers were interviewed about their relationships with their own parents and had their children’s attachment type determined. Found that mothers with poor attachments to own parents were likely to have children classified as poor in the observations. Supports Bowlbys idea of a working model.

Question 89

Limitation for Bowlbys monotropy theory (monotropy)

Answer 89

Evidence for monotropy is mixed. Not supported by Schaffer and Emerson’s study which found that most babies did attach to multiple people. This contradicts Bowlbys assertion that babies form one attached that is special

Question 90

Who created the strange situation

Answer 90

Ainsworth

Question 91

Procedure of The strange sutstuon

Answer 91

Controlled observation in a laboratory with a two way mirror where pshychologists can observe infant behaviour.
5 categories used to judge quality attachment: proximity seeking, exploration and secure base, stranger anxiety, separation anxiety, response to reunion.
The procedure had seven parts to test the child’s reaction

Question 92

Aims of the strange sitsutuon

Answer 92

Wanted to assess the quality of a child’s attachment to the caregiver

Question 93

What will an infant with a good attachment to the caregiver do in the cstegory of strange situation: proximity seeking

Answer 93

Stay close to the caregiver

Question 94

What will an infant with a good attachment to the caregiver do in the cstegory of strange situation: exploration and secure base

Answer 94

Gives the child confiderence to explore using the ceeegiver as a secure base

Question 95

What is a secure base

Answer 95

Secure attachment provides a sense of safety to enable exploration and independence

Question 96

What will an infant with a good attachment to the caregiver do in the cstegory of strange situation: stranger anxiety

Answer 96

Display anxiety when stranger approaches

Question 97

What will an infant with a good attachment to the caregiver do in the cstegory of strange situation: separation anxiety

Answer 97

Protest separation from caregiver

Question 98

What will an infant with a good attachment to the caregiver do in the cstegory of strange situation: response to reunion

Answer 98

Be happy to see their caregiver again

Question 99

What are the seven episodes involved in the strange situation

Answer 99

• child encouraged to explore
• stranger enters and talks to parent
• caregiver leaves
• caregiver returns and stranger leaves
• caregiver leaves child alone
• stranger returns
• caregiver return

Question 100

Findings of the strange situation

Answer 100

Of British toddlers:

60-75% secure attachment
20-25% insecure avoidant attachment
3% insecure resistant attachment

Question 101

Characteristics of secure attachment (type B)

Answer 101

Children happy to explore but need secure base

Moderate separation anxiety and stranger anxiety

Accept comfort from caregiver on reuinion

Question 102

Characteristics of insecure avoidant attachment (Type A)

Answer 102

Children explore freely and not no secure base

Snow little to no separation anxiety or stranger anxiety

Don’t require comfort at reuniting stage

Question 103

Characteristics of insecure resistant attachment (type C)

Answer 103

Explore less

High separation and stranger anxiety

Resist comfort when reunited

Question 104

Strength of The strange sitstuion (reliability)

Answer 104

Shows good inter-rater reliability. Different observers watching the same children in the strange situation generally agree on the attachment type to classify the children as. May be because it is a controlled condtion and the behavioural cstegories are easy to observe. We can be confident the attachment type of an infant in the strange sitstuion does not just depend on who is observing them.

Question 105

Limitation of the strange sitstuion (culture)

Answer 105

Doubt whether the strange situation is a culture-bound test. May not have the same meaning in countries outside Western Europe and USA. This is because some cultures are collectivist and Takahashi notes the test doesn’t work in Japan because mothers are rarely separated from their babies so they show very high levels of separation anxiety

Question 106

What is a culture bound test

Answer 106

Restricted to a particular culture

Question 107

What is inter-rather reliability

Answer 107

Correlating the judgements of two or more ratings of behaviour

Question 108

Limitation of the strange sitstuion (type D)

Answer 108

May have missed one attachment type. Main suggested that a minority didn’t fit within her three suggested attachment types. There’s on called disorganised attachment which is a mix of avoidant and resistant behaviours. Challenges her inition beliefs of attachment and questions whether the strange situation is a useful method to identify different types of attachment

Question 109

Key study of the meta-analysis of cultural variations

Answer 109

Ljzendoorn and Kroonenberg

Question 110

Procedures of Ljzendoorn and Kroonenberg study

Answer 110

Looked st proportions of secure, insecure avoidant and insecure resistant attachments acrods countries.
Located 32 studies using strange situation from 8 countries. 15 studies in the USA.
Results from the studies were meta-analysed

Question 111

What is meta analysis

Answer 111

Process of combing results from a number of studies on a particular topic to provide an overall view

Question 112

Findings from Ljzendoorn and Kroonenbergs study

Answer 112

Secure attachment was the most common in all culture. 75% in Britain to 50% in China.

In collectivist cultures insecure resistant was more common than individualist cultures. China, Japan and israel were 25% and above but for America all under 14%.

Variations within a culture was greater than variation between countries. In USA one study found 46% secure and other found 90%

Question 113

Key study about Italian perspective on cultural variations in attachment

Answer 113

Simonella et al

Question 114

Procedure of Simonella’s study

Answer 114

Assessment 76 12 month olds using the strange situation to see whether the proportion of attachment types still matched previous studies in Italy.

Varied sample with mothers of different backgrounds

Question 115

Findings of Simomellas study

Answer 115

50% were secure and 36% were insecure avoidant.

Lower rate or secure attachment than the previous studies.

Question 116

Conclusions of simonellas study

Answer 116

The findings were due to the increasing numbers of mothers working long hours and using professional childcare. Suggested that cultural change can make dramatic differences in the patterns of attachment type

Question 117

Strength of combining results of attachment studies

Answer 117

Get very large samples. In the Kroonenberg study the meta-analysis has a total of 2000 babies and their attachment figures. Simonella has large comparison groups from previous research. Large samples increase internal validity by reducing impact of anomalies

Question 118

Limitation of Kroonenbergs study

Answer 118

Not representative of the culture they are taken from. The comparison in the kroonenberg study are made between countries not cultures. Within each country there are many different cultures such as those poverty stricken vs the really rich. Means comparisons between countries like Italy and Korea have little meaning; the particular cultural characteristics of the sample needs to be specified mix

Question 119

Limitation of using the strange situation method of assessing attachment types

Answer 119

Biased towards American/British cultural child rearing prscitices. Strange situation was designed by an American researcher based on British theory (Bowlby). Question over whether these theories can be applied to other culutres. This is imposed Etic which disregards the notion of cultural emic. E.g the idea that a lack of separation anxiety indicates an avoidant attachment but in Germany this behaviour might be seen as independence rather than avoidance

Question 120

What was Bowlbys other theory besides the monotropic theory

Answer 120

Maternal deprivation

Question 121

What does Bowlby theory of maternal deprivation focus on

Answer 121

The idea that the continuous emotional care from the mother is essential for the child’s normal psychological development, both emotional and intellectual. Without this a child is deprived of emotional care.

Question 122

What may separation from a mother lead to (Bowlby)

Answer 122

Maternal deprivation

Question 123

What is maternal deprivation

Answer 123

The emotional and intellectual consequences of separation between a child and his mother

Question 124

What did Bowlby believe motherly love in infancy was as important for mental health as

Answer 124

Vitamins and proteins for physical health

Question 125

What is the difference between separation and deprivation

Answer 125

Separation means the child not being in the presence of the primary attachment figure. Deprivation means losing an element of her care as a result of separation.

Question 126

Who created the strange situation

Answer 126

Ainsworth

Question 127

Procedure of The strange sutstuon

Answer 127

Controlled observation in a laboratory with a two way mirror where pshychologists can observe infant behaviour.
5 categories used to judge quality attachment: proximity seeking, exploration and secure base, stranger anxiety, separation anxiety, response to reunion.
The procedure had seven parts to test the child’s reaction

Question 128

Aims of the strange sitsutuon

Answer 128

Wanted to assess the quality of a child’s attachment to the caregiver

Question 129

What will an infant with a good attachment to the caregiver do in the cstegory of strange situation: proximity seeking

Answer 129

Stay close to the caregiver

Question 130

What will an infant with a good attachment to the caregiver do in the cstegory of strange situation: exploration and secure base

Answer 130

Gives the child confiderence to explore using the ceeegiver as a secure base

Question 131

What is a secure base

Answer 131

Secure attachment provides a sense of safety to enable exploration and independence

Question 132

What will an infant with a good attachment to the caregiver do in the cstegory of strange situation: stranger anxiety

Answer 132

Display anxiety when stranger approaches

Question 133

What will an infant with a good attachment to the caregiver do in the cstegory of strange situation: separation anxiety

Answer 133

Protest separation from caregiver

Question 134

What will an infant with a good attachment to the caregiver do in the cstegory of strange situation: response to reunion

Answer 134

Be happy to see their caregiver again

Question 135

What are the seven episodes involved in the strange situation

Answer 135

• child encouraged to explore
• stranger enters and talks to parent
• caregiver leaves
• caregiver returns and stranger leaves
• caregiver leaves child alone
• stranger returns
• caregiver return

Question 136

Findings of the strange situation

Answer 136

Of British toddlers:

60-75% secure attachment
20-25% insecure avoidant attachment
3% insecure resistant attachment

Question 137

Characteristics of secure attachment (type B)

Answer 137

Children happy to explore but need secure base

Moderate separation anxiety and stranger anxiety

Accept comfort from caregiver on reuinion

Question 138

Characteristics of insecure avoidant attachment (Type A)

Answer 138

Children explore freely and not no secure base

Snow little to no separation anxiety or stranger anxiety

Don’t require comfort at reuniting stage

Question 139

Characteristics of insecure resistant attachment (type C)

Answer 139

Explore less

High separation and stranger anxiety

Resist comfort when reunited

Question 140

Strength of The strange sitstuion (reliability)

Answer 140

Shows good inter-rater reliability. Different observers watching the same children in the strange situation generally agree on the attachment type to classify the children as. May be because it is a controlled condtion and the behavioural cstegories are easy to observe. We can be confident the attachment type of an infant in the strange sitstuion does not just depend on who is observing them.

Question 141

Limitation of the strange sitstuion (culture)

Answer 141

Doubt whether the strange situation is a culture-bound test. May not have the same meaning in countries outside Western Europe and USA. This is because some cultures are collectivist and Takahashi notes the test doesn’t work in Japan because mothers are rarely separated from their babies so they show very high levels of separation anxiety

Question 142

What is a culture bound test

Answer 142

Restricted to a particular culture

Question 143

What is inter-rather reliability

Answer 143

Correlating the judgements of two or more ratings of behaviour

Question 144

Limitation of the strange sitstuion (type D)

Answer 144

May have missed one attachment type. Main suggested that a minority didn’t fit within her three suggested attachment types. There’s on called disorganised attachment which is a mix of avoidant and resistant behaviours. Challenges her inition beliefs of attachment and questions whether the strange situation is a useful method to identify different types of attachment

Question 145

What did Bowlby believe would happen to the intellectual development of children if they were deprived of maternal care for too long during the critical period

Answer 145

Suffer mental retardation and an abnormally low IQ

Question 146

What did Bowlby day that lack of emotional care could lead to

Answer 146

The emotional development of affection less psychopathy: the inability to experience guilt or strong emotion for others. Prevents the person developing normal relationships and is associated with criminality

Question 147

What is the key study Bowlby did

Answer 147

44 thieves study

Question 148

Procedure of Bowlbys 44 thieves study

Answer 148

44 theirves and their families interviewed to establish whether there had been any prolonged separation from their mothers.
Assessed them for affectionless psychopathy; characterised by lack of affection, guilt and empathy

Question 149

Findings of Bowlbys 44 thieves study

Answer 149

Out of 14 Affectionless psychopaths, 12 experienced prolonged separation.
Out of 30 non-APs, 5 experiences prolonged separation.

Question 150

Conclusions of Bowlbys 44 thieves study

Answer 150

Prolonged early separation/deprivation caused affectionless psychopathy to develop

Question 151

Limitation of Bowlbys theory of maternal deprivation

Answer 151

Rutter claims Bowlby failed to distinguish between deprivation and privation. Rutter claimed that the severe long term damage Bowlby associated with deprivation is more likely the result of privation. Many of the 44 thieves had moved from home to home in their childhood so never formed attachments in the first place, this could be the cause of AP instead of deprivation

Question 152

What is privation compared to deprivation

Answer 152

The failure to form any attachment at all vs the loss of the primary attachment figure after attachment had developed

Question 153

Strength of Bowlbys theory of maternal deprivation

Answer 153

Animal studies have demonstrated the effects of maternal deprivation. Levy showed that separating baby rats from their mothers for as little as a day had a permanent effect on their social development though not other aspects of developments. There is always doubt over the extent to which animal studies can be generalised to humans

Question 154

Limitation of Bowlbys theory of maternal deprivation (criticslcperiod)

Answer 154

Thought that the critical period is actually more of a sensitive period. The Czech twine were isolated until they were 7 but then looked after by two loving adults and appeared to fully recover. Suggests damage is not the inevitable consequence of prolonged depression and that some cases of servers deprivation have good outcomes, providing the child has some social interaction and good aftercare. Shows that the period identified by Bowlby may be a sensitive period rather than a critical one

Question 155

What are the two effects of institutionalisation

Answer 155

Disinhibited attachment: equal affection to all people. Seems to be adaption to multiple caregivers

Damage to intellectual development: show signs of mental retardation. Not as pronounced if the children are adopted before six months

Question 156

Key study about English and Romanian Adoptees

Answer 156

Rutter et el

Question 157

Procedure of Rutter et als adoption study

Answer 157

165 Romanian orphans adopted in the Uk. Longitudinal study.
Physical, cognitive and emotional development assessed at 4,6,11 and 15 years oldest child.
Compared to a control group of 52 British adopteeesz

Question 158

Findings of Rutgers adoption study

Answer 158

IQ scores were related to the age of adoption.

Adopted before 6 months had mean Iq of 102
Adopted between six months and two years: 86
Adopted beyond the age of two years: 77.

Frequency of disinhibited attached related to age of adoption. Children adopted after 6 months showed DA behaviours: clinginess, attention seeking, social behaviour indiscriminately at adults.

Question 159

What has the follows up to Rutters study confirmed

Answer 159

Significant deficits remain in a substantial minoryity if individuals who had experienced institutional care to beyond the age of six months.

Question 160

Key study of the Bucharest Early Intervention Project

Answer 160

Zeanah et al

Question 161

Procedure of Zeanahs study

Answer 161

Assessed attachment in 95 Romanian children who had spent most of their lives in institutional care using the Strange Situstion. Compared to a control group or 50 children who had never been in institutional care.

Question 162

Findings of Zeanahs study

Answer 162

19% secure attachment

65% disorganised attachment

Question 163

Strength of studying Romanian orphans

Answer 163

Enhanced our understanding of the effects of institutionalisation. Such results have improved the way children are cared for in institutions. Orphanages now avoid having large numbers of caregivers for each child instead they have one or two key workers enabling children a chance of normal attachments. Shows that research has been immensely valuable in practical terms

Question 164

Strength of Romanian orphan studies (variables)

Answer 164

Fewer confounding variables than in other orphan studies. Orphan studies usually involved children who had experienced loss or trauma before being institutionalised. Most of the Romanians orphans were abandoned at birth instead of being neglected than being given away. Increase internal validity

Question 165

Limitation of Romanian orphanage studies

Answer 165

Issues with generalisation. Condition of orphanages are so bad that the results cannot be applied to understanding the impact of better quality institutional care or any situation where children experience deprivation. E.g Romanians orphanages have very poor standards of care. Limitation because the unusual situational variables means the studies lack generability

Question 166

What is situational variables

Answer 166

Related to external circumstances rather than the personalities of people involved

Question 167

In relation to the internal working model, what would a good/ bad first attachment mean to future relationships

Answer 167

Good experience = good relationship expectaction and the child will behave functionally within them

Bad experience = bad relationship expectation

Question 168

What are the three ways past experiences are related to relationships in later childhood

Answer 168

1. Securely attached infants form the best quality friendships
2. Securely attached infants are less likely to bully
3. Insecure avoidant children are most likely to be victims and insecure resistant are most likely to bully

Question 169

How is attachment type passed on through generations

Answer 169

People base their parenting style on their internal working model

Question 170

What did Bailey consider

Answer 170

Attachment of 99 mothers to their babies and own mothers. Majority of woman had the same attachment classification both to their babies and their mothers

Question 171

Key study into relationships in adulthood with romantic partners

Answer 171

Hazan and Shaver

Question 172

Procedure of Hazan and Shavers study

Answer 172

Analysed 620 replies to newspaper love quiz in American news paper.

Three sections assessing current/general love experiences/ attachment type (asked them to chose a statement that described their feelings)

Question 173

Findings of Hazan and Shavers study

Answer 173

56% secure
25% insecure avoidant
19% insecure resistant .

Morris distribution found in many studies of infant attachment behaviour like Ainsworths original data.

Question 174

Conclusions of Hazan and Shavers study

Answer 174

Attachment type was reflected in romantic relationships: secure people were most likely to have good long lasting relationships whereas avoidant people tended to reveal jealousy and fear of intimacy

Question 175

Limitation of studies to do with internal working model

Answer 175

Several studies suggests an association between attachment type and later relationships but correlation does not mean causation. There are alternative explanations for the continuity that often exists. The child’s temperament may influence both infant attachment and quality of later relationships. Counters Bowlbys view that the internal working model caused these outcomes

Question 176

What is temperament

Answer 176

Emotional type such as being outgoing or reserved, moody or cheerful

Question 177

Limitation of research related to internal working model (research)

Answer 177

IWM are unconcious and we are not directly aware of their infleunce on us. Therefore we would not expect to get direct evidence about them through self report methods which require conscious awareness. These give us indirect evidence about IWM. Potential limitation of most research involving the concept of internal working model

Question 178

Limitation of studies to do with the internal working model (required honestly)

Answer 178

Many studies of attachments assess infant-parent attachment by means of interview or questionnaire, not in infancy, but in later years. Validity is limited because it depends on respondents being honest and having a realistic view of their own relationships. Retreospective nature of infant attachment, looking back at ones early attachment lacks validity because it relies on accurate recollection

Question 179

What is a self report method

Answer 179

Any method in which a person is asked to state or explain their own feelings, opinions, behaviours and or experiences related to a given topic