Attachment Flashcards
(123 cards)
1
Q
Define reciprocity, and in terms of interactions.
A
A two way, mutual interaction, it is a form of interaction between infant and caregiver involving mutual responsiveness, both parties produce responses to each other, ie smiling.
2
Q
How does reciprocity influence development.
A
Reciprocity influences the child’s physical, social and cognitive development, as is becomes the basis for trust and mistrust, shaping how the child will relate to the world and create relationships.
3
Q
Define interactional synchrony.
A
A form of rhythmic interaction between infant and caregiver involving mutual focus, reciprocity and mirroring of behaviour. Infants coordinate actions with caregivers.
4
Q
When is interactional synchrony most likely to develop.
A
It is most likely to develop if the caregiver attends fully to the baby’s state, provides playful stimulation when the infant is alert and attentive, and avoids pushing things when an overexcited or tired infant is fussy.
5
Q
Who’s study on imitation shower better quality of relationship at 3 months, and what is a limitation of this?
A
Heimann, and the limitation is that it is not clear wether it is cause or effecf of the early synchrony.
6
Q
Outline a disadvantage into observation of interaction, relating to the actual thing there observing.
A
The observation is merely hand movements, or changes in expression. It is extremely difficult yo be certain what is taking place in the infants perspective. Eg Is the imitation deliberate? Therefore we cannot suggest that the behaviour has special meaning.
7
Q
What is one advantage in the way interaction is observed and studied?
A
It normally involves very controlled procedures, from multiple angles and therefore catching every change in behaviour and observable emotion, yielding qualitive data that can be analysed.
8
Q
What is another advantage of study into interactions, involving awareness of babies to being tested?
A
Unlike adults babies can’t comprehend that they are under observation and therefore their behaviour does not change, and they act as natural as possible. Meaning there is no individual bias and no demand characteristics improving validity.
9
Q
Who conducted the study that yielded the stages of attachment?
A
Shafer and Emerson (1964)
10
Q
Who conducted the study that yielded the stages of attachment?
A
Shafer and Emerson (1964)
11
Q
Outline the procedure of Shafer and Emerson.
A
Studies 60 babies in a longitudinal study over 18 months, at monthly intervals.
The children we’re all studies in their own home (Natural study), and a regular pattern was identified in the development of attachment.
Interaction observed, and carers interviewed, carers were also asked to keep a diary involving 3 measures.
1: stranger anxiety 2: separation anxiety 3: social referencing ( degree that look to carers for advice)
12
Q
What did Schafer and Emerson find?
A
They found 4 states of attachment. A social (0-6 weeks) - indiscriminate attachments (6 weeks - 7 months) - specific attachment ( 7 months - 9 months) - multiple attachment ( 10 months onwards)
13
Q
What is a the first stage of attachment and outline it.
A
A social attachment - Many kinds of stimuli both social and non social produce a favorable reaction.
14
Q
What is the second stage of attachment and outline it.
A
Indiscriminate attachments - infants indiscriminately enjoy human company, and most babies respond to any caregiver. Get upset when individual ceases to interact with them, from 3 months -> the babies smiles more at familiar faces.
15
Q
What is the the third stage of attachment and outline it.
A
Specific attachment - where infant gives had preference towards a specific caregiver and baby looks to certain people for security comfort and protection. Shows stranger anxiety and separation anxiety.
16
Q
What is the final stage of attachment and outline it.
A
The baby becomes increasingly independent forming multiple attachments, by 18 months the majority have formed multiple attachments.
17
Q
What makes makes it more likely that you’ll form attachments?
A
The right response to certain signals by the infant, not the person they have spent the most time with. Schafer and Emerson called this sensitive responsiveness.
18
Q
What was the overall most important conclusion fo Schafer and Emerson’s study?
A
That attachments did not form from who feeds the child but tho those white devote attention and attune to the babies needs and key signals.
19
Q
Outline multiple attachments in greater depth involving percent that had multiple attachments at 18 months, and how they vary.
A
By 18 months 31% of babies had five or more attachments, mother was main attachment for half of them and father for most of the rest. And the attachment formed varied in strength, and are structured in a hierarchy.
20
Q
How does the Schafer and Emerson study have low population validity?
A
Because the infants we’re all from Glasgow and mostly working class families, furthermore there was a small sample size of 60 reducing the validity of the conclusion.
21
Q
How is Schafer and Emerson’s data in accurate and unreliable?
A
Because firstly how could the parents keep diary’s while being clearly very busy? Showing either in accurate or rushed. And the diary had high demand characteristics as their will be a social desirability as mother’s won’t want to report negative experience.
22
Q
What is the expectation in Western cultures involving father’s?
A
There is a greater emphasis on the father taking role in the bringing up of his children.
23
Q
What is a possible explanations for the role of the father increasing in significance?
A
The number of women in full time employment has increased.
24
Q
What is the difference in care styles between mothers and fathers?
A
Mother’s adopt the caregiving and mature role, while father’s usually adopt more of a play mate role eg father’s are more likely to encourage risk taking with things such as learning to ride a bike throwing kids in the air.
25
Why is it hard to generalise about the father's role? There are 3 reasons.
Culture (father's aren't allowed in some cultures), father's age as father's can still have kids at old ages, and finally about of time father spends away from home. Long shifts etc.
26
How are there cultural differences in the role of the father? And how is this view stereotypical? And how does culture in India differ from culture here?
Until recently men were expected to be the money Maker and not have direct involvement in child's care.
However this view is very stereo typical as the father's may not be involved in care but they are involved in play and guidance etc.
In today's Indian family's father's are far less likely to engage in physical play.
27
How we're father's less likely than mother's to get time with newborns? And how has social policy changed today to support this?
In the uk, until last year father's we're unable to get any parental leave so the responsibility of the child was implicitly given to mothers.
Now men have been given the policy that allowed them parental leave, however this is not the case in every country so patters of attachment are different ( cultural difference)
28
Who's study showed that men lack the emotional sensitivity to infant cues?
Heermen 1994
29
What did heerman suggest about emotional curs in relation to men and women?
He found that men lack the emotional sensitivity that women have to infant cues, he related it to the face women produce a hormone oestogen.
30
Who's study counteracted Heermans ( in relation to emotional sensitivity), and what did he find?
Frodi (1978) he found that mens emotional response was the same as women's.
31
What did Freeman 2010 find about genders and children in relation to the father? And then in early adolescence?
That male children we're far more likely to have a father attachment figure than female children?
Children are more likely to be attached to their father when in young adolescence.
32
What did Manlove 2002 find about father's relationship with temperamental children?
He found that father's we're less likely yo be involved with a child with a bad temperament.
33
What was the aim of Harlow's study? And why are the monkeys he used well suited to an attachment test?
Get wanted to study the mechanism by which newborn money's bond with their mothers.
They are well suited as they are highly dependant on the mother's for nutrition, protection, comfort and socializing.
34
What was the usual behaviorist explanation for attachment? What was Harlow's theory and what does this suggest?,
The usual theory suggested that infants would attach to the caregiver that provides food.
However Harlow suggested it was the caregiver that provides 'tactile comfort', suggesting infants have an innate need to touch or cling for emotional comfort.
35
Outline the procedure of Harlow's study.
16 monkeys were separated from their mothers immediately after birth, and places with two surrogate mothers, one made or wire and one covered in soft cloth.
Eight of the monkeys got milk from the wire mother and 8 got milk from the cloth mother.
36
What did the results show about his original hypothesis? And what happened when a frightening object was placed in the cage? And when did they explore more?
That his hypothesis was correct as both sets of monkeys spent more time with cloth mother even if she did not feed it, the group with a feeding wire mother would only go to her if hungry.
If a frightening object was placed in the cage they would always go to the cloth mother, and the infant would explore more if the cloth mother was present.
37
What 5 differences did Harlow find between surrogated children and normal children?
1: Surrogated were much more timid
2: they didint know how to act with other monkeys
3: they were easily bullied and wouldent stand up for themselves
4: they had difficulty mating
5: the females were bad mothers
38
How did the effects on monkeys with surrogate mothers change from below 90 days and above.
Below 90 days the effects could be reversed if places in a normal environment could form attachments and after 90 days the effects could not be reversed.
39
What did Harlow conclude about 'contact comfort'? And what does it show?
That is was more important that food in the formation fo attachment. This also shows that contact is preferable to food but not sufficient for healthy development.
40
What did he conclude about the maternal depravation caused by the surrogate mothers?
And what did he rename it due to this and what small study did he do to support this rename?
That is leads to emotional damage but that it's impact could be reversed in monkeys if an attachment was made before the end of the critical period. And if it lasted over critical period no time with mother's etc could fix it.
He renamed it social depravation, he also brought up some monkeys with time in a playroom with 3 other monkeys a day and they grew up normally. (No meternal mother)
41
How was Harlow's study unethical?
His work was unnecessarily cruel, and of limited value to understand the effects of depravation on humans, the means we're greater than the reward.
42
How did Harlow's study give the monkeys emotional harm?,
When they we're introduced from isolation into a cage with a normal monkey with their mother, the isolated baby Huddle's in fear and depression in a corner.
43
How did Harlow's study affect the monkeys in later life ( especially mothers) )?
When they became parents some.monleys became neurotic and smashed their babies face into the floor and rubbed back and forth.
44
How is Harlow's study sometimes justified by it's insight to social behaviour and attachment?
His research shifted the dominant belief that attachments were created by a relation to physical care such as food, rather than emotional.
45
How could it be argued that Harlow's results outweigh the costs?
His research influenced the theoretical work of John bowlby, the most important psychologist in attachment history. And it convinced people of emotional care in hospitals, children's homes etc.
46
How has Harlow's study influenced the world? ( Not involving importance of emotional care in homes)
His study being as horrific as it was, started a 'revolution' in the use of animal studies and animals especially in research such as that. This has had a beneficial affect on the world and the use of animals in research.
47
Outline the procedure of lorenz's study.
He took a cluster or goose eggs and kept them till they were about to hatch out. Putting half of the eggs under s goose mother and kept half for himself. When they hatched Lorenz imitated a goose quacking and they then followed him as their mother.
48
What are the findings of Lorenz study? What is the critical period and what does this show?
He found that geese follow the first moving object they see, during a 12-17 hour critical period, knows as imprinting, suggesting attachment is innate programmed genetically.
49
What did Lorenz suggest about the consequences of imprinting? How does it relate to feeding (behaviourist) and how long until not attachment will occur?
They were crucial for short term survival, and long term internal templates for later relationships.
It does not require any feeding.
if no attachment has developed within the 32 hours it is unlikely any attachment will develop at all.
50
How did lorenz ensure imprinting had occurred?
He put all of the good things together and an upturned box and allowed them to mix. When the box was removed into groups separated to go to their respective mothers half the group went to the goose half the group went to lorenz.
51
What did Hess show about the imprinting process and what did Hess and lorenz believe about imprinting and reversal?
Hess showed that although the imprinting process could occur as early as one hour after hatching the strongest responses occurred between 12 and 17 hours after hatching and after 32 hours the response was unlikely to occur at all.
lorenz and Hess believe that once im pregnant could it could not be reversed neither could the imprint on anything else?
52
Who suggested that attachment is learnt through behaviour that is acquired through both classical and operant conditioning?
Dollard and Miller 1950.
53
Is the theory nature or nurture? What is the unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, neutral stimulus, conditioned stimulus, conditioned response?
The theory is nurture. The unconditioned stimulus is the food, the unconditioned response is the baby being happy. The neutral stimulus is the mother the conditioned stimulus is the mother after the baby a associates the food with the mother and the conditioned response is the baby being happy when seeing the mother because of the conditioning.
54
How can attachment also be learnt by operant conditioning?
The presence of the caregiver is reinforcing for the infant full stop the infant gains pleasure as they are being fed due to reward. The behaviour of the infant is reinforcing for the caregiver. The reinforcement process is therefore reciprocal and strengthens the emotional bonds and attachment between the two.
55
What term did dollard and Miller used to describe the process of learning attachment the operant and classical conditioning? And explain what the term means in reference to primary drives and secondary drives.
Secondary drive hypothesis. this is the explanation of how primary drives which are essential for survival such as eating become associated with secondary drives such as emotional closeness.
56
How did the lavender extend their theory to explain attachment as a two-way process?
they stated that it is a two-way process that the caregiver must also learn, and this occurs do negative reinforcement when a caregiver feels pleasure because the infant no longer distressed. (Negative is baby crying etc)
57
Which three research theories can be used against the theory of dollard and Miller?
Schaffer and Emerson found that less than half of infantile primary attachment of the person who fed them.
Harlow's research suggested monkeys became a touch of the soft surrogate mother rather than those who fed it going against the learning theory of attachment.
lorenz found that gooselings imprinted on first moving objects they saw which suggests attachment is not learnt.
58
What did bowlby suggest in his monotropic theory of attachment?
He suggested attachment is important for a child survival. Attachment behaviours in both babies and caregivers have evolved through natural selection meaning infants are biologically programmed with innate behaviours ensure it attachment occurs.
59
Does bowlby suggest that there is a critical period for the development of attachment and what does he suggest it being between? And what happens after the critical period?
Yes he does and he's suggest that the critical period is between 0and 2.5 years. After this if no attachment as developed then it may well not happen at all.
60
How does bowlby's theory of monotropy suggest that there is one relationship more important than all of the rest? And did he without the possibility of other attachment figures?
Because it child has an innate need to attach the 1 main attachment figure suggesting that there is one relationship more important than all the rest.
However he did not rule out the possibility of other attachment figures for a child he did believe that there should be primary Bond which is big more important than any other.
61
Did bowlby suggest that attachment usually are formed to the mother and what is his development of hierarchy?
Yes he did he suggested that it is usually the mother that has the primary Bond, and below this primary Bond is the hierarchy of attachments which may include the father siblings and grandparents.
62
The child's relationship with a primary caregiver create an internal working model what is this internal working model?
The internal working model is a cognitive framework comprising mental representations for understanding the world, self and others. a person's interaction with others is guided by memories and expectations from the internal working model which influence and help them in later life.
63
There are three main features of the internal working model name all three and outline. And at what age do these three features become apparent in a child's personality?
1: a model of others as being trustworthy
2: in model of self as valuable
3: a model of the self as effective when interacting with others
These all come apparent when the child is around the age of 3.
64
How does lorenz's study support bowlby's monotropic theory?
It support his theory as the attachment process of imprinting is an innate process which has a critical period just like in bowlby's theory. And the geese attached to a single person that's showing monotropic behaviour.
65
Who's theory on Romanian orphans shows that attachments can form after the critical period?
Rutters study as attachment for able to form after critical periods.
66
How does the EFE tribe of Congo support research into hierarchy and monotropy?
If a woman share the care of infants and the tribe and take time to breastfeed them however the infants returned to the maternal mother at night and former steel bond with the mother.
67
How does schaffer and Emerson findings contradict bowlby's monotropic theory.
Because in this study we found that infinity could develop multiple attachments that would just as significant as each other.
68
How does Mary ainsworth strange situation provide evidence for the existence of the internal working model?
a secure child will develop a positive internal working model of itself because it has received sensitive emotional care from a primary attachment figure. While a insecure-avoidant child will develop an internal working model in which it sees itself as unworthy because it's primary attachment figure has reacted negatively to it during a sensitive period.
69
How does bowlby's monotropic theory relate to the role of the Father?
Bowlby suggest that it is mainly the mother that becomes the prime attachment figure and therefore this has a gender bias against the father's as in present day father's have an increasing role in the development of attachment with their child.
70
How does bowlby's monotropic theory relate to the role of the Father?
Bowlby suggest that it is mainly the mother that becomes the prime attachment figure and therefore this has a gender bias against the father's as in present day father's have an increasing role in the development of attachment with their child.
71
How does bowlby's theory have implications on mothers returning to employment?
Hit theory would suggest that when the mother returned to employment this would have a negative effect on the child and along with Mary ainsworth strange situation the child would become insecure avoidant as the mother has technically reacted negatively to it during a sensitive period. As the mother would cease to interact with the child causing it distress.
72
Whos study was named 'strange situation'
Ainsworth and Bell
73
Outline the procedure of ainsworth and bells strange situation study.
```
Conducted a controlled observation recording the reactions of a child and mother who were introduced to a strange room with toys.
The study involved about 100 middle-class Americans infants and mothers.
The procedure involved 8 episodes of approximately 3 minutes each.
during these caregivers and strangers entered and left the room recreating the flow of familiar and unfamiliar presence in the child lives.
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74
Outline the findings of ainsworth and Bell strange situation. (3 things)
They found three different types of attachment secure, resistant and avoidant.
75
What was secure attachment found in ainsworth and Bell the strange situation?
Securely attached children with a stressed when the mother left (separation anxiety).
They were avoidant of the stranger when left alone but friendly when the mother was present (stranger anxiety).
When reunited with the mother they were positive and happy.
76
Outline resistant attachment in ainsworth and Bells study.
Resistant children were intensely distressed when the mother left (separation anxiety).
The infant avoident of the stranger and showed fear of the stranger (stranger anxiety).
when reunited with the mother to infant approaches but resists contact me even push her away. (Reunion behaviour).
77
Outline how avoidant children behaved in the strange situation ainsworth and Bells study.
When the mother left there was no sign of distress in the infant (separation anxiety).
The infant was ok with the stranger and plays normally when the strangers present (stranger anxiety).
When reunited with the mother the infant shows little interest (reunion behaviour).
78
In which type of attachment did the mother appear as a safebase, the infant cried more and explore less, the mother and stranger are able to comfort the infant equally?
Insecure attachment that the mother was used as a safe base to explore, in resistant the infant cries more and explored less, and in avoidant the mother and stranger able to comfort for the infant equally.
79
What are the main characteristics of the secure resistant attachment type? (4) And how does this type of attachment occur?
Infants are upset when left alone by mother,
Open too happy when the mother returns and seek contact,
Infants avoid the stranger when left alone but friendly when mother is present,
The infants use the mother as a safe base to explore their environment.
It occurs when the mother meets the emotional needs of the infant.
80
What are the main characteristics of insecure resistant (4) and when does this type of attachment occur?
Infant are clingy to the mother in new situation and not willing to explore suggesting they have a little trust,
They are extremely distressed when left alone by mother,
They cannot be comforted by stranger and will not interact with them,
When the mother returns they're pleased to see her and give her for comfort but then cannot be comforted and may show resistance.
This type of attachment occurs because the mother sometimes meets the needs of the infant and sometimes doesn't.
81
What are the main characteristics of insecure avoidant attachment? (3) and when does this type of attachment attachment occur?
Infants are unconcerned by mother's absence,
Infant show little interest when they are reunited with the mother,
infants are strongly avoidant of mother and strangers showing no motivation to interact with either.
This type of attachment occurs because the mother ignores the emotional needs of the infant.
82
How does ainsworth and bells strange situation lack population validity? (2)
```
The study used American infants and it tells us about how this particular group behaves therefore cannot be generalised to the wider population and other cultures.
Furthermore they only used middle class participants therefore it cannot be applied to higher or lower classes.
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83
How does ainsworth and Bell strange situation have low ecological validity? (2)
This study was done in a lab and therefore the results may not be applicable outside of this environment.
Secondly the environment was controlled and it's scripted stages of the procedure were unlikely to happen in real life therefore is not applicable to real life situations.
84
How is ainsworth and Bell the strange situation easy to replicate?
Because there followed a standardisedprocedure involving the eight episodes of the mother and stranger entering and leaving the room, therefore the test is easy to replicate and the results are usually about the same adding validity.
85
Who led the investigation into attachment styles and the applicability of being universal across cultures or culturally specific.
Van ijzendoorn and kroonenberg. (1988)
86
How did van ijzendoorn and kroonenberg collect the data. And what did they do with it?
They used a meta-analysis analysing data from other studies.
The use a total of 32 different studies in 8 different countries.
Thee event calculated the average percentage for the different attachment styles in each country.
87
Outline the findings of an van ijzendoorn and kroonenbergs study. (Highest mean, Eastern and western cultures.)
They found the majority of infants were securely attached at about 70%.
the lowest percentage of security printers in China a collectivist culture and the highest in great Britain a Western culture.
it was also found that western countries that support independence such as Germany had high levels of insecure-avoidant.
where has Eastern countries that were more country clothes such as Japan had quite high levels of insecure resistant.
88
How did van ijzendoorn and kroonenberg study have unrepresentative samples? (2)
some of the samples used in their research was biased for example only 36 infants were using the Chinese study which is a very small sample size for such a popular country therefore making the results unapplyable to the cultures.
Furthermore most of the studies analyse where from Western coaches.
89
How may the involvement of the strange situation (a culturally biased test) reflect the norms and values of American culture and therefore decrease validity of using the same study in other cultures?
The test was culturaly biased and ethnocentric this is a problem as it assumes that attachment behaviour has the same meaning in all cultures, when in fact cultural perception and understanding of behaviour differ greatly.
90
How could it be suggested that it is an over simplification to assume all children are brought up in the same way in a particular country? (In relation to van ijzendoorn and kroonenberg).
Because of the cultural variations between cultures it is wrong to suggest that children are brought up in the same or even particular ways in different countries and cultures and that is why van ijzendoorn and kroonenberg found different levels of attachment classification in each.
91
What does bowlby's maternal deprivation hypothesis suggest?
That continual disruption of the attachment between infant and the primary caregiver can result in long-term cognitive, social and emotional difficulties for the infant.
92
What did he argue was the critical period and how is it crucial to his maternal deprivation hypothesis?
He kept up with earlier theory suggesting that 2.5 years of life is the critical period, these are crucial because if the child was separated from the primary attachment figure for an extended period of time during this damage was inevitable.
93
What does the acronym ADDIDDAS stand for in terms of the effects of maternal deprivation?
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A - Aggression
D - delinquency
D - dwarfism
I - intellectual retardation
D - depression
D - dependency
A - affectionless psychopathy
S - social maladjustment
```
94
What is affecting affectionless psychopathy?
It is the inability to show affection of concern to others, a lack of shame or sense of responsibility. Individuals act on impulse with little regard to the consequences for their actions.
95
What was the aim of bowlby's study the 44 juvenile thieves?
He wanted to study the long-term effects of maternal deprivation on children who have been subjected.
96
Outline the procedure of bowlby's 44 juvenile thieves.
He selected an OPPORTUNITY sample of 88 children attending his clinic,
Group 1 was made up of thieves 31 boys and 13 girls.
Group 2 was the control group 34 boys and 10 girls referred because of emotional problems.
The two groups were matched in age and IQ, and then the children and their parents were interviewed and tested by the psychiatrist bowlby and a social worker.
97
What were the findings of bowlby's study into the 44 juvenile thieves. e.g. how many were afectiune psychopaths how many experience prolonged separation and results from the control group .
Will be found that 14 children in the theft was identified as affectionless psychopaths, 12 of those had experience prolonged separation in their first two years of life where is only 5 of the 30 other children were not classed as affectionless psychopaths had experienced separation.
in the control group only two had experience prolonged separations and none of them were affecting the psychopaths.
98
What were the findings of bowlby's study into the 44 juvenile thieves. e.g. how many were afectiune psychopaths how many experience prolonged separation and results from the control group .
Will be found that 14 children in the theft was identified as affectionless psychopaths, 12 of those had experience prolonged separation in their first two years of life where is only 5 of the 30 other children were not classed as affectionless psychopaths had experienced separation.
in the control group only two had experience prolonged separations and none of them were affecting the psychopaths.
99
How is bowlby's maternal deprivation supported by Harlow's research with monkeys?
Because Harlow show that monkeys who spent their lives in isolation from their mothers suffered emotional and social problems in older ages, these monkeys never formed a privatised attachment and a such grew up to be aggressive.
100
What kind of real life applications have been made due to bowlby's theory? (4)
In orphanages they now have to take account of emotional needs,
In Foster homes foster children have to be kept in a stable home rather than being moved around,
In maternity unit mothers are now allowed to spend more time with their babies,
And if they have a sick child the visiting hours in hospital have been extended parents can stay overnight if they wish.
101
How did Rutter criticise bowlby's theory of maternal deprivation?
He said that he did not distinguish between deprivation and privation the complete lack of an attachment Bond, rather than it's loss. Rutter stressed that the quality of the attachment Bond is more important than just deprivation in the critical period.
102
whose study support his claim that it is a disruption of the attachment Bond rather than the physical separation? And outline their study.
His claim is supported by our radke yarrow (1985) who found that 52% of children whose mother's suffered with depression or insecurely attached this figure is the 80% one has occurred in the context of poverty.
103
How does radke yarrows study show the influence of social factors that bowlby did not take into account?
booby did not take into account the quality of the substitute care, deprivation can be avoided if there was a good enough emotional Care after separation.
104
Who's study shows that the effects of deprivation can be reversed in opposition to bowlby's theory?
Hodges and tizard research on institutional care showed that the effects of deprivation could be repaired if enough emotional care was given after separation.
105
Outline in short the procedure of rivers study into Romanian orphans.
Rutter 1998 studied Romanian orphans being placed in orphanage aged 1 to 2 weeks, with minimal adult contact. this was a longitudinal study and a natural experiment using a group of around 100 Romanian orphans and assessed at ages for 4, 6 and 11 and reassessed at 21 years later.
58 we're dopted before 6 months old and 59 between ages of 6 to 24 months old 48 babies were adopted late between 2 and 4 years old these were the conditions used for rutters study.
106
Outline the findings of rutters study. (British, +- six months)
Those who were adopted by British families before six months old showed normal emotional development compared with UK children adopted the same age.
There was adopted after six months old show disinhibited attachments, (avoidant behaviour), and had problems with Peers.
107
What is the conclusion of rutters study?
Riddick included that long-term consequence may be less severe than was once thought if children have the opportunity to form attachments. When children don't form attachments, the consequences are likely to be severe.
108
How is rutters study accurate?
The study provided detailed measurements through the use of interviews and observations of the children's behaviours therefore yielding qualitative data.
109
How can the reliability of the study be weakened by the difficulty to yield information from children.
The problem is that it is not easy to find out information about institutional experienced from the child or for the child and therefore we don't know the extent of early private patient experienced by these children.
110
How could there be demand characteristics throughout rutter study.
Because brother interviewed and observed the children the workers of the institution could be showing characteristics of care much more likely than they usually would, and could also cause the children to give false information and act in false over exaggerated ways to yield attention from the world.
111
How did Bobby suggest later relationships are related to early attachment styles?
he suggested that later relationships unlikely to be a continuation of early attachment styles because the behaviour of the infants primary attachment figure promotes an internal working model for relationships ahead.
112
According to bowlby what happens when we form our primary attachment?
when forming a primary attachment we also make a mental representation of what a relationship is which we venues for all other relationships in the future.
113
According to this attachment theory how will a child with a secure attachment be when older?
A securely attached child will be more confident in interaction with friends, families and loved ones.
114
How is there considerable research support for bowlby's continuation hypothesis. (Study)
The Minnesota study 2005 full of participants from infancy to late adolescence and found continuity between area catchment and later social behaviour.
furthermore security attacks children will rated most high for social competence and with less isolated that insecurely attached children.
115
What does hartup at al 1993 show in his study in a nursery?
He showed that securely attached children were more engaged in social interactions, in contrast insecurely attached children tend to be more relying on teachers for interaction and emotional support.
116
How is the temperament hypothesis and alternate explanation for the continuity in relationships?
It suggests that an infant temperament affect the way a parent response and so may be a determining factor in infant attachment type, infant temperament may explain the issues with relationship in later life.
117
How has research into adult relationships indicated and intergenerational continuant between adults attachment types and their childrens? (Parenting)
People tend to base their parenting style on the internal working model so it catchment type tends to be passed through generations of a family.
118
Outline the research by Bailey into attachment type in adults and their children.
Bailey 2007 found that the majority of women had the same attachment classification both to their babies and their mothers.
119
How is there a continuity between early attachment styles and quality of later adult romantic relationships?
The idea is based upon internal working model when infants primary attachment forms a model for future relationships. the internal working model influences a person's expectation of relationships that affected attitudes towards them.
120
How did hazan and shaver love quiz reflect adult relationships and their reflection on early attachment style?
Hazan and shavers love quiz was an experiment conducted to collect information of participants early attachment styles and the attitudes towards loving relationships.
they found that those who were securely attached infants tend to have happy lasting relationships, however those insecurely attached found relationships difficult and usually lead to divorce.
121
How does hazan and shaver love quiz support the idea that childhood experiences have significant impact on people's attitude towards later relationships.
It shows that childhood relationships have a significant impact on people's attitude toward a later relationships as they were able to relate secure attachment the happy and lasting relationships and insecurely attached people to harder more difficult relationships.
122
How can the temperament hypothesis be an alternative explanation for the continuity in relationships?
The infant temperament affects the way a parent responds and so maybe a determining factor in infant attachment type.
The infant temperament may explain the issues with relationships in later life
123
How is the theory reductionist?
Because it assumes people that are insecurely attached as infants would have poor quality adult relationships. This is not always the case researchers have found plenty of people who have happy relationship despite having insecure attachments there for the theory might be an oversimplification.
