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psychology Miss Gilhespy > Attachment > Flashcards

Attachment Flashcards

(49 cards)

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1
Q

definition of attachment

A

strong emotional connection is formed between two individuals.
attachment is an important mile stone for infants.

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2
Q

what is psychosocial development?

A

Happens when forming relationships, interacting with others, learning to understand their feeling
vv important social milestone

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3
Q

what is attachment normally typified as

A

seeking proximity
displaying stress when separated from individual
bond not present at birth, develops with interactions between. caregiver.
security

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4
Q

what is interactional synchrony

A

baby moving bodies in rhythm with carers spoken language, turn taking.

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5
Q

what is reciprocity

A

interaction=mutual behaviour between infant and carer, producing responses from each other

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6
Q

what is mimicking

A

infants imitating facial expressions of caregiver suggesting an innate biological drive

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7
Q

other communications between infant and care giver

A

bodily contact- help form attachment in early period after birth
caregiverse- modified vocal language eg. high pitched, song like
help with communication and strengthening attachment

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8
Q

Klaus and kennel (1976)

A

compared mothers who displayed extended physical contact and mothers who only contacted their infants during feeding
1 month= greater physical contact cuddled their babies more and eye contact
1 year=effect still evident

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9
Q

Isabella et al (1989)

A

secure attachments demonstrated interactional synchrony during 1st yr

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10
Q

meltzoff and Moore (1977)

A

infants aged 2-3 weeks displayed a tendency to mimic adults indicating that mimicry is an innate ability that helps in attachment

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11
Q

did Klaus and kennels work have real life effects?

A

yes, hospitals placed mothers and babies in the same room

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12
Q

papousek et al (1991)

A

use of caregiverese is cross cultural, innate?

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13
Q

Schaffer and Emerson et al (1964) AIM

A

To find the age at which attachments start and how intense

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14
Q

Schaffer and Emerson et al (1964) METHOD

A 
60 babies from working class area in Glasgow 
observe them every 4 weeks and 1x at 18 months
interviews also conducted with mom
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15
Q

Schaffer and Emerson et al (1964) VARIABLES

A

measured through;
SEPARATION ANXIETY-did the child form an attachment
STRANGER ANXIETY-can child recognise familiar and unfamiliar ppl

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16
Q

Schaffer and Emerson et al (1964) FINDINGS

A

first specific attachment formed at 50% between 25-32 weeks

by 18 months 31% had 5 or more attachments

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17
Q

Schaffer and Emerson et al (1964) WHAT ARE THE 4 STAGES OF HUMAN ATTACHMENTS

A

asocial
indiscriminate attachment
specific attachment
multiple attachment

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18
Q

Schaffer and Emerson et al (1964) EVALUATION

A

babies observed in natural environment (high ecological validity)
data collected by mother could have been prone to bias
large individual differences when attachments formed adding uncertainty

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19
Q

what is ASOCIAL?

A 
0-6 weeks
short lived
attention seeking behaviour eg:crying
NOT DIRECTED AT ANYONE IN PARTICULAR
attachments could be made with anyone
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20
Q

what is INDISCRIMINATE ATTACHMENT?

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A

6 weeks-7 months
Childs seeks attention from anyone and is happy to receive attention from anyone
preferences shown to familiar faces

21
Q

what is SPECIFIC ATTACHMENT?

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A 
7-11 months
primarily attached to main caregiver
separated child distressed
child wary of strangers 
linked to strange situation
22
Q

what is MULTIPLE ATTACHMENTS?

Study These Flashcards
A

after primary attachments infants go on to make multiple attachments
vary in strength
no thought to be a limit on attachments

23
Q

are multiple attachments formed for different purposes?

Study These Flashcards
A

yes, for example mother: loving care and father for exciting unpredictable play

24
Q

what did Bowlby believe about about multiple attachments?

Study These Flashcards
A

children had 1 primary attachment and others formed after were less important

25
what did Rutter believe about multiple attachment?
proposed a model that stated that all attachments are equal
26
why do children have multiple attachments?
there is an evolutionary advantage for example if a child loses an attachment figure there are others to take its place.
27
can males develop sensitive responsiveness like mothers?
yes
28
explain degree of sensitivity relating to fathers
fathers sensitive to there Childs needs develop more secure attachments
29
explain single-parent fathers relating to father-chid dynamic
tend to form similar attachments with children as they had with there own children
30
explain marital intimacy relating to father-child dynamic
type of attachment father develops relates to level of intimacy with partners
31
explain supportive co-parenting relating to father-child dynamic
level of support a father gives his partner looking after the children affects the attachment.
32
Geiger (1996)
way fathers play with children is more pleasurable than mothers supporting the idea of dads being playmates
33
Lamb (1987)
children interact with dads when in a positive mental state concluding they make bad primary figures
34
Hardy (1999)
fathers are less likely to detect infant distress concluding they make bad primary figures
35
Lamb (1997)
once dad is main care giver he develops sensitivity towards child needs therefore sensitive responsiveness isn't innate and not just women have it
36
Belsky et al (2009)
secure martial intimacy is linked to how secure a father infant attachment is
37
father attachment implications
secure attachment= good relationships with peers less behavioural difficulties able to regulate emotions without father= do worse at school, higher levels of risk taking and aggression .
38
pederson (1979)
ARGUES outcomes may be because of socio-economic background as research is focused on single mothers and poorer families evidence stated fathers are just as capable at sensitive responsiveness as mothers
39
Learning theory suggests attachment happens because...
infant associates the caregiver with food (cupboard love)
40
what are the two types of learning theory?
classical conditioning | operant conditioning
41
what is classical conditioning?
happens when a response produced naturally by stimulus becomes associated with another stimulus not normally associated with that particular response.
42
what is operant conditioning?
operant conditioning states that where any action with a pleasurable outcome is repeated, the behaviour will also be repeated.
43
Dollard and Miller (1950)
babies are fed averagely 2,000 times, this gives the opportunity for the carer to become associated with the removal of the unpleasant feeling of hunger.
44
Schaffer and Emerson (1964)
found that 39% of cases that the mother was not the main attachment figure therefore this doubts the learning theory saying that food was not the primary explanation for attachment
45
evaluation of learning theory
conditioning can explain simple behaviour but not things like attachments. attachments that are made with other people suggesting that learning theory provides an bad explanation.
46
was Bowlbys mono tropic theory influenced by animals?
yes, such as Lorenz and Harlow. he concluded emotional bonds are evolutionary.
47
when were attachment bonds developed?
Stone Age and plies tone because of constant threat from predators evolved to make sure offspring remain close to care givers
48
what are social releases?
infants are genetically programmed to behave in particular ways. this increases survival. infants developed innate species-specific behaviours making sure they are cared for and protected "CUTE" behaviour
49
what do social releases include?
crying: attention looking/smiling/vocalising: maintain interest in carers following and clinging: physical proximity

psychology Miss Gilhespy (7 decks)

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