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Attachment AO1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is an attachment?

A

An emotional long-lasting bond between an infant and their caregiver

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2
Q

What is reciprocity?

A

When an infant imitates or responds to their caregiver’s action

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3
Q

What is interactional synchrony?

A

When an infant and their caregiver act simultaneously in an interaction

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4
Q

What are Schaffer’s 4 stages of attachment and how long do they last?

A
  • Pre-attachment (0-6 weeks)
  • Indiscriminate attachment (6 weeks - 7 months)
  • Discriminate attachment (7-9 months)
  • Multiple attachment (9+ months)
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5
Q

What are the characteristics of the pre-attachment stage?

A
  • Doesn’t differentiate between humans and objects
  • No preference
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6
Q

What are the characteristics of the indiscriminate attachment stage?

A
  • Can tell the difference between humans and objects
  • Identifies familiar to unfamiliar people
  • No separation or stranger anxiety
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7
Q

What are the characteristics of the discriminate attachment stage?

A
  • Strong attachment to primary caregiver
  • Starts to develop separation and stranger anxiety
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8
Q

What are the characteristics of the multiple attachment stage?

A
  • Infant forms other attachments
  • Stranger anxiety decreases
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9
Q

Describe Schaffer and Emerson’s study.

A
  • Longitudinal study
  • 60 Glaswegian infants and mothers
  • Observed monthly for a year and a final visit at 18 months
  • Observed for separation and stranger anxiety
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10
Q

Who studied imprinting?

A

Lorenz

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11
Q

Describe Lorenz’s study and results.

A
  • Goslings eggs split into two groups
  • One group with mother other was incubated
  • Lorenz found that the goslings that were incubated imprinted onto him
  • Critical period of around 25 hours
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12
Q

Describe Harlow’s study into the learning theory of attachment and their results.

A
  • Reeses monkeys
  • Wire mother and cloth mother
  • When Harlow would scare the monkeys they would go to the cloth mother
  • Monkeys spent 17-18 hours with the cloth mother and >1 hour with the wire mother
  • Monkeys without a cloth mother suffered lifelong problems
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13
Q

What was the conclusion of Harlow’s study?

A

Animals attachment is based on comfort over feeding

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14
Q

What is the Learning Theory of attachment?

A

All behaviours are acquired through experience via association. Infants form attachments with their mother because they associate their caregiver with feeding.

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15
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

Classical conditioning is the process of turning a neutral stimulus into a conditioned stimulus through association with an unconditioned stimulus.

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16
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

Operant conditioning is learning through reinforcement and punishment

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17
Q

What is the main study support for classical conditioning? (2)

A

Pavlov’s dogs and Little Albert

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18
Q

Describe Pavlov’s experiment.

A
  • The dog would salivate (UCR) at food (UCS)
  • A bell (NS) would ring before given the food (UCS) and the dog would salivate (UCR)
  • The bell (CS) would ring and the dog would salivate (CR)
19
Q

What is positive and negative reinforcement?

A

Positive reinforcement: desirable behaviour results in a reward
Negative reinforcement: desirable behaviour results in a negative consequence being taken away

20
Q

Describe Skinner’s rats experiment.

A
  • Rat in a box
  • Lever in the box
  • Rat pushes lever to receive food
  • The rat learns that pushing the lever results in food (positive reinforcement)
21
Q

Who developed the Strange Situation?

A

Mary Ainsworth

22
Q

What are the 8 stages of the Strange Situation?

A
  • Baby + Mother
  • Baby + Mother + Stranger
  • Baby + Stranger
  • Baby + Mother + Stranger
  • Baby + Mother
  • Baby
  • Baby + Stranger
  • Baby + Mother
23
Q

What are the 3 types of attachment?

A

Type A: insecure-avoidant
Type B: secure
Type C: insecure-resistant

24
Q

Characteristics of each attachment type in the strange situation.

A

A: willing to explore, no stranger/separation anxiety, avoid contact after reunion
B: keen to explore, high stranger/ separation anxiety, enthusiastic at reunion
C: unwilling to explore, high stranger/ separation anxiety, reject contact at reunion

25
Define individualistic and collectivist cultures.
Individualistic: emphasises independence and individual success (UK, USA) Collectivist: emphasis on family success (Israel, Japan)
26
Describe Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s study.
- Meta-analysis of 32 studies in 8 countries - Type B was the modal - Type A was most common in Germany - Type C was most common is Israel
27
What is Monotropy?
Infants only form one main attachment with their main caregiver
28
What is the internal working model?
A template of expectations for how future relationships work based on attachment with caregiver
29
What are social releasers?
Actions from infants which cause caregivers to act on their needs. (smiling, crying)
30
What is the sensitive and critical period?
Sensitive period: a period of around 6 months where attachment become more difficult to form afterwards Critical period: a time period where a biological process must take place otherwise it will never form
31
What is maternal deprivation?
The long-term separation from their main caregiver (whom Bowlby stated was mainly the mother)
32
2 main consequences of maternal deprivation.
- Lack of intellectual development - Lack of emotional development
33
Describe Bowlby’s 44 thieves study.
- 2 groups of 44 children (one group were thieves while the other was not) - clinical interviews and psychological assessments for the children
34
Describe the results of Bowlby’s 44 thieves study.
- The delinquent group had >1/2 experiences prolonged maternal separation - 14 had affectionless psychopathy - All the affectionless psychos had experienced prolonged separation
35
Define Institutionalisation
The effects of living in an institutional setting
36
Describe Rutter’s English and Romanian Adoptee study and the results.
- 165 Romanian orphans were adopted in Britain and 52 British orphans - Physical and emotional assessments at age 4, 6, 11, 15 - Adopted before 6 months: 102 IQ - Adopted between 6 months and 2 years: 86 IQ, disinhibited attachment - Adopted after 2 years: 77 IQ, disinhibited attachment
37
Define disinhibited attachment.
Equally friendly to familiar and unfamiliar people, result of living to multiple caregivers
38
Describe The Bucharest Early Intervention Project and the results. (and Psychologists name)
Zeanah et al - Assessed attachment in 95 children aged 12-31 months (spent 90% of time in institutions) - Control group of 50 - Using strange situation - 74% of control group were securely attached - 19% of institutionalised children were securely attached - 65% disorganised attachment
39
Explain each attachment type in terms of future behaviour in relationships.
Secure: positive friendships, stable, trustworthy and loyal, values communication Insecure-avoidant: left out, often bullied, struggles in relationships, emotionally unavailable Insecure-resistant: craves attention, bullies, clingy and jealous, often abused or abusers
40
Evidence for relationships in later childhood.
Myron-Wilson and Smith - 196 children aged 7-11 - Questionaires - Insecure-avoidant tended to be bully victims - Insecure-resistant tended to be bullies
41
Evidence for relationships in adulthood with romantic partners.
Hanzan and Shaver - 620 replies to a “love quiz” - 3 sections: current or important relationship, general live experiences, attachment type - 56% secure, 25% insecure-avoidant, 19% insecure-resistant - Secure had longer lasting relationships - Insecure were jealous and had a fear of intimacy
42
Evidence for relationships in adulthood as a parent.
Bailey et al - 99 mothers and babies - majority of women shared their attachment type with their babies as with their own mothers
43
Describe Grossman’s study into the role of the father.
- Longitudinal study - 44 families - Father’s studies were linked with their own internal working model - Play sensitivity was the main predictor for child’s long-term attachment
44
Describe Field’s study.
- Compared primary caretaker mothers with primary and secondary caretaker fathers - Primary caretaker fathers showed more sensitive responsiveness than secondary caretaker fathers

Psychology (10 decks)

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