Memory AO1

Question 1

Who investigated digit span?

Answer 1

Jacobs

Question 2

What were the results of Jacobs’ digit span experiment?

Answer 2

STM can hold on average: 9 numbers or 7 letters

Question 3

What did Miller discover?

Answer 3

Chunking allows the STM to hold more information at a time

Question 4

What did Baddeley et al do? (capacity of STM)

Answer 4

Found that people could remember as many words as they could say in 2 seconds

Question 5

Who tested the duration of LTM?

Answer 5

Bahrick

Question 6

What did Bahrick do?

Answer 6

Asked 392 graduates to match names to faces in their yearbook
He found a 90% accuracy to memory recognition after 14 years and a 60% memory recognition after 47 years

Question 7

Who discovered the multi-store model of memory (MSM)?

Answer 7

Atkinson and Shiffrin

Question 8

Who discovered the primacy and recency effect?

Answer 8

Glanzer and Cuntiz

Question 9

Who discovered the working memory model (WMM)?

Answer 9

Baddeley and Hitch

Question 10

Name the 3 slave systems.

Answer 10

Visuospacial sketchpad, Episodic Buffer, Phonological loop

Question 11

What is the main function of the central executive?

Answer 11

Allocates attention to each slave system

Question 12

What are the 2 sub-sections of the phonological loop?

Answer 12

Phonological store and Articulatory process

Question 13

What is the visuospacial sketchpad broken up into and what do they do?

Answer 13

Inner scribe - holds spacial information
Visual cache - holds visual information

Question 14

What does the episodic buffer do?

Answer 14

It holds general information from the senses to create memories

Question 15

Who tested the dual task technique?

Answer 15

Baddeley and Hitch

Question 16

Who discovered the types of LTM?

Answer 16

Tulving

Question 17

What are the 3 types of LTM and their functions?

Answer 17

Episodic - holds personal memories
Semantic - holds facts and general knowledge
Procedural - muscle memory

Question 18

What is interference?

Answer 18

When one memory disturbs the ability to recall another similar one

Question 19

What is proactive interference?

Answer 19

When an old memory interferes with a newer one

Question 20

What is retroactive interference?

Answer 20

When a new memory interferes with an older one

Question 21

What is retrieval failure?

Answer 21

When information is in the LTM but cannot be accessed

Question 22

What are the 2 types of cues?

Answer 22

Context cues - external cues in our environment
State cues - internal cues like out mood and physiological state

Question 23

What is the Encoding Specificity Principle?

Answer 23

States that a cue should be present at time of learning (when the information was encoded) and retrieval

Question 24

What are the 3 factors affecting eye witness testimony (EWT)?

Answer 24

Misleading information
Post-event discussion
Anxiety

Question 25

Who investigated misleading questions on EWT?

Answer 25

Loftus and Palmer

Question 26

Describe Loftus' and Palmer's first experiment.

Answer 26

- 45 students shown 7 car accidents - They answered a questionnaire - Critical question: "How fast were the cars going when they _____________ each other?" - 5 verbs: contacted, hit, bumped, collided and smashed

Question 27

What were the results of Loftus' and Palmer's first experiment?

Answer 27

Participants who had the verb contacted estimated the lowest speed Participants who had the verb smashed estimated the highest speed

Question 28

Describe Loftus' and Palmer's second experiment.

Answer 28

- 150 students shown a multi-car accident - 3 groups: Group 1: "How fast were the cars going when they hit each other?" Group 2: "How fast were the cars going when they smashed into each other?" Group 3: control group - no question - A week later they were asked " Did you see any broken glass?"

Question 29

What were the results of Loftus' and Palmer's second experiment?

Answer 29

The control group and "hit" group had similar responses (43-44 said no) whereas the "smash" group had more yes responses (34 said no)

Question 30

What is the cognitive interview?

Answer 30

An interviewing technique designed to increase memory accuracy

Question 31

Who created the cognitive interview?

Answer 31

Fisher and Geiselman

Question 32

Name the 4 features of the cognitive interview and explain them.

Answer 32

Mental reinstatement - describe thoughts, feeling and experiences (to generate cues) Change in perspective - recall the events from a different perspective (prevent preconceived ideas) Change in narrative order - recall the events in a different chronological order (to disrupt the effect of schemas) Report everything - describe everything that happened even if its irrelevant

Question 33

What is the enhanced cognitive interview?

Answer 33

An adapted version of the cognitive interview less understanding interviewees (such as children)