Attachment paper1 Flashcards
(119 cards)
1
Q
What are cultural variations in attachment?
A
The difference in norms and values that exist between people in different groups.
2
Q
What is a meta-analysis?
A
Where researchers combine the findings from multiple studies to draw an overall conclusion.
3
Q
How do child-rearing practices impact attachment types?
A
They vary across different cultures and may influence the proportions of different attachment types in different countries.
4
Q
What did Reebye et al. (2014) find about insecure-avoidant attachment in Britain?
A
It is seen as a weak attachment and viewed negatively.
5
Q
How is insecure-avoidant attachment viewed in Germany?
A
It is viewed as desirable as it promotes independence.
6
Q
What was the aim of van ljzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s (1988) research?
A
To assess similarities and differences in the amount of Type A, B, and C classifications across countries, and assess inter- and intra-cultural differences in attachment types.
7
Q
How many studies were included in van ljzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s meta-analysis?
A
32 studies from 8 countries.
8
Q
What methodology was used in van ljzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s research?
A
All studies used the Strange Situation to assess attachment.
9
Q
What was the total number of infants involved in the meta-analysis?
A
1,990 results from infants.
10
Q
What was the most common classification of attachment type found in all countries?
A
Secure attachment.
11
Q
What was the range of secure attachment proportions in different countries?
A
From 75% in Britain to 50% in China.
12
Q
Fill in the blank: The percentage of secure attachment in the USA was _______.
A
65%.
13
Q
Fill in the blank: The percentage of avoidant attachment in Germany was _______.
A
22%.
14
Q
True or False: The proportions of attachment types were consistent across all studies.
A
False.
15
Q
List the countries included in the meta-analysis by van ljzendoorn and Kroonenberg.
A
- USA
- UK
- Holland
- Germany
- Japan
- China
- Israel
- Sweden
16
Q
What is the main finding regarding attachment types across cultures?
A
The overall pattern of attachment types was similar to what Ainsworth found
This indicates that while there are variations, core attachment styles are consistent across cultures.
17
Q
What percentage of infants were securely attached in the US according to one study?
A
46%
This highlights significant variation in attachment security among different studies within the same country.
18
Q
What was the sample size in van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s meta-analysis?
A
Nearly 2000 babies
A large sample size increases generalizability and internal validity.
19
Q
What cultural variations were observed in attachment types according to the meta-analysis?
A
Insecure-avoidant attachments were highest in Germany at 35%
Other countries varied between 5% and 26%.
20
Q
What did van Ijzendoorn and Sagi (2001) find regarding attachment types in Tokyo?
A
A similar distribution of attachment types to Western studies
This indicates consistency in attachment styles even in urban settings.
21
Q
True or False: The findings suggest more variation within cultures than between them.
A
True
This challenges the notion that cultural comparisons are straightforward.
22
Q
Fill in the blank: The Strange Situation procedure is considered _______.
A
[culturally biased]
It reflects Western cultural norms and may not accurately assess attachment in other cultures.
23
Q
What ethical concerns are associated with van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s meta-analysis?
A
Little ethical concerns
The Strange Situation is generally considered ethically acceptable with minimal risk to children.
24
Q
What does the variation in insecure-avoidant attachment perception between Britain and Germany suggest?
A
Cultural differences in child-rearing practices
In Britain, it’s viewed negatively, while in Germany, it’s seen as promoting independence.
25
What is the conclusion regarding cultural practices and attachment classifications?
Cultural variation studies may not be comparing cultures accurately
## Footnote
Misclassification can occur if the assessment tools are culturally biased.
26
What is a key limitation of the Strange Situation in cross-cultural studies?
It may misclassify attachment types due to cultural biases
## Footnote
For example, it does not account for communal child-rearing practices.
27
What study did Simonella et al. (2014) conduct?
A study in Italy assessing attachment types in infants using the Strange Situation
28
What percentage of infants were classified as secure in Simonella et al.'s study?
50%
29
What percentage of infants were classified as insecure-avoidant in Simonella et al.'s study?
36%
30
How do the attachment rates found by Simonella et al. compare to previous studies?
Lower rate of secure attachment and higher rate of insecure-avoidant attachment
31
What reason did Simonella et al. suggest for the variation in attachment types?
Increasing number of mothers working long hours and using professional childcare
32
What does the research by Simonella et al. suggest about attachment patterns?
They vary in line with cultural change
33
What was the purpose of Jin et al.'s 2012 study?
To compare attachment types in Korea to other studies
34
How many children were assessed in Jin et al.'s study using the Strange Situation?
87 children
35
What was the overall finding regarding secure and insecure attachment in Jin et al.'s study?
Similar proportions to most countries, with most infants securely attached
36
What unique distribution of insecure attachment types was found in Jin et al.'s study?
More resistant and only one avoidant attachment
37
How does the attachment style in Korea compare to Japan according to Jin et al.?
Similar distribution of attachment types
38
What cultural factor did Jin et al. conclude influences attachment styles in Korea?
Cultural caregiving practices emphasizing emotional closeness and responsiveness
39
What issue is raised regarding cultural variations in attachment?
Similarities may not be innately determined
40
What do van ljzendoorn and Kroonenberg suggest may explain cultural similarities in attachment?
Influence of media on parenting ideas
41
What evidence do Posada and Jacobs (2011) provide regarding attachment?
Maternal sensitivity leads to secure attachment across cultures
42
Which countries support the idea that maternal sensitivity leads to secure attachment?
China, Colombia, and Germany
43
What is the significance of cross-cultural research in attachment according to Posada and Jacobs?
Development of universal principles of attachment
44
Fill in the blank: The expression of maternal sensitivity may vary across cultures, but the _______ concepts are the same.
core
45
What is a limitation of cross-cultural research in attachment studies?
The impact of confounding variables on findings
## Footnote
Different methodologies in studies conducted in various countries can lead to misleading conclusions.
46
What factors may affect the exploration behavior of infants in attachment studies?
Room size and availability of toys
## Footnote
Smaller rooms with attractive toys may encourage more exploration compared to larger, bare rooms.
47
Why might infants appear insecure-resistant in certain studies?
Lack of toys leading to non-exploration
## Footnote
Infants not exploring due to environmental factors may be misclassified in attachment types.
48
What did Malin (1997) find regarding Aboriginal children in Australia?
Discouraged from exploring by threats and distractions
## Footnote
This leads to incorrect labeling as insecurely attached due to their proximity to mothers.
49
What implication does Malin's finding have on Ainsworth's attachment types?
They may not be generalizable to all cultures
## Footnote
Different cultures may require unique classification systems for attachment behaviors.
50
What did Rogoff (2003) discover about Black American families and child-rearing?
Infants are encouraged to be friendly to strangers
## Footnote
This cultural practice could affect attachment behavior in structured assessments like the Strange Situation.
51
What does the Strange Situation mean in different cultures?
It has different meanings based on cultural context
## Footnote
Psychologists need to consider child-rearing practices to interpret attachment findings accurately.
52
What is an advantage of including indigenous researchers in cross-cultural attachment studies?
Avoids misinterpretation of language and communication barriers
## Footnote
Indigenous researchers can enhance the validity of research findings by understanding cultural nuances.
53
Which researchers included studies from German and Japanese teams?
van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg
## Footnote
Their inclusion of local researchers helps improve the quality of cross-cultural research.
54
True or False: Cultural variations in attachment types support Ainsworth's original classifications.
False
## Footnote
Cultural practices may contradict Ainsworth's attachment classifications, indicating a need for alternative frameworks.
55
What does the term 'monotropy' refer to in Bowlby's Monotropic Theory?
The idea that infants have an inbuilt tendency to make an initial attachment with one attachment figure, usually the mother.
56
Define 'innate' as used in the context of attachment theory.
A behaviour that is instinctive and does not need to be learned.
57
What is an 'internal working model' in attachment theory?
A mental representation that is used as a template for future relationships based on an infant's primary attachment.
58
What are 'social releasers'?
Innate behaviours shown by an infant that cause a caregiving response (e.g., cooing).
59
What is the 'critical period' for attachment formation?
A specific time period within which an attachment must form, if it is to form at all.
60
Define 'sensitive period' in attachment theory.
The best time for attachments to form. They can still form outside of this period but with more difficulty.
61
True or False: Bowlby accepted the learning theory of attachment.
False
62
What did Bowlby propose as the reason for the evolution of attachment?
Attachment is an innate system that gives a survival advantage.
63
How does Bowlby explain the role of attachment in the survival of young animals?
Imprinting and attachment ensure that young animals stay close to their caregivers, protecting them from hazards and threats.
64
What is the significance of social releasers according to Bowlby?
They encourage attention from adults and activate adult attachment systems, helping to form the attachment.
65
Fill in the blank: The evolutionary explanation of attachment suggests that attachments evolved through ________ to ensure that human offspring stayed close to caregivers.
natural selection
66
What are examples of innate behaviours that act as social releasers?
* Smiling
* Cooing
* Gripping
67
Explain the reciprocal process of attachment according to Bowlby.
Both mother and baby have an innate predisposition to become attached, with social releasers triggering responses in caregivers.
68
What is the critical period in Bowlby's attachment theory?
The time within which an attachment must form if it is to form at all, originally proposed as around 6 months.
69
What does Bowlby mean by the sensitive period for attachment?
The time up to 30 months during which a child is maximally sensitive to developing an attachment.
70
Define monotropic in the context of Bowlby's theory.
Monotropic refers to the idea that one attachment is central to a child's development and is different from all others.
71
Who does Bowlby refer to as the primary attachment figure?
Bowlby referred to this figure as the 'mother', but it need not be the biological mother.
72
What is the law of continuity according to Bowlby?
The principle that the more constant and predictable a child's care, the better the quality of attachment.
73
What is the law of accumulated separation?
The principle that the impact of every separation from the mother figure adds up.
74
What is the internal working model in attachment theory?
A mental representation of a child's relationship with their primary attachment figure that serves as a template for future relationships.
75
How do internal working models influence adult relationships?
They guide future expectations about relationships based on early attachment experiences.
76
Fill in the blank: Bowlby's internal working models can be thought of as _______.
[blueprints]
77
What is the effect of a loving relationship with a reliable caregiver on a child's expectations?
The child will tend to form the expectation that all relationships are like this.
78
What happens when a child's first relationship involves poor treatment?
The child will tend to form negative expectations about future relationships.
79
What does the internal working model impact?
The child's later ability to be a parent
## Footnote
People base their parenting behavior on their own experiences of being parented.
80
What is monotropy in attachment theory?
The idea that there is one specific attachment that is more unique and special than all others
## Footnote
This concept is questioned by studies showing multiple attachments can form simultaneously.
81
What did Schaffer and Emerson's (1964) study demonstrate?
A significant minority of children can form multiple attachments at the same time
## Footnote
This finding challenges Bowlby's monotropic theory.
82
What is the significance of the first attachment according to the text?
It's unclear whether it is unique or just stronger than other attachments
## Footnote
Studies show attachment to the mother is often more important in predicting later behavior.
83
What role do social releasers play in attachment?
They initiate social interaction and are important for the infant
## Footnote
Observations by Brazelton et al. (1975) showed babies triggered interactions using social releasers.
84
What did Brazelton et al. (1975) find regarding babies and social releasers?
Babies showed distress when ignored, indicating social releasers are vital for eliciting caregiving responses
## Footnote
Babies curled up and lay motionless when ignored, highlighting their need for interaction.
85
What did Bailey et al. (2007) find about attachment across generations?
Mothers with poor attachments to their own mothers were more likely to have poorly attached babies
## Footnote
This supports the idea of an internal working model being passed through families.
86
What do temperament researchers argue about social behavior?
An infant's genetic makeup influences social behavior more than attachment experiences
## Footnote
This challenges attachment theory, suggesting an alternative explanation for attachment observations.
87
True or False: Temperament alone fully explains caregiver-infant interactions.
False
## Footnote
Both temperament and attachment are important in forming strong attachments.
88
What is the law of accumulated separation?
Having substantial time away from a primary attachment figure risks a poor-quality attachment that will disadvantage the child later in life.
89
Who suggested that the law of accumulated separation places a burden on mothers?
Burman (1994) and other feminists.
90
What does the approach of monotropy assume about a mother's presence?
It assumes that a mother's presence is the most important factor in ensuring healthy child development.
91
What are some benefits that the monotropy approach disregards?
* Professional fulfilment
* Financial independence
* Broader familial and societal support structures
92
What influence did Bowlby's work have on societal views of motherhood?
It became more common to recognize that children's wellbeing is closely tied to their relationship with their mother.
93
What was the impact of Bowlby's work on legal decisions regarding custody?
It influenced legal decisions in favor of maternal custody in many cases.
94
What did Lamb et al. (1982) study about infant attachments?
They studied the attachments infants had with people like fathers, grandparents, and siblings.
95
What did Lamb et al. (1982) find about how infants treat attachments?
Infants do not treat attachments as a hierarchy.
96
Fill in the blank: According to Lamb et al. (1982), infants go to fathers for _______ and mothers for _______.
* Play
* Comfort
97
True or False: Bowlby's idea of monotropy suggests that infants have multiple primary attachment figures.
False
98
What was a societal view of mothers before Bowlby's work?
Mothers were not regarded as necessary, and many divorces were settled in favor of the father.
99
What is a criticism of the monotropy concept?
It places the blame on mothers for any negative outcomes in a child's life.
100
What is attachment?
Attachment is an emotional tie or bond between two people.
## Footnote
The relationship is shared, meaning it is two-way.
101
Define caregiver-infant interaction.
Caregiver-infant interaction is reciprocal, where both infant and caregiver respond to each other's signals and elicit a response from the other.
## Footnote
This interaction reflects both actions and emotions in a coordinated way.
102
What behaviors indicate the development of attachment in humans?
Attachment can be recognized by the following behaviors:
* Proximity seeking
* Separation distress
* Secure-base behavior
103
What is reciprocity in the context of caregiver-infant interactions?
Reciprocity is the mutual exchanges between caregivers and infants that encourage and maintain attachment bonds.
## Footnote
It involves both parties responding to each other's signals.
104
How does attachment develop and maintain?
The attachment bond develops and is maintained due to interactions between infants and their caregivers.
## Footnote
Communication can occur through reciprocity and interactional synchrony.
105
What is interactional synchrony?
Interactional synchrony refers to the coordinated way in which caregiver and infant reflect both the actions and emotions of the other.
## Footnote
It is a key component of caregiver-infant interactions.
106
At what age do caregiver-infant interactions tend to become more frequent?
From around 3 months.
## Footnote
This involves close attention to each other's verbal signals and facial expressions.
107
What analogy did Brazelton use to describe reciprocity?
Brazelton likened reciprocity to a dance where each partner responds to the other's 'moves'.
108
True or False: Infants can communicate with caregivers before they can talk.
True.
## Footnote
Communication occurs in various ways, including through facial expressions and movements.
109
Fill in the blank: The emotional tie or bond between two people is known as _______.
[attachment]
110
What are the key functions of caregiver-infant interactions?
These interactions are thought to have important functions for the child's social development.
111
What is the definition of maternal deprivation theory?
An explanation of the emotional and intellectual consequences of disrupting attachment bonds that sees serious, permanent damage to children's development.
## Footnote
Maternal deprivation theory was proposed by John Bowlby to explain the effects of separation from the primary caregiver.
112
What is the difference between separation and deprivation?
Separation consists of brief, temporary absence of a primary attachment figure; deprivation is a lengthy or permanent absence of an attachment figure.
## Footnote
Examples of separation include daycare or babysitting, while deprivation may occur due to divorce, death, or imprisonment.
113
What does Bowlby mean by 'critical period'?
A specific time within which an attachment must form if it is to form at all.
## Footnote
Bowlby identified the first 30 months as crucial for psychological development.
114
What is 'affectionless psychopathy'?
A term used by Bowlby to describe people who do not show concern or affection for other people and show no, or very little, remorse or guilt.
## Footnote
This condition can result from maternal deprivation.
115
What did Bowlby propose regarding continuous care from a mother?
Continuous care from a mother was essential for normal psychological development and prolonged separation causes serious damage to the child's emotional and intellectual development.
## Footnote
This highlights the importance of maternal attachment in early childhood.
116
What did Bowlby believe about the risk of psychological damage after the age of 5?
There was a continuing risk up to the age of 5, but the first 30 months were seen as the most critical.
## Footnote
Prolonged separation during this time, without suitable care, was believed to lead to inevitable psychological damage.
117
Fill in the blank: Deprivation is a lengthy or permanent absence of an _______.
attachment figure.
## Footnote
This absence can be due to various circumstances, including divorce or parental death.
118
What did Bifulco et al. (1992) find regarding women who experienced maternal loss?
25% of women experienced depression or an anxiety disorder, compared with 15% who had no such experience.
## Footnote
The study highlighted the greater mental health problems in those whose loss occurred before the age of six, supporting Bowlby's critical period.
119
