Attatchment

Question 1

``Reciprocity

Answer 1

Two way process achieved when a care giver and infant respond to and produce responses from eachother, almost like a conversation

Question 2

Example of reciprocity

Answer 2

Mum makes a silly face and baby smiles/giggles in response

Question 3

Interaction synchrony

Answer 3

Caregiver and infant mirror each others emotions and actions in a synchronised way

Question 4

Attachments

Answer 4

Strong emotional bond usually between infant and caregiver

Question 5

Caregiver

Answer 5

Provides care for a child

Question 6

Infancy

Answer 6

Period before a child’s speech begins

Question 7

When does reciprocity increase in infants

Answer 7

3 months

Question 8

Example of interaction synchrony

Answer 8

Mum sticks out tongue, baby sticks out tongue

Question 9

Supporting evidence to interaction synchrony 1977

Answer 9

Meltzoff and Moore 1977 - adult made face at 2/3 week old baby, recorded response, found strong association between adult face and expression in infant

Question 10

Supporting evidence to interaction synchrony 1989

Answer 10

Isabella et al 1989 - 30 mothers and infants assessed synchrony and quality of attachemnt. Found high attachment = high synchrony

Question 11

Limitations of interaction synchrony experiments (3)

Answer 11

1. Babies can’t communicate = make inferences/cannot give consent
2. Socially sensitive - bias/sexist steryo
3. Ecological validity - unnatural lab setting/observed

Question 12

Strengths of interaction synchrony experiments (3)

Answer 12

1. Supporting evidence - Tronick et al 1975, still face experiment. Mother and baby show reciprocity, mother turns back with a neutral face and baby panics
2. Control observations - good validity (babys don’y know they are observed)
3. Useful applications - child parent interaction therapy

Question 13

Separation anxiety

Answer 13

Distress shown by infant when separated from caregiver

Question 14

Stranger anxiety

Answer 14

Distress shown by infant when approached by someone unfamiliar

Question 15

Schaffer and Emerson’s aims for their experiment

Answer 15

1. At what age do babies form attachments
2. How strong are the attachments
3. Who are attachments formed with

Question 16

What and when is the first stages of attachment

Answer 16

Asocial - birth - 2 months. Similar response to all objects/reciprocity and interaction synchrony establish relationships

Question 17

What and when is the second stages of attachment

Answer 17

Indiscriminate attachment - 2-7 months. Preference to people but no strong preference

Question 18

What and when is the third stages of attachment

Answer 18

Specific attachment - 7-12 months. Show separation anxiety to 1 adult (65% mother), show attachment with primary attachment figure (who shows most reciprocity)

Question 19

What and when is the fourth (final) stages of attachment

Answer 19

Multiple attachments - 1 year + Form more attachments ‘secondary attachments’

Question 20

Schaffer and Emersons study

Answer 20

1964, 60 babies from working class families in Glasgow , studied every month of their life for the first year and at 18 months and mothers asked questions about separation and stranger anxiety

Question 21

Findings for Shaffer and emmersons study

Answer 21

At 25 and 32 weeks 50% of babies showed seperation anxiety, indicated 1 specific attachment (most cases mother). Attavhment usually with the one who was most interactive (reciprocity) not necessarily who spent most time with. By 40 weeks 80% had specific attachments - 30% had multiple attachments.

Question 22

What type of observation was schaffer and emmersons

Answer 22

Naturalistic (natural environment) and overt (caregiver told to watch behaviour)

Question 23

What do you call a long study

Answer 23

Longatudinal study, allows you to see a vast range of behaviour across different stages. Same individual

Question 24

Stregnths of schaffer and emmersons research (3)

Answer 24

1. Good external validity - babies behaved naturally/done at home
2. Longitudinal study - no individual different/good internal validity
3. Practical applications - importance of baby/mother attachment (placed mothers and babies in same room after birth)

Question 25

Limitations of schaffer and emmersons study (3)

Answer 25

1. Unreliable data - mothers could hide data /less likely to report issues (social desirability) 2. Bias sample - working class mothers from Scotland and took place in 1960's so social roles have changed 3. Cultural variation - individual cultures (UK/USA) focus on own needs/intimidate family needs

Question 26

Biological factors for men not being equipped to form attachments

Answer 26

Men have testosterone (aggression) where women have oestrogen (caring/motherly). Oxytocin (love hormone/form attachments); females produce a large amount after birth

Question 27

Social factors for men not being equipped to form attachments

Answer 27

Stereotypical roles can discourage fathers from caregiver roles.

Question 28

Economic factors for men not being equipped to form attachments

Answer 28

Typically men are the breadwinners and isn't possible to stay home. Only in 2003, men where granted 2 weeks of paid paternity leave

Question 29

Men as important secondary attachments - Schaffer and Emerson

Answer 29

Babies attach with mother at 7 months, only 3% was with father. Fathers become attachment figures (75%) at 18 months

Question 30

Men as important secondary attachments - Geiger playmate role

Answer 30

1996, observed 56 homes, found interaction with father was more exciting/fun/playful whereas mother was caring and nurturing. Both important for child well being.

Question 31

Men can be primary caregivers as they demonstrate sensitive responsiveness. What is this.

Answer 31

The ability to understand the meaning of infant signals and respond to them appropriately

Question 32

Tiffany Fields experiment to support fathers as primary caregivers

Answer 32

1978, 4 month babies face to face interaction with; primary care giver mothers and fathers and secondary caregiver fathers. Primary mothers AND fathers spent more time smiling and holding the baby rather than secondary fathers.

Question 33

Limitations to the studies of the role of the father

Answer 33

1. Sexist/stereotypical views on gender roles. May impact custody, pressure women/men into certain roles.

Question 34

Strengths to the studies of the role of the father (2) - not including supporting evidence

Answer 34

1.Gender pay gap may reduce is parental roles are different 2. Changing laws in 2003 mean men get 2 weeks of paid paternity leave

Question 35

Strengths of the studies of the role of the father - supporting evidence

Answer 35

1. Frodi et al (1978) - showed a video of babies crying and there was difference in stress response between mothers and fathers 2. Gordon et al (2010) - longitudinal study to see levels of oxytocin in 160 mothers and fathers in 1st week post birth and 6 months. They found no difference 3. McConnachie et al (2020) studied adopted children to two gay dads and found no less attachment than a heterosexual couple 4. Gettler et al (2011) found mens testosterone drops when becoming a father to respond more sensitively

Question 36

Imprinting

Answer 36

The idea there is an innate readiness to form a bond with the mother than takes pace a few hours after birth/hatching.

Question 37

Procedure of Lorenz study

Answer 37

12 goose eggs. 6 hatched with mother in natural environment, 6 hatched with Lorenz in an incubator

Question 38

What type of geese where used in Lorenz study

Answer 38

12 greylag goose

Question 39

What year was Lorenz study

Answer 39

1935

Question 40

Findings from Lorenz study

Answer 40

Group 1 followed mother, 2 followed Lorenz after birth. Even when mixed up in a box the goose still separated to their 'mothers'. Suggest this was through imprinting.

Question 41

What did Lorenz say about imprinting

Answer 41

It was the first moving animal the geese saw after birth and it was irreversible and long lasting

Question 42

Critical period suggested by Lorenz

Answer 42

A period in which imprinting has to take place (time is dependent on the species). If imprinting didn't happen, no attachment would be formed to a parental figure.

Question 43

Lorenz found that early imprinting had an effect on

Answer 43

Mate preference, sexual imprinting. Animals especially birds chose to mate the same objects they imprint to.

Question 44

Strengths to Lorenz 's study

Answer 44

Supporting evidence, Guiton et al 1966, chickens imprinted on a yellow washing up glove

Question 45

Limitations to Lorenz's study (3)

Answer 45

1. Ethical issues; sperated eggs from mother, denied the opportunity to develop normal behaviour/interact sexually and socially with other geese. 2. Generalisability to humans - human attachment is more complex 3. Research contradicts - Guinton et al 1966 found imprinting could be reversed

Question 46

What was Harry Harlow's aims for his experiment

Answer 46

Understand why infants attach to their mother, for confort or for food

Question 47

What animal was used in Harlow's study

Answer 47

Rhesus monkeys

Question 48

Procedures of Harlow's experiment

Answer 48

16 monkeys taken from mother where recorded from birth in individual cages. There was a cloth mother and wire mother (provided milk) in both.

Question 49

What did Harlow record

Answer 49

Recorded time spent on each (cloth/wire mother), which the baby ran to if scared and long term effects

Question 50

Findings from Harlow's study

Answer 50

Monkeys spent more time on the cloth mother, ran to cloth mother if scared

Question 51

Conclusions from Harlow's study

Answer 51

Rhesus monkeys have an innate need for contact comfort suggesting attachment is to do with comfort and security rather than food

Question 52

The impact on the monkeys in the future where

Answer 52

More aggressive, less sociable, unskilled at mating, if mothers they neglected young/killed them, maternal deprivation had permanent consequences

Question 53

Critical period for monkeys for normal behaviour

Answer 53

90 days for an attachment with mother. After attachment was impossible and damage done by early deprivation was irreversible

Question 54

Stregnths of Harlows study

Answer 54

Real world applications - understand early attachment which has improved the care system and develop social care workers knowledge especially in child abuse cases

Question 55

Limitations of Harlows study (2)

Answer 55

1. Ethical issues - Rhesus monkeys are similar to humans so suffered the same. Cadged. Denied opportunity for normal development. Psychologically distressed and hurt. However important research (cost benifit analysis) 2. Extraneous variables - different faces on mothers (cloth mother had a more monkey like face)