Attention

Question 1

Attention

Answer 1

cognitive brain mechanisms taht allow one to process relevant thoughts or actions while ignoring the irrelivant ones

Question 2

cocktail effect

Answer 2

even with a bunch of noise in a room, we can focus our attention on one person

Question 3

dichotic listening

Answer 3

both ears recieve stimuli in synchrony and participants are asked to only attend to one channel => participants dont notice change in language but do notice changes in voice (m/f) or speech to beeps

Question 4

shadowing

Answer 4

participants repeat stimuli aloud from the attended channel and ignore the stimuli presented in the unattended channel

Question 5

early selection theory

Answer 5

selecting information is made at early processing stages => physical properties are filtered immediately and blocks semantic processing

Question 6

broadbents filter theory

Answer 6

information is filtered after a sensory buffer but before short term memory based on physical characteristics (early selection theory)

Question 7

what did Moray find?

Answer 7

high priority input in unattended ear was not always filtered out

Question 8

what did von wright find?

Answer 8

even related words that arent the same can increase GSR (anxious response)

Question 9

what did Treisman find?

Answer 9

the shadowed story changed from attended to unattended ear but participants continued shadowing the story => meaning is extracted

Question 10

what did Mackay find?

Answer 10

the unattended ear influences interpretation and bias ambiguous sentences but the message is still interpreted

Question 11

late selection theory

Answer 11

within sensory limits, all stimuli (unattended and attended) are processed to the same deep level of analysis until stimulation identification occurs => most important stimuli are selected for further processing (perception is automatic)

Question 12

Treisman Attenuation Model

Answer 12

non attended channels are not shut down but adjusted so if meaningful information in unattended channel reaches threshold levels of intensity it is selected

Question 13

how did head up display affect pilots?

Answer 13

they were more likely to crash and less likely to see another plane

Question 14

perceptual load theory

Answer 14

perception is automatic until it runs out of capacity (early or late depending on task) => amount for main task depends on perceptual load (when things are more complicated we need more attention for them)

Question 15

when does the incongruent distractor affect us more?

Answer 15

when we have a low perceptual load => late bottle neck when perceptual load is low

Question 16

when does breadbent argue the bottleneck occurs?

Answer 16

early

Question 17

when does traisman argue the bottleneck occurs?

Answer 17

early/midway

Question 18

when does deutsch and Deutsch argue the bottleneck occurs?

Answer 18

late

Question 19

when does Lavie argue the bottleneck occurs?

Answer 19

variable

Question 20

dual task interference

Answer 20

multitasking => the more resources a task draws the more interference it causes on the other tasks

Question 21

what do similar tasks share?

Answer 21

task specific limitations due to drawing on the same brain region and further interfering with one another

Question 22

when are people worse at sharing attention in tasks?

Answer 22

when tasks are similar instead of difficult

Question 23

response selection

Answer 23

finding the proper response when we percieve a sensory input => linked thorugh rules

Question 24

response selector

Answer 24

can only map one stimuli at a time => for general attention resources

Question 25

what happens when we practice multitasking?

Answer 25

interference is reduced but not eliminated

Question 26

effectiveness of multitasking depends on what 2 things?

Answer 26

task specificity and task general (including the response selector)

Question 27

interference when driving is more prevalent if?

Answer 27

we are driving and having a conversation rather than listening to the radio => conversing requires thinking

Question 28

when does interference happen more with driving conditions?

Answer 28

more in harder courses => less dual task issues when driving conditions are easy

Question 29

what does sequential processing require?

Answer 29

task switching

Question 30

patients with frontal lobe damage have a hard time doing what with tasks?

Answer 30

switching between them

Question 31

multiple demand system

Answer 31

set of frontoparietal regions involved in attention, task control, fluid intelligence, etc. => neurons are flexible

Question 32

what happens to neurons when we task switch?

Answer 32

the have to be properly configured with takes time to adapt

Question 33

independent features

Answer 33

features are coded by separate systems in the brain such as motion, location, color, orientation, etc.

Question 34

binding problem

Answer 34

how we select one object with different features and combine them together

Question 35

feature investigation theory

Answer 35

attention constructs the features after independent processing

Question 36

assumptions of feature investigation theory

Answer 36

attention is what sticks object features together, we code an object at a time on the basis of its location, we bind together whatever features are at a location

Question 37

after we see an object and move to preattentive stage, what do we do?

Answer 37

analyze the object

Question 38

after the preattentive state we move to the focused attention stage, what do we do?

Answer 38

combine features together and percieve them (perception)

Question 39

feature search

Answer 39

target item has a unique feature (1 feature)

Question 40

conjunction searth

Answer 40

we must combine features to find a target => with time restrictions we put different features from different objects together at random

Question 41

spatial attention

Answer 41

enhances the detection of events we focus on

Question 42

overt attention

Answer 42

distinct eye movements (saccades)c

Question 43

Covert attention

Answer 43

attention/mentla shifts without direct eye movement

Question 44

posner paradign

Answer 44

design for determinng covert attention => if distractors are on opposite sites, participants may covertly pay attention

Question 45

endogenous cues

Answer 45

cues presented at the center of focus where fixation crosses it => voluntary and top down in direct spotlight

Question 46

exogenous cues

Answer 46

cues presented outside the center of focus (peripheral)

Question 47

how do we know if someone uses covert attention is posners paragidm?

Answer 47

higher reaction times when shown invalid exogenous cues comapred to neutral

Question 48

hemispatial neglect

Answer 48

unilateral brain damage in the right hemisphere usually (eat from right) => left is ignored

Question 49

how to test for neglect

Answer 49

copying, spontaneous drawings, line cancellation

Question 50

cause of hemispatial neglect (usually)

Answer 50

stroke that interrupts blood flow to right parietal lobe

Question 51

hemianopia

Answer 51

deficit in part of the visual field but patients are aware and will turn their heads

Question 52

extinction

Answer 52

left object is neglected when competing stimuli are present

Question 53

visual extinction

Answer 53

neuro disorder that occurs after parietal lobe of the brain is damaged that cuases extinction

Question 54

pseudoneglect

Answer 54

tendency to be biased toward the left side of space => younger patients are left biased