Attention

Question 1

Attention

Answer 1

The process of selecting or focusing on one or more stimuli

Question 2

Overt attention

Answer 2

Occurs when focus coincides with the sensory orientation

Question 3

Covert attention

Answer 3

The focus is independent of the sensory orientation

Question 4

Cocktail party effect

Answer 4

Selective attention filters out stimuli not being attended to

Question 5

Shadowing experiments

Answer 5

Subjects must focus on just one of two or more simultaneous stimuli

Question 6

Dichotic presentation

Answer 6

Simultaneous delivery of different stimuli to left and right ears

Question 7

Inattentional blindness

Answer 7

Failure to perceive non attended visual stimuli (demonstrated by gorilla video)

Question 8

Divided-attention tasks

Answer 8

Subjects are asked to process two or more simultaneous stimuli. Show that attention is a limited resource

Question 9

Attentional spotlight

Answer 9

Shifts around the environment highlighting stimuli for processing

Question 10

Attentional bottleneck

Answer 10

Works as a filter to select on the most important stimuli for processing

Question 11

Early-selection model of attention

Answer 11

Filtering occurs at the sensory level and non attended information never reaches higher-order cognitive processes

Question 12

Late-selection model of attention

Answer 12

Filtering occurs later after substantial unconscious processing has occurred

Question 13

Best model of attention

Answer 13

Combination of both

Question 14

Perceptual load

Answer 14

The immediate processing demands presented by stimulus, determines how much of our perceptual resources are used

Question 15

Sustained-attention task

Answer 15

A single stimulus must be held in the spotlight for an extended period of time

Question 16

Voluntary attention

Answer 16

Attention is directed towards aspects of the environment according to our interests and goals (slower)

Question 17

Reflexive attention (exogenous attention)

Answer 17

Involuntary reorienting of attention toward a sudden or important event (rapid)

Question 18

Feature search

Answer 18

A search in which the target pops out right away due to a unique attribute

Question 19

Conjunction search

Answer 19

A search based on two or more feature that together distinguish the target (eg. where’s Waldo)

Question 20

Event-related potential (ERP)

Answer 20

Averaging EEG’s during several repeated trials

Question 21

Auditory attention produces a uniqe ____

Answer 21

ERP

Question 22

What do the waves look like for auditory attention

Answer 22

100-150 ms after a sound stimulus two large waves appear, a positive wave followed by a larger negative wave

Question 23

P20-50 effect

Answer 23

A positive wave early in the recording

Question 24

P3 effect

Answer 24

Occurs later in ERP and may reflect higher order processing

Question 25

Visual P1 effect

Answer 25

The appearance of a positive wave that occurs when the stimulus is a valid cue but not invalid

Question 26

Superior colliculus in attention

Answer 26

Guides movement of the eyes towards objects of attention

Question 27

Pulvinar in attention

Answer 27

Involved in orienting, shifting attention, and filtering of stimuli in visual processing

Question 28

Lateral intraparietal area

Answer 28

Crucial for endogenous attention in monkeys (intraparietal sulcus in humans)

Question 29

Frontal eye field

Answer 29

Directs gaze according to cognitive goals rather than the characteristics of the stimuli

Question 30

Event-related fMRI

Answer 30

Allows visualization of network activity during top-down attentional processing

Question 31

Tempoproparietal junction (TPJ)

Answer 31

Steers attention toward novel or unexpected stimuli

Question 32

Consciousness

Answer 32

Dependent on attention, may be defined as being aware that we are conscious coupled with our perception of what is going on in our minds

Question 33

Default mode network

Answer 33

Active when we are doing something reflective, and inactive when we are doing something intentional

Question 34

Cognitively impenetrable

Answer 34

Basic neural processing operations that cannot be experience through introspection

Question 35

Easy problem of consciousness

Answer 35

Understanding how particular patterns of neural activity create specific conscious experience

Question 36

Hard problem of consciousness

Answer 36

Understanding brain processes that produce people subjective experiences of their conscious perspectives

Question 37

Qualia

Answer 37

Purely subjective experiences of perceptions, impossible to communicate to others

Question 38

Executive function

Answer 38

The high level control needed to attend to important stimuli and make plans

Question 39

Frontal lobe injury changes

Answer 39

-Persistent apathy, bouts of euphoria -Impulsive behavior -Lack of concern for past or future -Forgetfulness -Trouble task shifting

Question 40

Perseverate

Answer 40

Show repeated behaviours

Question 41

Neuroeconomics

Answer 41

Study of brain mechanisms during economic decision making

Question 42

Valuation system

Answer 42

: ranks choices based on their perceived worth and value. Ventromedial prefrontal cortex

Question 43

Choice system

Answer 43

Sifts through the choices and makes a decision. Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex