Sleep & Emotions

Question 1

Ultradian rhythms

Answer 1

Repeat more than once a day

Question 2

Infradian rhythms

Answer 2

Repeat less frequently than once a day

Question 3

Biological rhythms

Answer 3

Regular fluctuations in any living process

Question 4

Free-running rhythm

Answer 4

Circadian cycles without entrainment, close to 24hrs

Question 5

Entrainment

Answer 5

Synchrony with the day/night cycle by using a zeitgeber

Question 6

Zeitgeber

Answer 6

A cue used to synchronize with day/night cycles

Question 7

Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

Answer 7

Where biological clock is located (in hypothalamus above optic chiasm), lesions eliminate circadian rhythms

Question 8

Pineal gland

Answer 8

Secretes melatonin at night, sensitive to light in amphibians and birds

Question 9

Retinohypothalamic pathway

Answer 9

Formed by some retinal ganglion cells, carries light information from the eye to the SCN to entrain biological rhythms

Question 10

What happens at puberty in terms of circadian rhythm?

Answer 10

It shifts so teens get up later

Question 11

Electroencephalographs (EEG)

Answer 11

Record electrical activity in the brain that can be used to classify levels of arousal and sleep

Question 12

Rapid-eye-movement sleep (REM)

Answer 12

Small amplitudes and fast EEG waves similar to an awake person

Question 13

Stage 1 sleep

Answer 13

• More time in alpha rhythm
• Smaller amplitude waves and irregular frequency
• Sharp waves called vertex spikes
• Heart rate slows, muscles relax, eyes roll about
• Lasts a few mins

Question 14

Stage 2 sleep

Answer 14

Sleep spindles

Question 15

Stage 3 (slow wave) sleep

Answer 15

-Delta waves (large amplitude, very slow)
-Non-rem dreams occur

Question 16

Awake

Answer 16

Desynchronized EEG or beta activity

Question 17

Typical young adult sleep

Answer 17

• 7-8 hours
• Half of sleep is stage 2
• 20% is REM
• Cycles last 90-110 mins
  -Earlier cycles have more stage 3
• Later cycles have more REM

Question 18

Activation-synthesis theory

Answer 18

Experiences in REM sleep are random results of neurons that happen to get activated

Question 19

Unilateral sleep

Answer 19

Only one hemisphere enters SWS at a time

Question 20

Infant sleep facts

Answer 20

-More
-Shorter cycles
-More REM sleep (50%)

Question 21

Elderly sleep facts

Answer 21

• Total sleep time declines
• Increased awakenings
• Stage 3 sleep declines
  
  • Half as much by 60, gone by 90

Question 22

Sleep deprivation

Answer 22

• Increased irritability
• Difficulty concentrating
• Episodes of disorientation

Question 23

Sleep recovery

Answer 23

• Night 1: More stage 3 sleep at the expense of stage 2
• Nights 1 and 2: REM sleep shows a great increase and is more intense

Question 24

Why sleep?

Answer 24

Conserves energy and helps animals avoid predators when they’re most vulnerable. Also has a restorative function

Question 25

Sleep and memory consolidation

Answer 25

- Improves retention - Perceptual skills improved by period of REM - Memory tasks and motor skills benefit from SWS

Question 26

Forebrain system

Answer 26

Generates SWS

Question 27

Brainstem system

Answer 27

Activates the forebrain to wakefulness

Question 28

Pontine system

Answer 28

Triggers REM sleep

Question 29

Hypothalamic system

Answer 29

Coordinates the other three systems

Question 30

Basal forebrain

Answer 30

Generates constant SWS activity at forebrain, becomes active at sleep onset and releases GABA

Question 31

Anesthetics

Answer 31

Stimulate GABA receptors in tuberomamillary nucleus

Question 32

The pons

Answer 32

Locus coeruleus, triggers REM sleep

Question 33

Narcolepsy

Answer 33

Sleep attacks, lost 90% of orexin neurons

Question 34

Cataplexy

Answer 34

A sudden loss of muscle tone leading to collapse

Question 35

Orexin neurons

Answer 35

Neurons in the hypothalamus that project to other sleep system centres

Question 36

Sleep paralysis

Answer 36

Pontine centre imposes muscle paralysis

Question 37

Sleep enuresis

Answer 37

(bed wetting) associated with SWS

Question 38

Somnambulism

Answer 38

(sleep walking) Occurs in stage 3 SWS

Question 39

REM behaviour disorder (RBD)

Answer 39

- Organized behaviour in a person who appears to be asleep - Usually after age 50, more common in men - May be followed by Parkinson’s symptoms

Question 40

Sleep-onset insomnia

Answer 40

Trouble falling asleep, caused by situational factors

Question 41

Sleep-maintenance insomnia

Answer 41

Difficulty staying asleep, caused by drugs or neurological factors

Question 42

Emotion

Answer 42

A subjective mental state that is usually accompanied by distinctive behaviours as well as involuntary physiological changes

Question 43

Sympathetic nervous system

Answer 43

Fight or flight

Question 44

Parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 44

Relax and recuperate

Question 45

Folk psychology theory

Answer 45

Feelings trigger autonomic reaction

Question 46

James-Lange theory

Answer 46

Autonomic reaction triggers feeling

Question 47

Cannon Bard theory

Answer 47

Simultaneous autonomic reaction and feeling

Question 48

Darwin

Answer 48

Suggested that expressions of emotions are universal

Question 49

What do emotions do?

Answer 49

Act as motivational programs that evolved to coordinate responses to solve adaptive problems

Question 50

Plutchiks 8 basic emotions

Answer 50

- Joy/sadness - Affection/disgust - Anger/fear - Expectation/surprise - Sometimes contempt/embarrassment

Question 51

Ekmans 8 facial expressions of emotion

Answer 51

- Anger - Sadness - Happiness - Fear - Disgust - Surprise - Contempt - Embarrassment

Question 52

Superficial facial muscles

Answer 52

Attach between points of facial skin. Innervated by the facial nerve

Question 53

Deep facial muscles

Answer 53

Attach to bone, produce larger movements like chewing. Innervated by the motor branch of the trigeminal nerve (V)

Question 54

Facial feedback hypothesis

Answer 54

Sensory feedback from our facial expressions affects our mood

Question 55

James Papez subcortical circuit of emotion

Answer 55

Noticed emotional changes from specific sites of brain damage

Question 56

Amygdala

Answer 56

Involved in fear mediation and emotional learning

Question 57

Different emotions activate ____ regions of the brain

Answer 57

Different

Question 58

Testosterone

Answer 58

Increases aggression in man species but unclear in humans

Question 59

Serotonin

Answer 59

Inhibits aggression

Question 60

Ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)

Answer 60

Involved in aggressive behaviour

Question 61

Maternal aggression

Answer 61

Aggression in mothers defending their nest or offspring controlled partially by VMH

Question 62

Stress triggers release of...

Answer 62

- Cortisol from adrenal cortex - Epinephrine and norepinephrine from adrenal medulla

Question 63

Stress immunization

Answer 63

Mild stress early in life improves resiliency to later stress

Question 64

Epigenetic regulation

Answer 64

Represents a change in the expression of the gene rather than a change in the encoding region of the gene

Question 65

Psychosomatic medicine

Answer 65

Emphasizes the role of psychological factors in disease

Question 66

Health psychology

Answer 66

Emphasizes the psychological influences such as social factors of cognitive-behavioural factors on health and illness

Question 67

Psychoneuroimmunology

Answer 67

- Studies the interactions of the immune system with hormonal and neurological systems - Stressful periods suppress the immune system

Question 68

Adrenal steroid hormones

Answer 68

Released during stress, suppress the immune system allowing all resources to be used for immediate survival