Attitudes Flashcards
(33 cards)
What is the original meaning of ‘attitude’?
Physical posture or body position.
Who described attitude as ‘the most distinctive and indispensable concept in contemporary American social psychology’?
Gordon Allport (1935).
According to Hogg & Vaughan (2018), how is attitude defined?
A relatively enduring organisation of beliefs, feelings, and behavioural tendencies towards socially significant objects, groups, events or symbols.
What are the three distinct components of attitude according to Breckler (1984)?
- Beliefs
- Feelings
- Behavioural intentions
What model describes the components of attitude?
Tripartite model: Thoughts, Feelings, Actions.
What is a major problem with traditional definitions of attitude?
The tripartite model presumes behaviour is an inherent part of the attitude.
What is an explicit self-report measurement in attitude measurement?
Models taken from psychophysics where attitude is seen as a quantifiable entity.
What are some types of explicit self-report measurements?
- Likert scales
- Semantic differential
- Ranking by order of liking
- Choice between items
What is one of the implicit measures used to assess attitudes?
Implicit Association Test.
What does the Implicit Association Test measure?
The degree a target is associated with positive/negative responses based on reaction time.
True or False: Implicit and explicit measures correlate strongly.
False.
Who conducted a meta-analysis on the correlation between implicit and explicit measures?
Hofmann et al. (2005).
What was La Piere’s (1934) significant finding regarding attitudes and behavior?
Attitudes alone don’t predict actions.
What was the correlation between attitudes and behavior found in Wicker’s (1969) meta-analysis?
Typically <.3.
What does the ‘crisis of confidence’ in the attitude concept refer to?
Doubt about the value of attitudes in social psychology if they don’t reliably predict behavior.
What is the Theory of Planned Behavior proposed by Ajzen (1991)?
Attitude predicts behavior when we believe other people approve of behavior and that we have control over it.
What is classical or evaluative conditioning?
A neutral attitude object (condition stimulus) is repeatedly paired with another stimulus that already evokes a positive/negative reaction
Who is associated with the concept of classical conditioning?
Ivan Pavlov
What happens to the conditioned stimulus in evaluative conditioning?
It becomes evaluated by the same reaction as the paired stimulus
What were the results of Staats & Staats (1958) regarding attitudes towards nationalities?
Participants rated nationalities more positively when paired with positive words
What is instrumental or operant conditioning?
Action toward an object is rewarded and reinforced, making it likely to be repeated
What happens if behavior is not rewarded in operant conditioning?
Similar future actions are less likely
What is social/observational learning?
Learning based on observing others’ behavior and its consequences
What did Barrett & Short (1992) find about children’s attitudes?
Children displayed distinct attitudes towards nationalities without factual information
