Attraction & Personality

Question 1

Mere Exposure Effect

Answer 1

-Repeated exposure to a stimulus predicts increases in liking of that stimulus
-Proximity and mere exposure forge a path towards friendship and romantic relationships
(work friends -> real friends)

Question 2

Social exchange theory

Answer 2

A theory proposing that a social relationship can best be described in terms of exchanges of rewards and costs between the two partners

Rewards – Costs = Outcome

Question 3

Prejudice

Answer 3

negative attitude towards people based on their membership in a group (affective)

Question 4

Overt prejudice VS Covert prejudice

Answer 4

Overt prejudice: hate groups
Covert prejudice: disguised, subtle, implicit (may hide or be unaware of their prejudice)

Question 5

Discrimination

Answer 5

treating people unfairly based on the group to which they belong (behavioral)

Question 6

Social identity theory

Answer 6

A conceptual perspective on group processes and intergroup relations that assumes that
groups influence their members’ self concept and self-esteem, particularly
when individuals categorize themselves as group members and identify strongly with the group

Question 7

Personality

Answer 7

The biologically and environmentally determined characteristics within a person that account for distinctive and relatively enduring patterns of thinking, feeling, and acting

Question 8

Projective tests

Answer 8

Tests that present ambiguous stimuli to the subject; the responses are assumed to be based on a projection of internal characteristics of the person onto the stimuli
- Rorschach test (inkblot)

Question 9

Rorschach test

Answer 9

Person is asked what ten inkblot look like and how they reached that conclusion
- a projective test

Question 10

Psychodynamic Perspective

Answer 10

the dynamic interplay of inner forces as a causal factor for behavior

Question 11

Psychic energy

Answer 11

generated by instinctual drives, this energy powers the mind and constantly presses for either direct or indirect release

Question 12

3 levels of Mental States
by Sigmund Freud

Answer 12

1. Conscious
   (immediate awareness of current environment)
2. Preconscious
   (available to awareness ex; friends names, addresses)
3. Unconscious
   (unavailable to awareness ex; repressed wishes and conflicts)

Question 13

3 structures of Personality
by Sigmund Freud

Answer 13

1. ID
2. Ego
3. Superego

Question 14

ID

Answer 14

Instincts: The primitive and unconscious part of the personality that contains the instincts
DEVIL
-Pleasure Principle: drive for instant need gratification (gimme gimme now)

Question 15

Ego

Answer 15

Reality: The “executive” of the personality that is partly conscious and that mediates the impulses of the id, the prohibitions of the superego, and the dictates of reality
ANGEL
Reality principle: The ego’s tendency to take reality into account and to act in a rational fashion in satisfying its needs

Question 16

Superego

Answer 16

The awareness of angel and devil: The moral arm of the personality that internalizes the standards and values of society and serves as the person’s conscience

Question 17

Repression

Answer 17

An active defensive process through which anxiety-arousing impulses or memories are pushed into the unconscious mind.
‘Bottling it up’

Question 18

Denial

Answer 18

A person refuses to acknowledge anxiety-arousing aspects of the environment. The denial may involve either the emotions connected with the event or the event itself.
- ‘Oh that’s nothing, idk what you’re talking about’
- Terminal cancer patients

Question 19

Intellectualization

Answer 19

The emotion connected with an upsetting event is repressed, and the situation is dealt with as an intellectually interesting event

Question 20

Rationalization

Answer 20

A person constructs a false but plausible explanation/ excuse for an anxiety-arousing behavior or event that has already occurred

Question 21

Projection

Answer 21

An unacceptable impulse is repressed, and then attributed to (projected onto) other people
- Closeted gay people being very homophobic

Question 22

Reaction formation

Answer 22

An anxiety-arousing impulse is repressed, and its psychic energy finds release in an exaggerated expression of the opposite behavior

Question 23

Displacement

Answer 23

An unacceptable/ dangerous impulse is repressed, and then directed at a safer substitute target.
- Bullies lash out on easy victims due to abuse at home
- Man having bad day at work, comes home to abuse his wife

Question 24

Sublimation

Answer 24

A repressed impulse is released in the form of a socially acceptable/ admired behavior.
- Subform of displacement

Question 25

what do Neo-freudians believe?

Answer 25

- The role of social and cultural influences - Too much focus on early childhood experiences - Neo-freudians moved away from role of sexuality in driving human behavior

Question 26

Object relations

Answer 26

The **images or mental representations** that **people form of themselves and other people** as a **result of early experience with caregivers** - (ex: any authority figure should be treated as I treat my parents)

Question 27

Attachment Theory: Zayas & Shoda (2007)

Answer 27

Women with **history of high-abuse relationships** equally **prefer** desirable and **abusive men**; Abusive men prefer women high in attachment anxiety

Question 28

Humanistic Perspective

Answer 28

Embraces a **positive view of humanity**, strive towards the realization of our full potential **(self-actualization)**

Question 29

Kelly’s Personal Construct

Answer 29

People’s primary goal is to **make sense of the world and to find personal meaning** in it

Question 30

Personal constructs

Answer 30

The **cognitive categories** used to **sort events and make comparisons** among people and events - Individualized - A key to **understanding personality and behavior**

Question 31

Roger’s self theory

Answer 31

**Behavior is a reaction** to immediate conscious experience of **self and environment**

Question 32

‘The self’

Answer 32

An organized, consistent **set of perceptions and beliefs about oneself**

Question 33

Self-consistency VS Conregrence

Answer 33

**Self-consistency**: the *absence of conflict among self-perceptions* **Conregrence**: *consistence between self-perceptions* and *experience* (ex; finding 100$ and returning to owner= congruent)

Question 34

Self-esteem

Answer 34

how positively or negatively we feel about ourselves

Question 35

High self-esteem VS Low self-esteem

Answer 35

**High self-esteem**: less susceptible to social pressure, fewer interpersonal problems, happiness, achievement, healthy relationships **Low self-esteem**: depression, anxiety, poorer relationships, self-doubt in response to success

Question 36

Unconditional vs conditional positive regard

Answer 36

**Unconditional**: no matter your behavior, you believe you are still valuable as a person (healthy) **Conditional**: only a persona of value or worthy of love/respect if you meet specific standards (unstable understanding of self) (unhealthy)

Question 37

Conditions of worth

Answer 37

**internalized standards of self-worth** fostered by conditional positive regard from others

Question 38

Self-Enhancement according to ROGERS

Answer 38

people are motivated to preserve their self-concept by maintaining self-consistency and congruence. People are motivated to gain/maintain a positive self-image **Attribute success-> ourselves Failures-> environmental factors**

Question 39

Self-Verification

Answer 39

the tendency to try to **verify/validate one’s existing self-concept**– that is to **satisfy congruence needs**

Question 40

Eysenck’s model 3 basic personality dimensions

Answer 40

1. **Introversion-Extraversion**: Sociable, active, **risk taking**, social inhibition, passivity, and caution 2. **Stability-Instability:** Emotional stability, poise, **moodiness, and worrying** 3. **Psychoticism-Self-Control**: Creativity, **nonconformity, impulsivity**, and social deviance

Question 41

The 5 Factor Model

Answer 41

**OCEAN** Openness. Conscientiousness. Extraversion. Agreeableness. Neuroticism.

Question 42

Human agency

Answer 42

- the idea that humans are active agents in their own lives - Behavior is cognitively based - **Learning is observing how other people react/behave**

Question 43

Consistency paradox

Answer 43

we perceive/expect people’s behavior to be consistent but actual consistency is low

Question 44

Cognitive-affective personality system (CAPS)

Answer 44

There is a dynamic **interplay** between the characteristics **a person brings to the situation** and the characteristics **of the situation**