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PSYCH 105 > Psychological Disorders > Flashcards

Psychological Disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

Abnormal behavior

A

Behavior that is personally distressing, personally dysfunctional, and/or so culturally deviant that other people judge it to be inappropriate or maladaptive

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2
Q

3 Approaches to psychological disorder

A
  1. Biological
  2. Psychological
  3. Sociocultural
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3
Q

Biological Approach to psychological disorder

A

Sees the cause being organic, internal causes

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4
Q

Psychological Approach to psychological disorders

A

Focuses on experiences, thoughts, emotions and personality characteristics to explain psychological disorders
- “It will never work so why even try” (negative thinking)

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5
Q

Sociocultural Approach to psychological disorders

A

Looks at social contexts peoples live in
- (Gender, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, family, relationships, culture)

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6
Q

Medical Model

A

The view that psychological disorders are medical diseases with biological origins

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7
Q

Cultural-Bound Systems

A

Expressions of mental distress that are almost completely limited to specific cultural groups
- ex; Windingo psychosis
- ex; internet addiction

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8
Q

Bio-Psycho-Social model

A

Argues abnormal behavior can be influenced by all 3 (biological, psychological and sociocultural factors)

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9
Q

Vulnerability-stress hypothesis

A

A model that explains behavior disorders as resulting from predisposing biological factors that are triggered by a stressor
- Having a beer or two when stressed (drinking in response to stress)

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10
Q

DSM-5

A

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition.
- DSM serves as the principal authority for psychiatric diagnoses

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11
Q

Anxiety Disorders

A

A group of behavioral disorders in which anxiety and associated maladaptive behaviors are the core of the disturbance
- Tension, panicked, worrying, dwelling on thoughts, inability to cope with cause of anxiety, increased heart rate, fight or flight, tense muscles, shortness of breath

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12
Q

Phobia

Phobic Disorder

A

Strong and irrational fear of certain objects or situations

Specific phobias related to dogs, snakes, airplanes, illness etc
- usually developed in childhood or early adulthood

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13
Q

Social anxiety disorder

A

Phobia of social situations in which a person might be evaluated and possibility embarrassed

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14
Q

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

A

Chronic state of diffuse (“free floating”) anxiety that is not attached to specific situation or objects

  • Can be caused by GABA deficiency and genetics (In childhood/adolescence)
  • Harsh standards, overly critical parents, automatic negative self-thoughts and history of uncontrollable traumas/stressors
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15
Q

Panic Disorder

A

An anxiety disorder characterized by unpredictable panic attacks and a pervasive fear that another will occur
- is not tired to the environment, may appear randomly

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16
Q

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

A

An anxiety disorder characterized by persistent and unwanted thoughts and compulsive behaviors

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17
Q

Obsessions VS
Compulsions

A

Obsessions: unwanted and disturbing thoughts/images that invades consciousness and is very difficult to control
- (“if i don’t _, then my family will die”) AKA superstitions
- ELICITS anxiety
Compulsions: repetitive act that the person feels compelled to carry out, often in response to an obsessive thought/image
- (washing hands, lack of symmetry in body)
- SOOTHES anxiety

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18
Q

Executive dysfunction model
VS
Modulatory control model

A

Executive dysfunction model argues the underlying problem is impulse control and behavioral inhibition

Modulatory control model argues it is a lack of control of socially appropriate behaviors

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19
Q

Eating disorders

A

The influence of cultural norms/expectation
(beauty standards)

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20
Q

Anorexia nervosa

A

An eating disorder involving a severe and sometimes fatal restriction of food intake.
- High levels of self-control
- Losses periods, causes heart strain, bone loss, hair loss, death

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21
Q

Bulimia nervosa

A

An eating disorder involving the bingeing and purging of food, usually by vomiting or laxative use, because of a concern with becoming fat. - Anxious and depressed, lower self-control
- Causes gastric problems, eroded teeth

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22
Q

Mood Disorders

A

Psychological disorders whose core conditions involve maladaptive mood states such as depression or mania

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23
Q

Major Depressive Disorder

A

A mood disorder characterized by intense depression that interferes markedly with functioning
- genetic factors

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24
Q

Chronic depressive disorder

A

A depressive mood disorder of moderate intensity that occurs over a long period of time but does not disrupt functioning as major depression does

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25
Depressive cognitive triad
**Negative thoughts** concerning 1) the world, 2) oneself, 3) the future that people with depression **cannot control or suppress**
26
Learned helplessness theory
A theory of depression that states if people are **unable to control life events**, they develop a **state of helplessness** that **leads to depressive symptoms**
27
Pessimistic attribution style
The tendency of depressed people to **attribute negative outcomes to their own inadequacies** and positive ones to factors outside themselves
28
Bipolar Disorder
Mood disorder in which **intermittent mania** appears against a background of **depression**
29
Mania
State of **intense emotional and behavioral excitement** in which a person **feels very optimistic and energized**
30
Dissociation Disorder
Disorders that involve a major dissociation of personal identity or memory - repression
31
Dissociative amnesia
A disorder in which a person **responds to a stressful event** with extensive but selective **memory loss**
32
Dissociative fugue
A dissociative phenomenon in which a person **loses all sense of personal identity** and wanders to another place and **establishes a new identity**
33
Dissociative identity disorder
A dissociative disorder in which **two or more separate identities/personalities coexist within an individual** - has hosts and alters - DID
34
Trauma-dissociation theory
A theory that accounts for the **development of dissociative identity** disorder in terms of **dissociation as a defense against severe childhood trauma** (defensive personalities)
35
Schizophrenia
A psychotic disorder involving serious **impairment of attention, thought, language, emotion and behavior** (split mind, NOT DID)
36
Delusions VS Hallucinations
Delusions: **false beliefs** that are **sustained in the face of evidence** that normally would be sufficient to destroy them Hallucinations: **false perceptions** that have a **compelling sense of reality** (ex: auditory) - seeing things, hearing things that aren’t there
37
Type I Vs Type II SCHIZOPHRENIA
TYPE I (**positive symptoms**) - **ADDED pathological extremes** such as **delusions, hallucinations** and disordered speech/thinning - **good functioning prior** to breakdown and **better prognosis for recovery** TYPE II (**negative symptoms**) - the **ABSENCE of normal reactions** such as **lack of emotional expression, loss of motivation** and absence of normal speech - **long history of poor functioning** and **poor outcome from treatment**
38
Personality Disorder
Stable, inflexible and maladaptive personality styles
39
Antisocial personality disorder
A disorder involving **behavior that is interpersonally destructive** and emotionally harmful and exhibits a **lack of conscience**
40
Borderline personality disorder
A collection of symptoms characterized primarily by serious **instability in behavior, emotion, identity,** and interpersonal relationships
41
Causes for sex differences (4)
1. Differences in reporting and suppressing - reporting bias 2. Clinicians' expectations - Maybe be 'expected' in some more than others 3. Different social roles and experiences 4. Different ways in which we respond to stress - Internalizing VS Externalizing
42
Treatments for Psychological Disorders (5)
1. Psychodynamic 2. Humanistic 3. Cognitive 4. Behavioral 5. Biological
43
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
A biomedical technique involving the **application of electrical current to the brain** that is used primarily to reduce severe depression - Effects can be immediate BUT **can cause seizures and memory loss**
44
Psychosurgery
**Surgical cutting or production of lesions in portions of the brain** - Prefrontal lobotomy: Anterior portions of the frontal lobes were surgically separated from the rest of the brain - New procedures: Destruction of very small areas of the brain
45
Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS)
A technique that involves **electrically stimulating specific regions of the brain** - May cause intended behavioral effects and states of depression or aggression
46
Psychoanalysis
why does this person have disturbing thoughts or actions; **what is the core problem?**
47
Insight VS Interpretation
**Insight:** The **conscious awareness of psychodynamics** that underlie psychological problems - Allows for adjusting behaviors/thoughts **Interpretation:** A statement made by the analyst that is intended to **promote insight in the client** - Make the unconscious conscious
48
Free Association
**Verbalizing all thoughts that enter consciousness** without censorship
49
Dream interpretation Manifest content VS Latent content
Manifest content: The literal subject matter of the dream Latent content: The underlying meaning of the symbols that make up the manifest content of the dream
50
Resistance Response to Therapy
Largely unconscious maneuvers that protect clients from dealing with anxiety-arousing material in therapy
51
Transference Response to Therapy
The psychoanalytic phenomenon in which a client **responds irrationally** to the analyst **as if they were an important person from the client’s past** who plays an important role in the client’s dynamics
52
Humanistic Psychotherapies
Humanistic perspectives **view humans as responsible for their choices** and **want personal growth and development** - Issues of **distorted perceptions, lack of awareness about feelings**, negative self-image, and threat to autonomy/integrity
53
3 Important Attributes for a Therapist
1. Unconditional positive regard 2. Empathy 3. Genuineness
54
Cognitive Therapies
**Challenging automatic, irrational and self defeating thought patterns** when they thoughts come up
55
Alberta Ellis (RET)
Rational Emotive Therapy
56
Ellis’ ABCD model
Ellis thought people viewed their emotions were caused directly by an event but he argued it was **the belief system that caused negative emotions** A: **Activating** environmental event (emotional response comes from beliefs that are activated by environment) B: **Beliefs** that are activated by A C: emotional and behavioral **Consequences** produced by B D: **Disputing** an changing of B
57
Musturbation
The irrational belief that **one must have some particular thing/act in some particular way** in order to be happy or worthwhile - Ex: I must get straight As or I’m not smart/worthwhile/useful
58
Aaron Beck (CT)
Beck’s goal, like Ellis, was to **point out errors of thinking** and logic and **reprogram “automatic” thought patterns** - Doesn’t follow the ABCD model but instead: **Stressor -> Belief -> Reaction**
59
Exposure Therapy
From a behaviorist perspective, fears/phobias come from classically conditioned emotional responses
60
Implosion therapy
Client imagines a particular, moderately **fearful scene as vividly as possible, until it no longer seems frightening**
61
Aversion therapy
The pairing of a CS that currently evokes a positive but maladaptive response with a noxious UCS in an attempt to condition repulsion toward the CS
62
Social skills training
A technique in which a client learns more effective social behaviours by observing and imitating a skillful model
63
Mindfulness based Treatments
A mental state of awareness, focus, openness, and acceptance of immediate experience (Nonjudgmental appraisal)
64
Openness VS Self-Relatedness
Openness: The client’s general **willingness to invest themselves in therapy and take risks** required to change Self-relatedness: The client’s **ability to experience and understand internal states**, attuned to the processes underlying the therapist-client relationship, and **apply what they learned in the real world**
65
Situation-focused prevention
Directed at reducing or eliminating the environmental causes of behavior disorders or at enhancing situational factors that help to prevent the development of disorders - unemployment, discrimination, poverty
66
Competency-focused prevention
Directed at **increasing personal resources and coping skills** - Strengthening resistance to stress, improve social competencies, and building stronger support systems - “Battlemind” and “You’re Not Alone”

PSYCH 105 (10 decks)

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