Attraction/Relationships

Question 1

Describe the need for affiliation. Address the relationship between affiliation and stress, including what stressful situations induce affiliation, and which trigger avoidance of it.

Answer 1

.need to belong, a basic human motive.need for affiliation: the desire to establish social contact with others.stress arouses our need for affiliation.fear, misery loves company, especially those in the same situation, or who have just gotten out of it.embarrassed misery seeks solitude.presence of others can help understand or reduce that emotion and decrease stress

Question 2

Summarize the social difficulties associated with shyness.

Answer 2

.50% of NA report shyness.difficulty approaching strangers, making small talk, participating in small groups or being at parties.reject others in fear of being rejected themselves.because perceive selves as awkward, act awkward, drives people away, self-fulfilling prophecy.see selves negatively, expectations of failure in social encounters, then self-blame for those failures, and self-imposed isolation.some born with it, for some it is a learned reaction to failed interactions with others

Question 3

Who are we attracted to?

Answer 3

.to others with whom a relationship is directly or indirectly rewarding.direct rewards: attention, support, money, status, sex, information, other commodities.indirect: feels good to be with someone who’s smart, beautiful, or funny, or that are in our presence when good things happen

Question 4

Describe the role of familiarity in attraction, including issues of proximity and mere exposure effects.

Answer 4

.most likely to be attracted to those we’re familiar with.two factors for the attraction process.proximity effect: physical nearness, single best predictor of attraction.college students tend to date those who live either nearby or in same type of housing.mere exposure: just being exposed to that person over and over again.we show same effect with stimuli like images, we like it more if we’ve seen it more, even more (subliminally) unconciously.we like photos of our selves closest to the image we see in the mirror.if it is flipped we don’t like it, but friends tend to like it better! because that’s what they see!

Question 5

How did Zajonc first investigate mere exposure with foreign words, geometric forms, and human faces? How have other researchers investigated mere exposure and attraction in a more naturalistic setting?

Answer 5

.flashed them on screen..?.had girls attend class during a semester, all in front row, manipulated how many classes they attended.shown pictures of them to class at end of semester.everyone liked the one person they had seen attend class the most! even not knowing them, they were familiar!

Question 6

What evidence suggests that we tend to “judge a book by its cover?”

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Question 7

Distinguish between objective and subjective perspectives on physical attractiveness.

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Question 8

Drawing on data and observations that support each of these perspectives.

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Question 9

Is the color red linked to attraction?

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Question 10

Describe the what-is-beautiful-is-good stereotype and why it endures

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Question 11

Explain the benefits and costs of being with someone who is perceived to be beautiful.

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Question 12

What implicit messages about physical appearance and attractiveness are present in the literature, cartoons, and films to which young children are exposed?

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Question 13

How can media influence the bias for beauty?

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Question 14

Explain the benefits and costs of BEING someone who is perceived to be beautiful.

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Question 15

Why might being beautiful lead to difficulty in interpreting feedback?

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Question 16

Explain the influence of similarity on attractiveness.

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Question 17

What types of similarity are relevant?

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Question 18

Describe the two-stage model of attraction and how it takes both attraction to those that are similar and avoidance of those who are dissimilar into account.

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Question 19

Describe the matching and complementarity hypotheses. Which one appears to be supported by the research literature?

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Question 20

Discuss the role of reciprocity in liking

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Question 21

Why do we like others who like us?

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Question 22

Does playing hard to get actually work? How might psychological reactance lead to more or less attraction?

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Question 23

What are intimate relationships?

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Question 24

How do relationships evolve into intimate relations?

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Question 25

Describe Murstein’s (1986) stimulus-value-role theory. Does it provide an accurate description of how relationships evolve?

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Question 26

Explain social exchange theory. What does it predict about relationship longevity and satisfaction?

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Question 27

Define the concepts of comparison level, comparison level for alternatives, and investment.

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Question 28

Does the empirical evidence support this theory?

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Question 29

Explain equity theory.

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Question 30

How does equity theory differ from social exchange theory?

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Question 31

Distinguish between exchange and communal relationships. Why is this distinction important?

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Question 32

Summarize different approaches to classifying love, such as Lee’s love styles, Sternberg’s triangular theory of love, Rubin’s descriptions of liking and loving, and Hatfield’s distinction between passionate and companionate love

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Question 33

Explain the relationship between arousal and attraction, as well as the role that both play in passionate love.

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Question 34

What is excitation transfer and how is it related to attraction or passion?

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Question 35

How did Dutton and Arthur Aron (1974) first test the excitation transfer hypothesis in a field study that took place on two bridges above British Columbia’s Capilano River? What did they find?

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Question 36

Does excitation transfer occur, as theorized, because people misattribute their arousal to a person they have just met?

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Question 37

Does the fire within a relationship burn hot and bright over time or is it just a passing fancy?

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Question 38

Describe companionate love

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Question 39

Define self-disclosure, and describe the pattern of disclosure in relationships predicted by the theory of social penetration.

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Question 40

Describe patterns of marital satisfaction over time.

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Question 41

Discuss communication and attribution patterns that can lead to conflict in relationships. How can conflict be reduced?

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Question 42

What factors predict whether a romantic relationship with last? How are these same factors related to coping after people break up?

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Question 43

Summarize the social difficulties associated with loneliness. Discuss factors that predict loneliness (e.g., age, transitions) and coping strategies that can be employed to deal with loneliness.

Answer 43

loneliness: feeling of deprivation about social relations occurs most likely to 18-30 during times of transition or disruption.bowling argues that NA more disconnected from neighbors, family, coworkers than in past, more likely to be farther away from family nowadays, much less likely to entertain at home.people unattached lonelier than without romantic partner, but widowed or divorced are loneliness.lots of strategies: volunteer, try harder to be friendly, try meet people, improve appearance, see therapist