AUBF PART 2 Flashcards
1
Q
CSF production in adults
A
20mL of fluid per hour
2
Q
CSF is produced in?
A
Choroid plexus of the two lumbar ventricles and the third and fourth ventricles
3
Q
CSF flows through the?
A
Subarachnoid space
4
Q
Subarachnoid is located between
A
Arachnoid and pia mater
5
Q
CSF volume in adults
A
90 to 150 mL
6
Q
CSF volume in neonates
A
10-60 mL
7
Q
The circulating fluid is reabsorbed back into the blood capillaries in
the?
A
Arachnoid granulations
8
Q
Acts as a one way valve to prevent reflux of the csf
A
Cells of the arachnoid granulation
9
Q
It is the capillary networks that form the
CSF from plasma by mechanisms of selective filtration under
hydrostatic pressure and active transport secretion
A
Choroid plexuses
10
Q
Is CSF an ultrafiltrate of the plasma? Y/N?
A
No because of the mechanisms of selective filtration under hydrostatic pressure and active transport secretions
11
Q
A very tight-fitting junctures that prevent the passage of many molecules.
A
Blood-brain barrier
12
Q
CSF tubes
Tube 1 - ____
Tube 2 - ____
Tube 3 - ____
A
Tube 1 - Clinical Chemistry and Serology
Tube 2 - Microbiology
Tube 3 - Hematology
Fourth tube may be drawn for the microbiology laboratory to better exclude skin contamination or for additional serologic test
If only one tube is collected - Microbiology first
13
Q
CSF tubes temperature
Hematology - ____
Chemistry and Serology - ____
Microbiology - ____
A
Hematology - Refrigerated
Microbiology - Room temp
Chem and sero - Frozen
14
Q
Term used to describe CSF supernatant that is pink, orange, or yellow
A
Xanthochromia
15
Q
Three visual examinations of the collected specimen to determine if it is a TRAUMATIC TAP
A
- Uneven blood distribution (More rbc and bloody in Tube 1)
- Clot formation (Because of the introduction of plasma fibrinogen into the specimen)
- Xanthochromic Supernatant (RBC hemolyze in approx. 2hrs. to become noticeable in the CSF)
16
Q
Normal WBC csf
A
0-5 WBC/uL
Higher in children with as many as 30 mononuclear cells/uL
17
Q
Neubauer calculation formula
A
Number of cells counted × dilution/ Number of cells counted × volume of 1 square = Cells/uL
18
Q
Where cells are counted in Neubauer
A
Four corner squares
19
Q
Used to lyse RBC
A
3% glacial acetic acid
20
Q
Used to stain the WBC
A
Methylene blue
21
Q
Cells found in normal CSF are composed of
A
Lymphocytes and Monocytes
70:30 - Lymphocytes: Monocytes (Adult)
70:30 - Monocytes: Lymphocytes (Children)
22
Q
Presence of increased number of WBC in CSF is called?
A
Pleocytosis
23
Q
High neutrophils in WBC count of CSF
A
Bacterial Meningitis
24
Q
High lymphocytes and monocytes in WBC count of CSF
A
Viral, tubercular, fungal, or parasitic meningitis
25
Major Clinical Significance:
Normal
Viral, tubercular, and fungal meningitis
Multiple sclerosis
Microscopic Findings:
All stages of development may be found
Lymphocytes
26
Major Clinical Significance:
Bacterial Meningitis
Early case of viral, tubercular, and fungal meningitis
Cerebral hemorrhage
Microscopic Findings:
Granules may be less prominent than in blood
Cells disintegrate rapidly
Neutrophil
27
Major Clinical Significance:
Normal
Viral, tubercular, and fungal meningitis
Multiple sclerosis
Microscopic Findings:
Found mixed with lymphocytes
Monocytes
28
Major Clinical Significance:
RBCs in spinal fluid
Microscopic Findings:
May contain phagocytized RBCs appearing as empty
vacuoles or ghost cells, hemosiderin granules, and hematoidin crystals
Macrophages
29
Major Clinical Significance:
Acute leukemia
Microscopic Findings:
Lymphoblasts, myeloblasts, or monoblasts
Blast forms
30
Major Clinical Significance:
Disseminated lymphomas
Microscopic Findings:
Resemble lymphocytes with cleft nuclei
Lymphoma cells
31
Major Clinical Significance:
Multiple sclerosis
Lymphocyte reactions
Microscopic Findings:
Traditional and Classic forms seen
Reactive lymps
Plasma Cells
32
Major Clinical Significance:
Diagnostic procedures
Microscopic Findings:
Seen in clusters with distinct nuclei and distinct cell
walls
Ependymal, choroidal,
and spindle-shaped
cells
33
Major Clinical Significance:
Metastatic carcinomas
Primary central nervous system carcinoma
Microscopic Findings:
Seen in clusters with fusing of cell borders and nuclei
Malignant cells
34
Neutrophils associated with bacterial meningitis may contain?
Phagocytized bacteria
35
Neutrophils with ____ indicates degenerating cells
Pyknotic nuclei
36
Neutrophils can resemble NRBCs but Neutrophils have multiple nuclei. NRBCs are seen as a result of a?
Bone marrow contamination during spinal tap
37
Increased lymphocytes can be seen in cases of both asymptomatic ______?
HIV infection and AIDS
38
Moderately elevated WBC count (<50 WBC/uL) with increased normal and reactive lymphocytes and plasma cells may indicate what?
Multiple sclerosis or other degenerative neurologic disorders
39
Seen in the CSF in association with parasitic infections, fungal infections (Coccidioides immitis), and foreign material including medications and shunts
Eosinophil
40
The purpose of this in the CSF is to remove cellular debris and foreign objects such as RBCs
Macrophages
41
Macrophages appear within how many hours after RBCs enter the csf?
2-4 hours
42
Indicates a previous hemorrhage
Macrophages in CSF
43
Degradation of the phagocytized RBCs results in the appearance of
dark blue or black iron containing hemosiderin granules
44
Yellow hematoidin crystals represents what?
Further degradation of RBC
45
Nonpathologically significant cells are most frequently seen
after diagnostic procedures such as
Pneumoencephalography and in fluid obtained from ventricular taps or during neurosurgery
46
From the epithelial lining of the choroid plexus
Choroidal cells
47
From the lining of the ventricles and neural canal
Ependymal cells
48
From the lining cells of the arachnoid
Spindle-shaped cells
49
Frequently seen as a serious complication
of acute leukemias.
Lymphoblasts, myeloblasts, and monoblasts
50
Indicates dissemination from the lymphoid tissue
Lymphoma cells
51
Cells from CNS tumors includes
Astrocytomas, retinoblastomas, and medulloblastomas
52
Normal CSF protein
15 to 45 mg/dL
higher values are found in infants and people over age 40
53
Most of CSF protein
Albumin (Same as serum)
54
Prealbumin
The second most prevalent fraction in CSF
55
Major beta globulin present
Transferrin
56
Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin fraction that can only be SEEN in CSF
TAU
57
Primary CSF gamma globulin
IgG
Only small amount of IgA
58
___, _____, and _________are not found in the CSF
IgM, fibrinogen, and beta lipoprotein
59
Most common cause of elevated CSF protein
Meningitis and hemorrhage conditions that damage the Blood-brain barrier
60
Principles of measuring total CSF protein
Turbidity (Nephelometry) production or dye-binding ability
61
* Myxedema
* Cushing disease
* Connective tissue
disease
* Polyneuritis
* Diabetes
* Uremia
* Meningitis
* Hemorrhage
* Primary CNS tumors
* Multiple sclerosis
* Guillain-Barré syndrome
* Neurosyphilis
* Polyneuritis
Elevated CSF protein
62
* CSF leakage/trauma
* Recent puncture
* Rapid CSF production
* Water intoxication
Decreased CSF protein
63
CSF/serum albumin index formula
From the name itself
CSF albumin (mg/dL) / Serum albumin (g/dL)
64
What index value level represent an intact blood-brain barrer
Index value less than 9
65
IgG index
(CSF IgG/Serum IgG)/
(CSF albumin/Serum Albumin)
66
Normal IgG index values
0.70
67
Represents inflammation within the CNS (electrophoresis)
Oligoclonal bands
68
What presence that are not present in serum can be a valuable tool in diagnosing multiple sclerosis
Two or more oligoclonal band
69
Indicates recent destruction of the myelin sheath
Myelin basic protein
70
Approximate value of CSF glucose to Plasma glucose
60-70%
71
Glutamine is produced from?
Ammonia and alpha-ketoglutarate
72
This removes the toxic metabolic waste product ammonia from the CNS
Glutamine
73
Normal glutamine concentration in the CSF
8 to 18 mg/dL
74
The concentration of ammonia in the CSF increase, the supply of _____ depletes
Alpha-ketoglutarate
75
Disturbance in consciousness is seen when glutamine levels are?
more than 35mg/dL
76
Lactate reference range
10 - 24 mg/dL
77
Lactate with >35mg/dL
Bacterial meningitis
78
Decreased CSF glucose is due to
Bacterial, tubercular, and fungal meningitis
79
Decreased CSF protein is due to
CSF leakage
80
Increased CSF protein is due to
Meningitis, hemorrhage, MS
81
Elevated WBC count
Neutrophils present
Marked protein elevation
Markedly decreased
glucose level
Lactate level >35 mg/dL
Positive Gram stain and
bacterial antigen tests
Bacterial Meningitis
82
Elevated WBC count
Lymphocytes present
Moderate protein
elevation
Normal glucose level
Normal lactate level
Viral Meningitis
83
Elevated WBC count
Lymphocytes and monocytes
present
Moderate to marked protein
elevation
Decreased glucose level
Lactate level >25 mg/dL
Pellicle formation
Tubercular Meningitis
84
Elevated WBC count
Lymphocytes and monocytes
present
Moderate to marked protein
elevation
Normal to decreased glucose level
Lactate level >25 mg/dL
Positive India ink with Cryptococcus
neoformans
Positive immunologic test for
C. neoformans
Fungal Meningitis
85
Organisms most frequently encountered in the CSF
S. pneumoniae, H. influenza, E. coli, N. meningitidis
86
Organisms that can be encountered in the CSF of the newborn
L. monocytogenes, S. agalactiae
87
Most sensitive test for syphilis
FTA-ABS
88
Recommended by the CDC/ Routine
VDRL
89
Seminiferous tubules of testes
Spermatogenesis (Sperm Production)
90
Epididymis
Sperm Maturation
91
Ductus Deferens (vas deferens)
Propel sperm to ejaculation ducts
92
Seminal Vesicles
Provide nutrients for sperm and fluid
93
Prostate glands
Provide enzymes and proteins for coagulation and liquefaction
94
Bulbourethral glands
Add alkaline mucus to neutralize prostatic acid and vaginal acidity
95
Spermatozoa (Concentration)
5%
96
Seminal Fluid (Concentration)
60-70%
97
Prostate Fluid (Concentration)
20%-30%
98
Bulbourethral glands (Concentration)
5%
99
Responsible for the gray color of semen
Flavin
100
When a part of the first portion of the ejaculate is
missing,
The sperm count will be decreased, the pH falsely
increased, and the specimen will not liquefy
101
When part of the last portion of ejaculate is missing
the semen volume is decreased, the sperm count is falsely increased, the pH is falsely decreased, and the specimen will not clot
102
Volume (semen)
2-5 mL
103
Viscosity (semen)
Pours in droplets
104
pH (semen)
7.2 - 8.0
105
Sperm concentration (semen)
>20 million/mL
106
Sperm count (semen)
>40 million/ Ejaculate
107
Motility (semen)
>50% within 1h
108
Quality (semen)
>2.0 or a, b, c
109
Morphology (semen)
>14% normal forms (strict criteria)
>30% normal forms (routine criteria)
110
Round cells (semen)
<1 million/ mL
111
Fresh semen should liquefy in
30 to 60 minutes
112
Grading of 4.0
WHO criteria a
Rapid, straight-line motility
113
Grading of 3.0
WHO criteria b
Slower speed, some lateral movement
114
Grading of 2.0
WHO criteria b
Slow forward progression, noticeable lateral movement
115
Grading of 1.0
WHO criteria c
No forward progression
116
Grading of 0
WHO criteria d
No movement
117
Normal quantity of fructose
>13 umol/ejaculate
118
Screening procedure used primarily to detect the presence of IgG antibodies in the sperm
Mixed agglutination reaction test (MAR)
119
A more specific procedure that can be used to detect the presence of IgG, IgM, and IgA antibodies and demonstrates what area of the sperm the autoantibodies are affecting
Immunobead
120
Specialized cells in synovial membrane
Synoviocytes
121
Normal value of Synovial fluid
<3.5 mL
122
Color of Synovial fluid
Colorless to pale yellow
123
Clarity of Synovial fluid
Clear
124
Viscosity of Synovial fluid
Able to form a string 4 to 6 cm long
125
Leukocyte count in Synovial Fluid
<200 cells/uL
126
Neutrophil in Synovial Fluid
<25% of the diff count
127
Crystals in Synovial Fluid
None
128
Glucose:plasma difference in Synovial Fluid
<10 mg/dL lower than the blood glucose level
129
Total protein in Synovial Fluid
<3 g/dL
130
Collection of Synovial fluid by needle aspiration is called?
Arthrocentesis
131
Degenerative joint disorders,
osteoarthritis (Synovial Fluid)
Noninflammatory
132
(Synovial Fluid)
Immunologic disorders, rheum -
atoid arthritis, systemic lupus
erythematosus, scleroderma,
polymyositis, ankylosing
spondylitis, rheumatic fever,
Lyme arthritis
Crystal-induced gout,
pseudo gout
Inflammatory
133
Microbial Infection in Synovial Fluid
Septic
134
Traumatic injury, tumors, hemophilia, other coag disorders, and anticoagulant overdose in Synovial fluid
Hemorrhagic
135
Laboratory Findings in Synovial Fluid:
Clear, yellow fluid
Good viscosity
WBCs <1000 L
Neutrophils <30%
Similar to blood glucose
Noninflammatory
136
Laboratory Findings in Synovial Fluid:
Cloudy, yellow fluid
Poor viscosity
WBCs 2,000 to 75,000 L
Neutrophils >50%
Decreased glucose level
Possible autoantibodies present
Inflammatory w/ immunologic origin
137
Laboratory findings in Synovial Fluid:
Cloudy or milky fluid
Low viscosity
WBCs up to 100,000 L
Neutrophils <70%
Decreased glucose level
Crystals present
Inflammatory w/ Crystal-induced origin
138
Laboratory Findings in Synovial Fluid:
Cloudy, yellow-green fluid
Variable viscosity
WBCs 50,000 to 100,000 L
Neutrophils >75%
Decreased glucose level
Positive culture and Gram stain
Septic
139
Laboratory Findings in Synovial Fluid:
Cloudy, red fluid
Low viscosity
WBCs equal to blood
Neutrophils equal to blood
Normal glucose level
Hemorrhagic
140
Normal viscous synovial fluid resembles what?
Egg white
141
Synovial fluid when added to a solution of 2-5% acetic acid, normal synovial fluid will?
Clot
142
Synovial Fluid clot grading
Good -
Fair -
Low -
Poor -
Good - Solid clot
Fair - Soft clot
Low - Friable clot
Poor - No clot
143
Negative birefringence in synovial fluid crystals
Monosodium urate and Cholesterol
144
Positive birefringence in synovial fluid crystals
Calcium pyrophosphate, Calcium oxalate
145
Positive and Negative birefringence in synovial fluid crystals
Corticosteroid
146
No birefringence in Synovial fluid crystals
Apatite
147
Common organism in synovial fluid
Staph, Strep, Haemophilus, and N. gonorrhea
148
Membrane that lines the cavity wall
parietal membrane
149
Membrane that covers the organs within the cavity
Visceral membrane
150
Fluid between membranes that provides lubrication between the parietal and visceral membranes is?
Serous Fluid
151
Aspiration of fluid in the lungs (pleural)
Thoracentesis
152
Aspiration of fluid in the heart (pericardial)
Pericardiocentesis
153
Aspiration of the fluid in the peritoneal (tiyan)
Paracentesis
154
Congestive heart failure
Salt and fluid retention
Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
155
Nephrotic syndrome
Hepatic cirrhosis
Malnutrition
Protein-losing enteropathy
Decreased oncotic pressure
156
Microbial infections
Membrane inflammations
Malignancy
Increased capillary permeability
157
Malignant tumors, lymphomas
Infection and inflammation
Thoracic duct injury
Lymphatic obstruction
158
Disrupts the balance in the regulation of fluid filtration and reabsorption such as the changes in hydrostatic pressure created by congestive heart failure or the hypoproteinemia associated
with the nephrotic syndrome
Transudates
159
Produced by conditions that directly involve the membranes
of the particular cavity, including infections and malignancies.
Exudates
160
Appearance: Clear
Fluid:Serum protein ratio: <0.5
Fluid:serum LD ratio: <0.6
WBC count: <1000/uL
Spontaneous clotting: NO
Pleural fluid cholesterol: 45 to 60 mg/dL
Pleural fluid serum cholesterol ratio: <0.3
Pleural fluid bilirubin ratio: <0.6
Serum-ascites albumin gradient: >1.1
Transudate
161
Appearance: Cloudy
Fluid:Serum protein ratio: >0.5
Fluid:serum LD ratio: >0.6
WBC count: >1000/uL
Spontaneous clotting: Possible
Pleural fluid cholesterol: >45 to 60 mg/dL
Pleural fluid serum cholesterol ratio: >0.3
Pleural fluid bilirubin ratio: >0.6
Serum-ascites albumin gradient: <1.1
Exudate
162
Pleural fluid cholesterol of ____ or a pleural fluid:serum cholesterol ration of _____ provides reliable information that the fluid is an exudate
Pleural fluid cholesterol of >60mg/dL
Pleural fluid:serum cholesterol ratio of >0.3
163
Normal and transudate pleural fluids appears as
Clear/Pale yellow
164
Presence of blood in the pleural fluid can signify a
Hemothorax
165
Pleural fluid appearance: Turbid, white
Microbial infection (Tuberculosis)
166
Pleural fluid appearance: Bloody
Hemothorax, Hemorrhagic effusion, Pulmonary embolus, Tuberculosis, Malignancy
167
Pleural fluid appearance: Milky
Chylous material from thoracic duct leakage
Pseudochylous material from chronic inflammation
168
Pleural fluid appearance: Brown
Rupture of amoebic liver abscess
169
Pleural fluid appearance: Black
Aspergillus
170
Pleural fluid appearance: Viscous
Malignant mesothelioma (Increased hyaluronic acid
171
Pleural fluid hematocrit is more than 50% of the whole blood hematocrit
Hemothorax
172
Chylous materials contains high concentration of?
Triglycerides
173
Pseudochylous material has a high concentration of?
Cholesterol
174
What staining is strongly positive with chylous material?
Sudan III
175
This effusion of the pleural fluid contains cholesterol crystals
Pseudochylous
176
Pericardial Fluid Reference range
10 - 50 mL
177
Pericardial Fluid Appearance:
Clear, pale yellow
Normal, transudase
178
Pericardial Fluid Appearance:
Blood-streaked
Infection, malignancy
179
Pericardial Fluid Appearance:
Grossly bloody
Cardiac puncture, anticoagulant medications
180
Pericardial Fluid Appearance:
Milky
Chylous and pseudochylous
181
Pericardial Fluid Additional test:
Increased neutrophils
Bacterial endocarditis
182
Pericardial Fluid Additional test:
Malignant cells
Metastatic carcinoma
183
Pericardial Fluid Additional test:
Carcinoembryonic antigen
Metastatic carcinoma
184
Pericardial Fluid Additional test:
Gram staind and culture
Bacterial Endocarditis
185
Pericardial Fluid Additional test:
Acid-fast stain
Tubercular effusion
186
Pericardial Fluid Additional test:
Acid-fast stain
Tubercular effusion
187
Pericardial Fluid Additional test:
Adenosine deaminase
Tubercular effusion
188
Most common organisms found in pericardial effusions
Strep, Staph, adenovirus, coxsackie virus
189
Accumulation of fluid between the peritoneal membranes is called?
Ascites
190
Ascitic fluid is also known as
Peritoneal fluid
191
A sensitive test to detect intra-abdominal bleeding in blunt trauma cases
Peritoneal lavage
192
It is recommended
over the fluid:serum total protein and LD ratios to detect transudates of hepatic origin
Serum-ascites albumin gradient (SAAG)
193
A difference (gradient) of 1,1 or greater suggests a _____ of hepatic origin in peritoneal fluid
Transudate effusion
194
What if the appearance of the peritoneal fluid is the diagnosis is normal?
Clear, pale yellow
195
What is the appearance of the peritoneal fluid is the diagnosis is Microbial infection
Turbid
196
What is the appearance of the peritoneal fluid is the diagnosis is Bile, gallbladder, pancreatic disorder
Green
197
What is the appearance of the peritoneal fluid is the diagnosis is Trauma, infection, or malignancy
Blood-streaked
198
What is the appearance of the peritoneal fluid is the diagnosis is Lymphatic trauma and blockage
Milky
199
Results of testing of the patient's peritoneal lavage that has been in blunt trauma
>100,000 RBCs/uL indicates blunt trauma injury
200
Peritoneal fluid has <500 cells/uL of WBC
Normal
201
Peritoneal fluid has >500 cells/uL of WBC
Bacterial, peritonitis, Cirrhosis
202
Presence of carcinoembryonic antigen in patient's peritoneal fluid
Malignancy of gastrointestinal origin
203
Positive in CA125 peritoneal fluid
Malignancy of ovarian origin
204
Decreased in tubercular peritonitis, and in malignancy
Glucose
205
Increased in pancreatitis, gastrointestinal perforation (Peritoneal fluid)
Amylase
206
Increased in gastrointestinal perforation (Peritoneal fluid)
ALP
207
Bun/Crea is testing for
Ruptured or puctured bladder
208
GSCS in peritoneal fluid is test for
Bacterial peritonitis
209
Acid-fast stain and Adenosine deaminase is a test for what in peritoneal fluid
Tubercular peritonitis
210
What is the composition of the amniotic fluid
Fetal urine and lung fluid
211
Volume of Amniotic fluid
800 to 1200 mL during the first trimester
212
Amniotic fluid greater than 1200mL is called?
Polyhydramnios
213
Amniotic fluid less than 800mL is called?
Oligohydramnios
214
Indication of fetal distress associated with neural tube disorders.
Can also be secondarily associated with fetal structural anomalies, cardiac arrhytmias, congenital infections, or chromosomal abnormalities
Polyhydramnios
215
May be associated with congenital malformations, premature rupture of amniotic membranes, and umbilical cord compression resulting in decelerated heart rate and fetal death
Oligohydromnios
216
Tests for Fetal Well-Being and Maturity
Bilirubin scan
HDN
217
Tests for Fetal Well-Being and Maturity
AFP
Neural tube disorder
218
Tests for Fetal Well-Being and Maturity
Lecithin-Sphingomyelin ration
Fetal Lung maturity
219
Tests for Fetal Well-Being and Maturity
Amniostat-fetal lung maturity
Fetal lung maturity/phosphatidyl glycerol
220
Tests for Fetal Well-Being and Maturity
Foam stability Index, Optical density 650nm, Lamellar body count
Fetal Lung maturity
221
AFP and acetylcholinesterase are markers tested for what defects?
Neural tube defect
222
Creatinine, Urea, and uric acid will be ____
(Amniotic fluid)
Increased
223
Glucose, and protein concentration ______
(Amniotic fluid)
Decreased
224
Measurement of amniotic fluid _____ has been used to determine fetal age
Creatinine
225
36 weeks gestation, amniotic fluid creatinine level is
1.5 - 2.0 mg/dL
226
Greater than 36 weeks gestation, amniotic fluid creatinine level is
more than 2.0 mg/dL
227
What test can differentiate amniotic fluid from urine and other body fluids?
Fern test
228
Collection of amniotic fluid is called?
Amniocentesis
229
To determine the following: Fetal lung maturity, Fetal distress, HDN, Infection. What week should the pregnancy needs to be to perform Amniocentesis
20 to 42 weeks
230
Amniocentesis may be indicated at what week for the early treatment or intervention of the following:
*Mother’s age of 35 or older at delivery
* Family history of chromosome abnormalities, such as
trisomy 21 (Down syndrome)
* Parents carry an abnormal chromosome rearrangement
* Earlier pregnancy or child with birth defect
* Parent is a carrier of a metabolic disorder
* Family history of genetic diseases such a sickle cell disease, Tay-Sachs disease, hemophilia, muscular dystrophy,
sickle cell anemia, Huntington chorea, and cystic fibrosis
* Elevated maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein
* Abnormal triple marker screening test
* Previous child with a neural tube disorder such as spina
bifida, or ventral wall defects (gastroschisis)
* Three or more miscarriages
15 to 18 weeks
231
Maximum level of amniotic fluid that is collected in sterile syringes
30mL
232
How many mL should be discarded due to it being contaminated by maternal blood, tissue fluid, and cells. (Amniotic Fluid)
2 or 3mL
233
Fluid for Fetal Lung Maturity should be placed in _____
Ice for delivery
234
Specimens for cytogenetic studies or microbial studies must be process ______ and maintained at ___________ or _____________
Aseptically, room temperature or body temperature
235
Amniotic fluid color: Colorless
Normal
236
Amniotic fluid color: Blood-streaked
Traumatic tap, abdominal trauma, intra-amniotic hemorrhage
237
Amniotic fluid color: Yellow
Hemolytic disease of the newborn (Due to bilirubin)
238
Amniotic fluid color: Dark green
Meconium
239
Amniotic fluid color: Dark red-brown
Fetal death
240
What test can determine the source of the blood in Amniotic fluid
Kleihauer-Betke test (for fetal hemoglobin)
241
Most frequent complication of early delivery and is the seventh most common cause of morbidity and mortality in the premature infant
Respiratory Distress Syndrome
242
Reference method of Fetal Lung Maturity
Lecithin-sphingomyelin ratio
243
Primary component of the surfactants (Phospholipids, neutral lipids, and protein)
Lecithin
244
What week of gestation will you see a rise in Lecithin
35th week
245
Lecithin-Sphingomyelin ratio reference range
less than 1.6 <35 weeks
2.0 or higher >35 weeks
246
Quantitative measurement of lecithin and sphingomyelin is performed using
Thin-layer chromatography
247
Replacement of Lecithin-Sphingomyelin Ration
Phosphatidyl glycerol immunoassays and
lamellar body density procedures
248
Can also be detected after 35 weeks' gestation. It is another lung surface lipid
Phosphatidyl Glycerol
249
These are densely packed layers of phospholipids that represent a storage form of pulmonary surfactant
Lamellar bodies
250
Lamellar bodies are secreted by the type II pneumocytes of the fetal lung at what week?
24 weeks of gestation
251
Lamellar bodies enters the amniotic fluid at what week
26 weeks of gestation
252
How many g of feces is excreted in a 24 hour period
Approx. 100-200g
253
Digestion of ingested proteins, carbohydrates, and
fats takes place throughout the
Alimentary tract
254
Primary site for final breakdown and reabsorption of digested and ingested proteins
Small Intestine
255
More than 3000mL of water in the large intestine will cause
Diarrhea
256
An increase in daily stool weight above 200g
Diarrhea
257
Caused by poor absorption that exerts osmotic pressure across the intestinal mucosa
Osmotic diarrhea
258
Also known as impaired food digestion
Maldigestion
259
Impaired nutrient absorption by the intestine
Malabsorption
260
Determine the appearance/color of the stool with the ff possible cause:
Upper GI bleeding
Iron therapy
Charcoal
Bismuth (antacids)
Black
261
Determine the appearance/color of the stool with the ff possible cause:
Lower GI bleeding
Beets and food coloring
Rifampin
Red
262
Determine the appearance/color of the stool with the ff possible cause:
Bile-duct obstruction
Barium sulfate
Pale yellow,
white, gray
263
Determine the appearance/color of the stool with the ff possible cause:
Biliverdin/Oral antibiotics
Green
264
Determine the appearance/color of the stool with the ff possible cause:
Bile-duct obstruction
Pancreatic disorders
Bulky/frothy
265
Determine the appearance/color of the stool with the ff possible cause:
Intestinal constriction
Colitis
Dysentery
Malignancy
Constipation
Ribbon-like mucus or blood streaked mucus
266
Microscopic count of neutrophils in smear stained with
methylene blue, Gram stain, or Wright's stain
Examination for neutrophils
267
Microscopic examination of direct smear stained with
Sudan III
Qualitative fecal fats
268
Microscopic examination of smear heated with acetic
acid and Sudan III
Qualitative fecal fats
269
Pseudoperoxidase activity of hemoglobin liberates oxygen from hydrogen peroxide to oxidize guaiac reagent
gFOBT
270
Uses polyclonal anti-human antibodies specific for the
globin portion of human hemoglobin
iFOBT
271
Addition of sodium hydroxide to hemoglobin-containing
emulsion determines presence of maternal or fetal blood
APT test
272
Emulsified specimen placed on x-ray paper determines
ability to digest gelatin
Trypsin
273
Immunoassay using an ELISA test
Elastase 1
274
